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<h1 id="provisioner与userdata">provisioner与user_data</h1>
<p>我们在介绍资源时介绍了预置器provisioner。同时不少公有云厂商的虚拟机都提供了cloud-init功能，可以让我们在虚拟机实例第一次启动时执行一段自定义的脚本来执行一些初始化操作。例如我们在"Terraform初步体验"一章里举的例子，在UCloud主机第一次启动时我们通过user_data来调用yum安装并配置了ngnix服务。预置器与cloud-init都可以用于初始化虚拟机，那么我们应该用哪一种呢？</p>
<p>首先要指出的是，provisioner的官方文档里明确指出，由于预置器内部的行为Terraform无法感知，无法将它执行的变更纳入到声明式的代码管理中，所以预置器应被作为最后的手段使用，那么也就是说，如果cloud-init能够满足我们的要求，那么我们应该优先使用cloud-init。</p>
<p>但是仍然存在一些cloud-init无法满足的场景。例如一个最常见的情况是，比如我们要在cloud-init当中格式化卷，后续的所有操作都必须在主机成功格式化并挂载卷之后才能顺利进行下去。但是比如aws_instance，它的创建是不会等待user_data代码执行完成的，只要虚拟机创建成功开始启动，Terraform就会认为资源创建完成从而继续后续的创建了。</p>
<p>解决这个问题目前来看还是只能依靠预置器。我们以一段UCloud云主机代码为例：</p>
<pre class="language-"><code class="lang-hcl"><span class="token keyword">resource <span class="token type variable">"ucloud_instance"</span></span> <span class="token string">"web"</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token property">availability_zone</span> <span class="token punctuation">=</span> <span class="token string">"cn-bj2-03"</span>
<span class="token property">image_id</span> <span class="token punctuation">=</span> data.ucloud_images.centos.images<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>.id
<span class="token property">instance_type</span> <span class="token punctuation">=</span> <span class="token string">"n-standard-1"</span>
<span class="token property">charge_type</span> <span class="token punctuation">=</span> <span class="token string">"dynamic"</span>
<span class="token keyword">network_interface</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token property">eip_internet_type</span> <span class="token punctuation">=</span> <span class="token string">"bgp"</span>
<span class="token property">eip_charge_mode</span> <span class="token punctuation">=</span> <span class="token string">"traffic"</span>
<span class="token property">eip_bandwidth</span> <span class="token punctuation">=</span> <span class="token number">1</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token property">delete_eips_with_instance</span> <span class="token punctuation">=</span> <span class="token boolean">true</span>
<span class="token property">root_password</span> <span class="token punctuation">=</span> var.root_password
<span class="token keyword">provisioner<span class="token type variable"> "remote-exec" </span></span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token keyword">connection</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token property">type</span> <span class="token punctuation">=</span> <span class="token string">"ssh"</span>
<span class="token property">host</span> <span class="token punctuation">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>for ipset in self.ip_set: ipset.ip if ipset.internet_type<span class="token punctuation">=</span><span class="token punctuation">=</span><span class="token string">"BGP"</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token property">user</span> <span class="token punctuation">=</span> <span class="token string">"root"</span>
<span class="token property">password</span> <span class="token punctuation">=</span> var.root_password
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token property">inline</span> <span class="token punctuation">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>
<span class="token string">"sleep 1h"</span>
<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
</code></pre>
<p>我们在资源声明中附加了一个remote-exec类型的预置器，它的host取值使用了self.ip_set，self在当前上下文中指代provisioner所属的ucloud_instance.web，ip_set是ucloud_instance的一个输出属性，内含云主机的内网IP以及绑定的弹性公网IP信息。我们用一个for表达式过滤出弹性公网IP地址，然后使用ssh连接。预置器执行的脚本代码很简单，休眠一小时。如果我们执行这段代码：</p>
<pre class="language-"><code class="lang-bash">$ terraform apply -auto-approve
data.ucloud_images.centos: Refreshing state<span class="token punctuation">..</span>.
ucloud_instance.web: Creating<span class="token punctuation">..</span>.
ucloud_instance.web: Still creating<span class="token punctuation">..</span>. <span class="token punctuation">[</span>10s elapsed<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
ucloud_instance.web: Still creating<span class="token punctuation">..</span>. <span class="token punctuation">[</span>20s elapsed<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
ucloud_instance.web: Provisioning with <span class="token string">'remote-exec'</span><span class="token punctuation">..</span>.
ucloud_instance.web <span class="token punctuation">(</span>remote-exec<span class="token punctuation">)</span>: Connecting to remote <span class="token function">host</span> via SSH<span class="token punctuation">..</span>.
ucloud_instance.web <span class="token punctuation">(</span>remote-exec<span class="token punctuation">)</span>: Host: <span class="token number">106.75</span>.87.148
ucloud_instance.web <span class="token punctuation">(</span>remote-exec<span class="token punctuation">)</span>: User: root
ucloud_instance.web <span class="token punctuation">(</span>remote-exec<span class="token punctuation">)</span>: Password: <span class="token boolean">true</span>
ucloud_instance.web <span class="token punctuation">(</span>remote-exec<span class="token punctuation">)</span>: Private key: <span class="token boolean">false</span>