From a307a2fe86e3ff021b6f2b4cfd94f25e550e6f86 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel McNab <36049421+DJMcNab@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 26 Aug 2024 16:21:45 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 01/13] Update wgpu to `main` and dependencies

Use my branch of `wgpu`
---
 Cargo.lock                     | 3476 --------------------------------
 Cargo.toml                     |    2 +-
 examples/with_winit/Cargo.toml |    2 +-
 vello/src/wgpu_engine.rs       |    6 +-
 4 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 3481 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 Cargo.lock

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
deleted file mode 100644
index dc8f811c..00000000
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diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 624d1781..00b1724d 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ static_assertions = "1.1.0"
 thiserror = "1.0.64"
 
 # NOTE: Make sure to keep this in sync with the version badge in README.md and vello/README.md
-wgpu = { version = "22.1.0" }
+wgpu = { git = "https://github.com/gfx-rs/wgpu", rev = "62cef44a1fa04f9ef811362d2b3fd8f80ee306b6" }
 log = "0.4.22"
 image = { version = "0.25.2", default-features = false }
 
diff --git a/examples/with_winit/Cargo.toml b/examples/with_winit/Cargo.toml
index 7cdd3181..6fa07d53 100644
--- a/examples/with_winit/Cargo.toml
+++ b/examples/with_winit/Cargo.toml
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ name = "with_winit"
 crate-type = ["cdylib", "lib"]
 
 [features]
-default = ["wgpu-profiler"]
+default = []
 # Enable the use of wgpu-profiler. This is an optional feature for times when we use a git dependency on
 # wgpu (which means the dependency used in wgpu-profiler would be incompatible)
 wgpu-profiler = ["dep:wgpu-profiler", "vello/wgpu-profiler"]
diff --git a/vello/src/wgpu_engine.rs b/vello/src/wgpu_engine.rs
index 549bfa58..c7b04a5d 100644
--- a/vello/src/wgpu_engine.rs
+++ b/vello/src/wgpu_engine.rs
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ impl WgpuEngine {
             layout: Some(&pipeline_layout),
             vertex: wgpu::VertexState {
                 module,
-                entry_point: vertex_main,
+                entry_point: Some(vertex_main),
                 buffers: vertex_buffer
                     .as_ref()
                     .map(core::slice::from_ref)
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ impl WgpuEngine {
             },
             fragment: Some(wgpu::FragmentState {
                 module,
-                entry_point: fragment_main,
+                entry_point: Some(fragment_main),
                 targets: &[Some(color_attachment)],
                 compilation_options: PipelineCompilationOptions::default(),
             }),
@@ -827,7 +827,7 @@ impl WgpuEngine {
             label: Some(label),
             layout: Some(&compute_pipeline_layout),
             module: &shader_module,
-            entry_point: "main",
+            entry_point: None,
             compilation_options: PipelineCompilationOptions {
                 zero_initialize_workgroup_memory: false,
                 ..Default::default()

From 8e6fbdfaa79d63dd08e1f57c1e64f691878585dc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel McNab <36049421+DJMcNab@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 27 Aug 2024 13:52:20 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 02/13] Experiment with display timing

---
 Cargo.toml                     |  2 +-
 examples/with_winit/Cargo.toml |  1 +
 examples/with_winit/src/lib.rs | 75 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 vello/src/util.rs              |  3 +-
 4 files changed, 78 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 00b1724d..091bef22 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ static_assertions = "1.1.0"
 thiserror = "1.0.64"
 
 # NOTE: Make sure to keep this in sync with the version badge in README.md and vello/README.md
-wgpu = { git = "https://github.com/gfx-rs/wgpu", rev = "62cef44a1fa04f9ef811362d2b3fd8f80ee306b6" }
+wgpu = { git = "https://github.com/gfx-rs/wgpu", rev = "e99a2167bfc1d6f6bb24908e04192e2dbcf1fff1" }
 log = "0.4.22"
 image = { version = "0.25.2", default-features = false }
 
diff --git a/examples/with_winit/Cargo.toml b/examples/with_winit/Cargo.toml
index 6fa07d53..7d630813 100644
--- a/examples/with_winit/Cargo.toml
+++ b/examples/with_winit/Cargo.toml
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ log = { workspace = true }
 # We're still using env-logger, but we want to use tracing spans to allow using
 # tracing_android_trace
 tracing = { version = "0.1.40", features = ["log-always"] }
+ash = { version = "0.38.0", default-features = false }
 
 [target.'cfg(not(target_os = "android"))'.dependencies]
 # We use android_logger on Android
diff --git a/examples/with_winit/src/lib.rs b/examples/with_winit/src/lib.rs
index e3771e19..f1bba718 100644
--- a/examples/with_winit/src/lib.rs
+++ b/examples/with_winit/src/lib.rs
@@ -107,6 +107,10 @@ const AA_CONFIGS: [AaConfig; 1] = [AaConfig::Area];
 struct VelloApp<'s> {
     context: RenderContext,
     renderers: Vec<Option<Renderer>>,
+
+    google_display_timing_ext_devices: Vec<Option<ash::google::display_timing::Device>>,
+    present_id: u32,
+
     state: Option<RenderState<'s>>,
     // Whilst suspended, we drop `render_state`, but need to keep the same window.
     // If render_state exists, we must store the window in it, to maintain drop order
@@ -172,6 +176,8 @@ impl<'s> ApplicationHandler<UserEvent> for VelloApp<'s> {
 
     #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
     fn resumed(&mut self, event_loop: &winit::event_loop::ActiveEventLoop) {
+        use vello::wgpu::hal::vulkan;
+
         let Option::None = self.state else {
             return;
         };
@@ -194,6 +200,8 @@ impl<'s> ApplicationHandler<UserEvent> for VelloApp<'s> {
             let render_state = RenderState { window, surface };
             self.renderers
                 .resize_with(self.context.devices.len(), || None);
+            self.google_display_timing_ext_devices
+                .resize_with(self.context.devices.len(), || None);
             let id = render_state.surface.dev_id;
             self.renderers[id].get_or_insert_with(|| {
                 let start = Instant::now();
@@ -224,6 +232,29 @@ impl<'s> ApplicationHandler<UserEvent> for VelloApp<'s> {
                     .expect("Not setting max_num_pending_frames");
                 renderer
             });
+            let display_timing_ext_device = &mut self.google_display_timing_ext_devices[id];
+            let device_handle = &self.context.devices[id];
+            if display_timing_ext_device.is_none()
+                && device_handle
+                    .device
+                    .features()
+                    .contains(wgpu::Features::VULKAN_GOOGLE_DISPLAY_TIMING)
+            {
+                *display_timing_ext_device = unsafe {
+                    device_handle
+                        .device
+                        .as_hal::<vulkan::Api, _, _>(|device| {
+                            let device = device?;
+                            let instance = self.context.instance.as_hal::<vulkan::Api>()?;
+                            Some(ash::google::display_timing::Device::new(
+                                instance.shared_instance().raw_instance(),
+                                device.raw_device(),
+                            ))
+                        })
+                        .flatten()
+                };
+            }
+
             Some(render_state)
         };
     }
@@ -443,7 +474,9 @@ impl<'s> ApplicationHandler<UserEvent> for VelloApp<'s> {
 
                 render_state.window.request_redraw();
 
-                let Some(RenderState { surface, window }) = &self.state else {
+                render_state.window.request_redraw();
+
+                let Some(RenderState { surface, window }) = &mut self.state else {
                     return;
                 };
                 let width = surface.config.width;
@@ -541,6 +574,44 @@ impl<'s> ApplicationHandler<UserEvent> for VelloApp<'s> {
                     .get_current_texture()
                     .expect("failed to get surface texture");
 
+                let present_id = self.present_id;
+                self.present_id = self.present_id.wrapping_add(1);
+                if device_handle
+                    .device
+                    .features()
+                    .contains(wgpu::Features::VULKAN_GOOGLE_DISPLAY_TIMING)
+                {
+                    unsafe {
+                        let swc = surface
+                            .surface
+                            .as_hal::<wgpu::hal::vulkan::Api, _, _>(|surface| {
+                                if let Some(surface) = surface {
+                                    surface.set_next_present_time(ash::vk::PresentTimeGOOGLE {
+                                        desired_present_time: 0,
+                                        present_id,
+                                    });
+                                    Some(surface.raw_swapchain())
+                                } else {
+                                    None
+                                }
+                            })
+                            .flatten()
+                            .flatten();
+                        if let Some(swc) = swc {
+                            let display_timing = self.google_display_timing_ext_devices
+                                [surface.dev_id]
+                                .as_ref()
+                                .unwrap();
+                            // let result = display_timing.get_refresh_cycle_duration(swc);
+                            // eprintln!("Refresh duration: {result:?}");
+                            if present_id % 2 == 0 {
+                                let result = display_timing.get_past_presentation_timing(swc);
+                                eprintln!("Display timings: {result:?}");
+                                eprintln!("Most recent present id: {}", present_id);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
                 drop(texture_span);
                 let render_span = tracing::trace_span!("Dispatching render").entered();
                 // Note: we don't run the async/"robust" pipeline, as
@@ -702,6 +773,8 @@ fn run(
     let debug = DebugLayers::none();
 
     let mut app = VelloApp {
+        present_id: 0,
+        google_display_timing_ext_devices: vec![None; renderers.len()],
         context: render_cx,
         renderers,
         state: render_state,
diff --git a/vello/src/util.rs b/vello/src/util.rs
index 5a508dbb..58d39f63 100644
--- a/vello/src/util.rs
+++ b/vello/src/util.rs
@@ -138,7 +138,8 @@ impl RenderContext {
         let features = adapter.features();
         let limits = Limits::default();
         #[allow(unused_mut)]
-        let mut maybe_features = wgpu::Features::CLEAR_TEXTURE;
+        let mut maybe_features =
+            wgpu::Features::CLEAR_TEXTURE | wgpu::Features::VULKAN_GOOGLE_DISPLAY_TIMING;
         #[cfg(feature = "wgpu-profiler")]
         {
             maybe_features |= wgpu_profiler::GpuProfiler::ALL_WGPU_TIMER_FEATURES;

From 4ba6f5e134c35bc2d11419928f1838c734ecc76e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel McNab <36049421+DJMcNab@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 27 Aug 2024 16:30:01 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 03/13] Migrate to merged `wgpu` version

Also start sketching out the frame pacing library
---
 Cargo.toml              |  3 ++-
 vello_pacing/Cargo.toml | 13 +++++++++++
 vello_pacing/README.md  |  9 ++++++++
 vello_pacing/src/lib.rs | 49 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 73 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 vello_pacing/Cargo.toml
 create mode 100644 vello_pacing/README.md
 create mode 100644 vello_pacing/src/lib.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 091bef22..d612cd0a 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ resolver = "2"
 members = [
     "vello",
     "vello_encoding",
+    "vello_pacing",
     "vello_shaders",
     "vello_tests",
 
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ static_assertions = "1.1.0"
 thiserror = "1.0.64"
 
 # NOTE: Make sure to keep this in sync with the version badge in README.md and vello/README.md
-wgpu = { git = "https://github.com/gfx-rs/wgpu", rev = "e99a2167bfc1d6f6bb24908e04192e2dbcf1fff1" }
+wgpu = { git = "https://github.com/gfx-rs/wgpu", rev = "685c2133f296ea5bf48e4ee96853f725c2a68980" }
 log = "0.4.22"
 image = { version = "0.25.2", default-features = false }
 
diff --git a/vello_pacing/Cargo.toml b/vello_pacing/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..040f1306
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vello_pacing/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+[package]
+name = "vello_pacing"
+version.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+rust-version.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+repository.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+wgpu.workspace = true
+
+[lints]
+workspace = true
diff --git a/vello_pacing/README.md b/vello_pacing/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..70809e49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vello_pacing/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# Vello Pacing
+
+A frame pacing library for wgpu, optimised for 2d graphics use cases.
+
+In particular, special care is taken to handle animation use cases correctly.
+
+## Backends
+
+This library currently only targets Android, but has working fallbacks for other platforms.
diff --git a/vello_pacing/src/lib.rs b/vello_pacing/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cf363cb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vello_pacing/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+pub struct VelloPacing {}
+
+/// Docs used to type out how this is being reasoned about.
+///
+/// We manage four clocks:
+/// 1) The CPU side clock. This is treated as an opaque nanosecond value, used only for sleeping.
+/// 2) The GPU "render complete clock". We wait for rendering work to complete to schedule the "present" of the *next* frame, to avoid stuttering.
+///    On Android, we calibrate this to the "latching" clock using `presentMargin`.
+///    Additionally, if a frame "failed", we.
+/// 3) The GPU "latching" clock. This is the
+/// 4) The display "present clock".
+///
+/// We observe that `earliest_present_time` can be earlier than `actual_present_time` because.
+///
+/// There are three cases for when we want to render:
+/// 1) Active rendering, i.e. animation
+/// 2) Rendering "once", i.e. in response to a keypress. Note that scrolling will likely be treated as animation, and is an important case for latency minimisation.
+/// 3) Stopping active rendering, i.e. the last frame
+///
+/// Note also that we need to be aware of <https://github.com/linebender/vello/pull/606> in this design.
+///
+pub struct Thinking;
+
+/// A sketch of the expected API.
+impl VelloPacing {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {}
+    }
+
+    pub fn launch() {}
+
+    /// Run a rendering task until presentation. Useful on macOS for resizing.
+    pub fn present_synchronously(&mut self) {
+        let token: () = self.present_immediately();
+        self.wait_on_present(token);
+    }
+
+    pub fn present_immediately(&mut self) {}
+
+    fn wait_on_present(&mut self, (): ()) {}
+
+    pub fn stop(&mut self) {}
+}
+
+impl Default for VelloPacing {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}

From a7b62c7a42cd474589ac8635ee8ae7ade7dcd572 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel McNab <36049421+DJMcNab@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Aug 2024 12:16:25 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 04/13] Do a lot more writing on potential solutions.

Save some more thoughts

Continue sketch of pacing
---
 examples/with_winit/src/lib.rs |   4 +-
 vello_pacing/Cargo.toml        |   2 +
 vello_pacing/src/lib.rs        | 169 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 3 files changed, 161 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/with_winit/src/lib.rs b/examples/with_winit/src/lib.rs
index f1bba718..bdb90178 100644
--- a/examples/with_winit/src/lib.rs
+++ b/examples/with_winit/src/lib.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
+use std::time::Duration;
 #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 use std::time::Instant;
 use vello::low_level::DebugLayers;
@@ -604,7 +605,8 @@ impl<'s> ApplicationHandler<UserEvent> for VelloApp<'s> {
                                 .unwrap();
                             // let result = display_timing.get_refresh_cycle_duration(swc);
                             // eprintln!("Refresh duration: {result:?}");
-                            if present_id % 2 == 0 {
+                            if present_id % 5 == 0 {
+                                // std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(300));
                                 let result = display_timing.get_past_presentation_timing(swc);
                                 eprintln!("Display timings: {result:?}");
                                 eprintln!("Most recent present id: {}", present_id);
diff --git a/vello_pacing/Cargo.toml b/vello_pacing/Cargo.toml
index 040f1306..e2f79a0c 100644
--- a/vello_pacing/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vello_pacing/Cargo.toml
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ repository.workspace = true
 
 [dependencies]
 wgpu.workspace = true
+vello.workspace = true
+ash = { version = "0.38.0", default-features = false }
 
 [lints]
 workspace = true
diff --git a/vello_pacing/src/lib.rs b/vello_pacing/src/lib.rs
index cf363cb5..c8363658 100644
--- a/vello_pacing/src/lib.rs
+++ b/vello_pacing/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,33 +1,124 @@
-pub struct VelloPacing {}
+use std::{
+    collections::HashMap,
+    sync::{
+        atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering},
+        mpsc::{Receiver, RecvTimeoutError, TryRecvError},
+        Arc,
+    },
+    time::{Duration, Instant},
+};
 
 /// Docs used to type out how this is being reasoned about.
 ///
-/// We manage four clocks:
-/// 1) The CPU side clock. This is treated as an opaque nanosecond value, used only for sleeping.
+/// We manage six clocks:
+/// 1) The CPU side clock. This is treated as an opaque nanosecond value, used only(?) for sleeping.
 /// 2) The GPU "render complete clock". We wait for rendering work to complete to schedule the "present" of the *next* frame, to avoid stuttering.
 ///    On Android, we calibrate this to the "latching" clock using `presentMargin`.
-///    Additionally, if a frame "failed", we.
-/// 3) The GPU "latching" clock. This is the
-/// 4) The display "present clock".
-///
-/// We observe that `earliest_present_time` can be earlier than `actual_present_time` because.
+///    Additionally, if a frame "failed", we choose not to present the next frame.
+/// 3) The GPU render start clock, used to get a quick estimate for likely stutters.
+/// 4) The GPU "latching" clock. This is only implied by `presentMargin` in relation to the render complete clock.
+/// 5) The display "present clock". We assume that this is a potentially variable, but generally fixed amount of
+///    time from the "latching" clock (due to compositing time).
+/// 6) The CPU side present clock, which is the time we think presentation will happen.
+///    These are always a fixed number of nanoseconds away from the "true presentation time" (this difference can be
+///    calculated using <https://docs.rs/wgpu/latest/wgpu/struct.Adapter.html#method.get_presentation_timestamp>
+///    and the true presentation time).
 ///
 /// There are three cases for when we want to render:
-/// 1) Active rendering, i.e. animation
-/// 2) Rendering "once", i.e. in response to a keypress. Note that scrolling will likely be treated as animation, and is an important case for latency minimisation.
-/// 3) Stopping active rendering, i.e. the last frame
+/// 1) Active rendering
+///      - Active Passive, e.g. playing an animation (/a video)
+///      - Active Active, e.g. scrolling using a touch screen
+/// - These have slightly different characteristics, because animation smoothness in in the passive case is more important.
+///   Whereas latency reduction is more important in the active case.
+/// 2) Rendering "once", i.e. in response to a keypress. Note that scrolling will likely be treated
+///    as animation, and is an important case for latency minimisation.
+/// 3) Stopping active rendering, i.e. the last frame.
 ///
 /// Note also that we need to be aware of <https://github.com/linebender/vello/pull/606> in this design.
 ///
+/// We observe that `earliest_present_time` can be earlier than `actual_present_time` because of earlier presents "getting in the way".
+///
+/// In the rendering once case, we just render as soon as possible.
+/// It *could* be possible to coalesce these updates.
+/// There are two phases to the multiple renders case:
+/// 1) Up-to-date control loop
+/// 2) Outdated control loop.
+///
+/// The outdated control loop case is due to the Presentation Time API having ~5 frames of latency.
+/// (see <https://themaister.net/blog/2018/11/09/experimenting-with-vk_google_display_timing-taking-control-over-the-swap-chain/>,
+/// the "Android 8.0, presentation timing latency" heading).
+///
+/// At the start of rendering, we are in the outdated control loop case, because of the above mentioned latency. That involves:
+/// 1) We render the first frame immediately. This uses a best-effort estimated present time.
+///    This does *not* have an requestedPresentationTime.
+/// 2) We then set about rendering the second frame, which uses an estimated present time *one* interval
+///    of display refresh rate after the first presentation. We start the rendering work for this frame
+///    (tunable) ~20% sooner than one refresh rate interval after the start of rendering work for the first frame.
+///    - If work has already finished on the first frame, then
+///    - A potential option here is to cancel this render (GPU side) if the previous frame took (significantly) longer
+///      than one refresh interval. It is future work to reason about this.
+///      We foresee this as potentially advantageous because the CPU side work would be a relatively small part of
+///      a frame, and so it would probably lead to "better" animation smoothness.
+/// 3) Once the first frame finishes rendering, we present the second frame. We use "render end time" - "render start time" (`T_R`) to
+///    estimate how many refresh durations (`N`) this render took, with a (tunable) ~25% "grace reduction" in the value.
+///    This grace amount is to account for a likely ramping up of GPU power states, so future frames will probably be faster.
+///    We also use `T_R` to estimate how many refresh durations the second frame will take to render (`N_2`), for scheduling the
+///    present of the second frame. This does not use the grace reduction, but does have a grace subtraction of ~45% of the refresh cycle to
+///    count as one frame. This grace period is to account for the fact that we don't know when in the refresh cycle we started rendering,
+///    so there's a chance that even if both frames took longer than one refresh duration to render, we can "fake" smoothness.
+///    Additionally, this slightly helps account for the GPU power state ramp-up.
+/// 4) We present the second frame with a time which is "render end time" + previous "present clock - latching clock" + `N_2`  * refresh durations.
+/// 5) We start rendering on the third frame, either `N_2 + N` or `2*N` (TBD) refresh durations after the first frame rendering started.
+///    This will have an estimated present time of the same `N_2 + N` or `2*N` refresh durations from the estimated present time.
+///
+/// Using a statistical model for the variable time from starting rendering from event `1` to `2`.
 pub struct Thinking;
 
+pub struct FrameRenderRequest {
+    scene: vello::Scene,
+    frame: FrameId,
+    expected_present: u64,
+    // In general, if touch is held, will need the next frame.
+    needs_next_frame: bool, // TODO: No, LatencyOptimised, ConsistencyOptimised?
+    present_immediately: bool,
+    paint_start: Instant,
+}
+
+pub struct FrameStats {
+    /// When the rendering work started on the GPU, in nanoseconds.
+    ///
+    /// Used to estimate how long frames are taking to render, to get
+    /// faster feedback on whether we should request a slower (or faster) display mode.
+    /// (We choose to be more conservative in requesting a faster display mode)
+    render_start: u64,
+    /// When the rendering work finished on the GPU, in nanoseconds.
+    ///
+    /// Used to:
+    /// - estimate the compositing time
+    /// - for estimating the expected presentation times before up-to-date timestamps become available
+    render_end: u64,
+    ///
+    estimated_present: u64,
+    paint_start: Instant,
+    presentation_time: Option<ash::vk::PastPresentationTimingGOOGLE>,
+}
+
+pub struct VelloPacing {
+    rx: Receiver<FrameRenderRequest>,
+    queue: Arc<wgpu::Queue>,
+    device: Arc<wgpu::Device>,
+    stats: HashMap<FrameId, FrameStats>,
+}
+
 /// A sketch of the expected API.
 impl VelloPacing {
     pub fn new() -> Self {
-        Self {}
+        todo!()
     }
 
-    pub fn launch() {}
+    pub fn launch(self) {
+        std::thread::spawn(|| self.run());
+    }
 
     /// Run a rendering task until presentation. Useful on macOS for resizing.
     pub fn present_synchronously(&mut self) {
@@ -40,6 +131,58 @@ impl VelloPacing {
     fn wait_on_present(&mut self, (): ()) {}
 
     pub fn stop(&mut self) {}
+
+    fn run(mut self) {
+        loop {
+            match self.rx.recv_timeout(Duration::from_millis(4)) {
+                Ok(frame_request) => {
+                    self.paint_frame();
+                    if frame_request.needs_next_frame {}
+                    continue;
+                }
+                Err(RecvTimeoutError::Disconnected) => {
+                    unreachable!("The main thread has stopped without telling rendering to stop")
+                }
+                Err(RecvTimeoutError::Timeout) => {}
+            }
+            self.poll_frame();
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn paint_frame(&mut self) {
+        // Prepare command buffers, etc.
+
+        // If the previous frame returned
+        self.poll_frame();
+    }
+
+    fn poll_frame(&mut self) {
+        self.device.poll(wgpu::Maintain::Poll);
+        if self.penultimate_frame_finished() {
+            if self.penultimate_frame_failed() {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn penultimate_frame_finished(&self) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
+
+    fn penultimate_frame_failed(&self) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct FrameId(u32);
+
+impl FrameId {
+    pub fn next(self) -> Self {
+        Self(self.0.wrapping_add(1))
+    }
+
+    pub fn raw(self) -> u32 {
+        self.0
+    }
 }
 
 impl Default for VelloPacing {

From 028d2022b6776d0c6818715de0c65d6b5c639284 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel McNab <36049421+DJMcNab@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 5 Sep 2024 09:33:57 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 05/13] Update `wgpu` to main

More writings/logic
---
 Cargo.toml                     |  2 +-
 examples/with_winit/src/lib.rs |  2 --
 vello_pacing/src/lib.rs        | 63 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 3 files changed, 55 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index d612cd0a..c6306b07 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ static_assertions = "1.1.0"
 thiserror = "1.0.64"
 
 # NOTE: Make sure to keep this in sync with the version badge in README.md and vello/README.md
-wgpu = { git = "https://github.com/gfx-rs/wgpu", rev = "685c2133f296ea5bf48e4ee96853f725c2a68980" }
+wgpu = { git = "https://github.com/gfx-rs/wgpu", rev = "aeac0f29fed2ae4240869c8ff419ea93523d32d9" }
 log = "0.4.22"
 image = { version = "0.25.2", default-features = false }
 
diff --git a/examples/with_winit/src/lib.rs b/examples/with_winit/src/lib.rs
index bdb90178..5d43bdb8 100644
--- a/examples/with_winit/src/lib.rs
+++ b/examples/with_winit/src/lib.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use std::time::Duration;
 #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 use std::time::Instant;
 use vello::low_level::DebugLayers;
@@ -606,7 +605,6 @@ impl<'s> ApplicationHandler<UserEvent> for VelloApp<'s> {
                             // let result = display_timing.get_refresh_cycle_duration(swc);
                             // eprintln!("Refresh duration: {result:?}");
                             if present_id % 5 == 0 {
-                                // std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(300));
                                 let result = display_timing.get_past_presentation_timing(swc);
                                 eprintln!("Display timings: {result:?}");
                                 eprintln!("Most recent present id: {}", present_id);
diff --git a/vello_pacing/src/lib.rs b/vello_pacing/src/lib.rs
index c8363658..780981c8 100644
--- a/vello_pacing/src/lib.rs
+++ b/vello_pacing/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use std::{
-    collections::HashMap,
+    collections::{HashMap, VecDeque},
     sync::{
         atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering},
         mpsc::{Receiver, RecvTimeoutError, TryRecvError},
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ use std::{
     time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
 
+use wgpu::Buffer;
+
 /// Docs used to type out how this is being reasoned about.
 ///
 /// We manage six clocks:
@@ -72,6 +74,8 @@ use std::{
 ///    This will have an estimated present time of the same `N_2 + N` or `2*N` refresh durations from the estimated present time.
 ///
 /// Using a statistical model for the variable time from starting rendering from event `1` to `2`.
+///
+/// TODO: Reason about multi-window/multi-display?
 pub struct Thinking;
 
 pub struct FrameRenderRequest {
@@ -89,25 +93,55 @@ pub struct FrameStats {
     ///
     /// Used to estimate how long frames are taking to render, to get
     /// faster feedback on whether we should request a slower (or faster) display mode.
-    /// (We choose to be more conservative in requesting a faster display mode)
+    /// (We choose to be more conservative in requesting a faster display mode, but
+    /// act quickly on requesting a slower one.)
     render_start: u64,
     /// When the rendering work finished on the GPU, in nanoseconds.
     ///
     /// Used to:
-    /// - estimate the compositing time
+    /// - estimate the amount of time compositing takes
     /// - for estimating the expected presentation times before up-to-date timestamps become available
     render_end: u64,
+    /// The time we told the application that this frame would be rendered at.
+    ///
+    /// In early frames, this was a best-effort guess, but we should be consistent in the use of this.
     ///
+    /// For most users, the estimated present is only useful in terms of "how long between presents".
+    /// However, an absolute timestamp is useful for calibrating Audio with Video
     estimated_present: u64,
+    /// The time which we started the entire painting for this frame, including scene construction, etc.
+    ///
+    /// This is used for:
+    /// 1) Providing the time at which rendering should start, generally
+    ///    1 refresh duration later than the previous frame +- some margin.
     paint_start: Instant,
+    // /// The time at which the frame pacing controller received the frame to be rendered.
+    // ///
+    // /// This is used to predict a possible frame deadline miss early
+    // paint_end: Instant,
+    /// The information we received from `SurfaceFlinger`, which is severely outdated by design.
+    ///
+    /// We might not get this information, so should be ready to work without it.
     presentation_time: Option<ash::vk::PastPresentationTimingGOOGLE>,
 }
 
+pub struct InFlightStatus {}
+
+pub struct InFlightFrame {
+    download_buffer: Buffer,
+}
+
+/// The state of the frame pacing controller thread.
 pub struct VelloPacing {
     rx: Receiver<FrameRenderRequest>,
     queue: Arc<wgpu::Queue>,
     device: Arc<wgpu::Device>,
-    stats: HashMap<FrameId, FrameStats>,
+    /// Stats from previous frames, stored in a ring buffer (max capacity ~10?).
+    stats: VecDeque<(FrameId, FrameStats)>,
+    /// The refresh rate reported by the system.
+    refresh_rate: u64,
+    presenting_frame: InFlightFrame,
+    gpu_working_frame: InFlightFrame,
 }
 
 /// A sketch of the expected API.
@@ -134,7 +168,14 @@ impl VelloPacing {
 
     fn run(mut self) {
         loop {
-            match self.rx.recv_timeout(Duration::from_millis(4)) {
+            let timeout = if self.frame_in_flight() {
+                Duration::from_millis(4)
+            } else {
+                // If there is no frame in flight, then we can
+                // keep ticking the device, but it isn't really needed
+                Duration::from_millis(100)
+            };
+            match self.rx.recv_timeout(timeout) {
                 Ok(frame_request) => {
                     self.paint_frame();
                     if frame_request.needs_next_frame {}
@@ -158,16 +199,20 @@ impl VelloPacing {
 
     fn poll_frame(&mut self) {
         self.device.poll(wgpu::Maintain::Poll);
-        if self.penultimate_frame_finished() {
-            if self.penultimate_frame_failed() {}
+        if self.presented_frame_work_done() {
+            if self.presented_frame_failed() {}
         }
     }
 
-    fn penultimate_frame_finished(&self) -> bool {
+    fn presented_frame_work_done(&self) -> bool {
         false
     }
 
-    fn penultimate_frame_failed(&self) -> bool {
+    fn presented_frame_failed(&self) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
+    // fn presented_frame_status(&self) -> FrameStatus {}
+    fn frame_in_flight(&self) -> bool {
         false
     }
 }

From e4ff4f20f48d2194844ab6dd8ee6439c5c3b1601 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel McNab <36049421+DJMcNab@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 6 Sep 2024 18:11:00 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 06/13] Start writing out the logic in earnest

Some initial resizing logic
---
 vello_pacing/Cargo.toml |   1 +
 vello_pacing/src/lib.rs | 219 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 2 files changed, 193 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vello_pacing/Cargo.toml b/vello_pacing/Cargo.toml
index e2f79a0c..96986764 100644
--- a/vello_pacing/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vello_pacing/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ repository.workspace = true
 wgpu.workspace = true
 vello.workspace = true
 ash = { version = "0.38.0", default-features = false }
+tracing = "0.1.40"
 
 [lints]
 workspace = true
diff --git a/vello_pacing/src/lib.rs b/vello_pacing/src/lib.rs
index 780981c8..7f3e15c8 100644
--- a/vello_pacing/src/lib.rs
+++ b/vello_pacing/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,15 @@
 use std::{
     collections::{HashMap, VecDeque},
     sync::{
-        atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering},
-        mpsc::{Receiver, RecvTimeoutError, TryRecvError},
+        atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicU64, Ordering},
+        mpsc::{Receiver, RecvTimeoutError, Sender, TryRecvError},
         Arc,
     },
     time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
 
-use wgpu::Buffer;
+use vello::Scene;
+use wgpu::{core::present, Buffer, SubmissionIndex, SurfaceTexture};
 
 /// Docs used to type out how this is being reasoned about.
 ///
@@ -115,6 +116,8 @@ pub struct FrameStats {
     /// 1) Providing the time at which rendering should start, generally
     ///    1 refresh duration later than the previous frame +- some margin.
     paint_start: Instant,
+    /// Whether the source paint request wanted there to be a next frame.
+    next_frame_continued: bool,
     // /// The time at which the frame pacing controller received the frame to be rendered.
     // ///
     // /// This is used to predict a possible frame deadline miss early
@@ -128,20 +131,42 @@ pub struct FrameStats {
 pub struct InFlightStatus {}
 
 pub struct InFlightFrame {
-    download_buffer: Buffer,
+    download_map_buffer: Buffer,
+    work_complete: Arc<AtomicBool>,
+    paint_start: Instant,
+    id: FrameId,
+    submission_index: SubmissionIndex,
+    /// Information needed to perform a presentation, and not before.
+    required_to_present: Option<(SurfaceTexture, Scene)>,
+    estimated_present: u64,
+    next_frame_expected: bool,
+}
+
+pub enum VelloControl {
+    Frame(FrameRenderRequest),
+    Stop,
+    /// A resize request. This might skip rendering a previous frame
+    /// if it arrives before that frame is presented.
+    Resize(FrameRenderRequest, (u32, u32), Sender<FrameId>),
 }
 
 /// The state of the frame pacing controller thread.
 pub struct VelloPacing {
-    rx: Receiver<FrameRenderRequest>,
+    rx: Receiver<VelloControl>,
     queue: Arc<wgpu::Queue>,
     device: Arc<wgpu::Device>,
+    surface: wgpu::Surface<'static>,
     /// Stats from previous frames, stored in a ring buffer (max capacity ~10?).
     stats: VecDeque<(FrameId, FrameStats)>,
-    /// The refresh rate reported by the system.
+    /// The refresh rate reported "by the system".
     refresh_rate: u64,
-    presenting_frame: InFlightFrame,
-    gpu_working_frame: InFlightFrame,
+    // TODO: Does this need a capacity of 2?
+    unmapped_download_buffer: Option<(Buffer, Arc<AtomicBool>)>,
+    /// Details about the previous frame, which has already been presented.
+    presenting_frame: Option<InFlightFrame>,
+    /// Details about the frame whose work has been submitted to the.
+    gpu_working_frame: Option<InFlightFrame>,
+    abandoned_frames: Vec<InFlightFrame>,
 }
 
 /// A sketch of the expected API.
@@ -151,7 +176,7 @@ impl VelloPacing {
     }
 
     pub fn launch(self) {
-        std::thread::spawn(|| self.run());
+        std::thread::spawn(move || self.run());
     }
 
     /// Run a rendering task until presentation. Useful on macOS for resizing.
@@ -176,44 +201,184 @@ impl VelloPacing {
                 Duration::from_millis(100)
             };
             match self.rx.recv_timeout(timeout) {
-                Ok(frame_request) => {
-                    self.paint_frame();
-                    if frame_request.needs_next_frame {}
+                Ok(command) => {
+                    match command {
+                        VelloControl::Frame(request) => {
+                            self.poll_frame();
+                            // TODO: Error handling
+                            let texture = self.surface.get_current_texture().unwrap();
+                            self.paint_frame(request.scene, texture);
+                            self.poll_frame();
+                        }
+                        VelloControl::Stop => break,
+                        #[expect(
+                            unreachable_code,
+                            unused_variables,
+                            reason = "We stub out the unused variables"
+                        )]
+                        VelloControl::Resize(request, (_, _), done) => {
+                            if let Some(mut old_frame) = self.gpu_working_frame.take() {
+                                // This frame will never be presented
+                                drop(old_frame.required_to_present.take());
+                                self.abandoned_frames.push(old_frame);
+                            }
+                            // Make sure any easily detectable needed reallocation happens
+                            // TODO: What do we want to do if:
+                            // 1) The previous frame didn't succeed
+                            // 2) We are trying to resize
+                            // Do we just draw a clear colour?
+                            self.poll_frame();
+                            // self.surface
+                            //     .configure(&self.device, SurfaceConfiguration { width, height });
+                            unimplemented!();
+
+                            let texture = self.surface.get_current_texture().unwrap();
+                            let frame = self.paint_frame_inner(&request.scene, &texture);
+                            texture.present();
+                            // TODO: Maybe: self.abandoned_frames.extend(self.presenting_frame.take());
+                            self.presenting_frame = Some(frame);
+                            if let Err(e) = done.send(request.frame) {
+                                tracing::error!("Failed to send present result {e}");
+                            };
+                        }
+                    }
+
                     continue;
                 }
                 Err(RecvTimeoutError::Disconnected) => {
-                    unreachable!("The main thread has stopped without telling rendering to stop")
+                    // TODO: Is this just the implicit stop command?
+                    tracing::error!(
+                        "The main thread has stopped without telling rendering to stop"
+                    );
+                    // TODO: self.poll_frame();?
+                    // What do we need to be careful about dropping?
+                    break;
+                }
+                Err(RecvTimeoutError::Timeout) => {
+                    // Fall through intentionally
                 }
-                Err(RecvTimeoutError::Timeout) => {}
             }
             self.poll_frame();
         }
     }
 
-    fn paint_frame(&mut self) {
+    fn paint_frame(&mut self, scene: Scene, to: SurfaceTexture) {
+        // TODO: It could happen that frames get sent not in response to our handling code (e.g. as an immediate frame)
+        // Do we just always want to abandon the current working frame?
+        assert!(self.gpu_working_frame.is_none());
+        let mut res = self.paint_frame_inner(&scene, &to);
+        res.required_to_present = Some((to, scene));
+        self.gpu_working_frame = Some(res);
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    #[expect(unused_variables, reason = "Not yet implemented")]
+    fn paint_frame_inner(&mut self, scene: &Scene, to: &SurfaceTexture) -> InFlightFrame {
         // Prepare command buffers, etc.
 
-        // If the previous frame returned
-        self.poll_frame();
+        todo!();
     }
 
     fn poll_frame(&mut self) {
         self.device.poll(wgpu::Maintain::Poll);
-        if self.presented_frame_work_done() {
-            if self.presented_frame_failed() {}
-        }
-    }
+        let mut failed = false;
+        let mut desired_present_time: Option<u64> = None;
+        if let Some(presenting) = &mut self.presenting_frame {
+            if let Some(value) = Arc::get_mut(&mut presenting.work_complete) {
+                // Reset the value to false, because we're about to reuse it.
+                if std::mem::take(value.get_mut()) {
+                    let presenting = self
+                        .presenting_frame
+                        .take()
+                        .expect("We know this value is present");
 
-    fn presented_frame_work_done(&self) -> bool {
-        false
+                    {
+                        let value = presenting.download_map_buffer.slice(..).get_mapped_range();
+                        eprintln!("Downloaded: {value:?}");
+                        presenting.download_map_buffer.unmap();
+                        // Will be calculated from `value`, as part of https://github.com/linebender/vello/pull/606
+                        failed = false;
+                        if failed {
+                            // Perform reallocation. Will be part of https://github.com/linebender/vello/pull/606.
+                        }
+                        // The time which we should not present before.
+                        // If `value` indicates we really badly overflowed, then this will be later than otherwise expected.
+                        desired_present_time = None;
+                        self.stats.push_back((
+                            presenting.id,
+                            FrameStats {
+                                // TODO: Make optional because some backends don't support timestamp queries?
+                                render_start: 0,
+                                render_end: 0,
+                                estimated_present: presenting.estimated_present,
+                                paint_start: presenting.paint_start,
+                                presentation_time: None,
+                                next_frame_continued: presenting.next_frame_expected,
+                            },
+                        ));
+                    }
+                    self.unmapped_download_buffer =
+                        Some((presenting.download_map_buffer, presenting.work_complete));
+                } else {
+                    unreachable!(
+                        "Buffer mapping/work complete callback dropped without being called."
+                    )
+                }
+            } else {
+                // Probably nothing to do?
+            }
+        }
+        if self.presenting_frame.is_none() {
+            if let Some(mut working_frame) = self.gpu_working_frame.take() {
+                let (texture, scene) = working_frame.required_to_present.take().unwrap();
+                if failed {
+                    // Then redo the paint; we know the previous attempted frame will have been cancalled, so won't be expensive.
+                    // We choose to present here immediately, to minimise likely latency costs.
+                    self.paint_frame_inner(&scene, &texture);
+                } else if working_frame.work_complete.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
+                    // I don't think there's actually anything interesting to do here, but might need to be reasoned about.
+                };
+                // We run a display timing request after the present occurs, but we only need to get the Vulkan swapchain once.
+                let mut swc = None;
+                if let Some(desired_present_time) =
+                    // Pseudocode for the or-else case. This is to handle the scenario where the previous frame finished
+                    // *before* we.
+                    desired_present_time
+                        .or_else(|| Some(self.stats.front()?.1.estimated_present))
+                {
+                    swc = unsafe {
+                        self.surface
+                            .as_hal::<wgpu::hal::vulkan::Api, _, _>(|surface| {
+                                if let Some(surface) = surface {
+                                    surface.set_next_present_time(ash::vk::PresentTimeGOOGLE {
+                                        desired_present_time,
+                                        present_id: working_frame.id.0,
+                                    });
+                                    Some(surface.raw_swapchain())
+                                } else {
+                                    None
+                                }
+                            })
+                            .flatten()
+                            .flatten()
+                    };
+                }
+                texture.present();
+                if let Some(_swc) = swc {
+                    // Load past present timing information
+                }
+                if working_frame.next_frame_expected {
+                    // Do the maths for when we should ask the main thread for the next frame
+                    // TODO: Do we need our own timer thread for just that, or should something else happen?
+                }
+                self.presenting_frame = Some(working_frame);
+            }
+        }
     }
 
-    fn presented_frame_failed(&self) -> bool {
-        false
-    }
     // fn presented_frame_status(&self) -> FrameStatus {}
     fn frame_in_flight(&self) -> bool {
-        false
+        self.gpu_working_frame.is_some()
     }
 }
 

From 501c03c21ad73c9ebae75a667fb6fe8c87c82565 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel McNab <36049421+DJMcNab@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Sep 2024 12:00:06 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 07/13] Continue pacing implementation

Continued resource management
---
 vello_pacing/src/lib.rs | 123 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 101 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vello_pacing/src/lib.rs b/vello_pacing/src/lib.rs
index 7f3e15c8..7dacf9c9 100644
--- a/vello_pacing/src/lib.rs
+++ b/vello_pacing/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 use std::{
-    collections::{HashMap, VecDeque},
+    collections::VecDeque,
     sync::{
-        atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicU64, Ordering},
-        mpsc::{Receiver, RecvTimeoutError, Sender, TryRecvError},
+        atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
+        mpsc::{Receiver, RecvTimeoutError, Sender},
         Arc,
     },
     time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
 
 use vello::Scene;
-use wgpu::{core::present, Buffer, SubmissionIndex, SurfaceTexture};
+use wgpu::{Buffer, SubmissionIndex, SurfaceTexture};
 
 /// Docs used to type out how this is being reasoned about.
 ///
@@ -155,18 +155,21 @@ pub struct VelloPacing {
     rx: Receiver<VelloControl>,
     queue: Arc<wgpu::Queue>,
     device: Arc<wgpu::Device>,
+    google_display_timing_ext_devices: Vec<Option<ash::google::display_timing::Device>>,
+    adapter: Arc<wgpu::Adapter>,
     surface: wgpu::Surface<'static>,
     /// Stats from previous frames, stored in a ring buffer (max capacity ~10?).
     stats: VecDeque<(FrameId, FrameStats)>,
     /// The refresh rate reported "by the system".
     refresh_rate: u64,
-    // TODO: Does this need a capacity of 2?
-    unmapped_download_buffer: Option<(Buffer, Arc<AtomicBool>)>,
+    mapped_unused_download_buffers: Vec<(Buffer, Arc<AtomicBool>)>,
+    mapped_unused_download_buffers_scratch: Vec<(Buffer, Arc<AtomicBool>)>,
+    // TODO: Smallvec?
+    free_download_buffers: Vec<(Buffer, Arc<AtomicBool>)>,
     /// Details about the previous frame, which has already been presented.
     presenting_frame: Option<InFlightFrame>,
     /// Details about the frame whose work has been submitted to the.
     gpu_working_frame: Option<InFlightFrame>,
-    abandoned_frames: Vec<InFlightFrame>,
 }
 
 /// A sketch of the expected API.
@@ -210,23 +213,34 @@ impl VelloPacing {
                             self.paint_frame(request.scene, texture);
                             self.poll_frame();
                         }
-                        VelloControl::Stop => break,
+                        VelloControl::Stop => {
+                            // TODO:
+                            if let Some(mut old_frame) = self.gpu_working_frame.take() {
+                                // This frame will never be presented
+                                drop(old_frame.required_to_present.take());
+                            }
+                            // self.device.poll(wgpu::MaintainBase::Wait);
+                            // What do we need to be careful about dropping?
+                            // Do we need to run the GPU
+                            break;
+                        }
                         #[expect(
                             unreachable_code,
                             unused_variables,
                             reason = "We stub out the unused variables"
                         )]
                         VelloControl::Resize(request, (_, _), done) => {
+                            // Cancel the frame which hasn't been scheduled for presentation.
                             if let Some(mut old_frame) = self.gpu_working_frame.take() {
                                 // This frame will never be presented
                                 drop(old_frame.required_to_present.take());
-                                self.abandoned_frames.push(old_frame);
+                                self.abandon(old_frame);
                             }
                             // Make sure any easily detectable needed reallocation happens
                             // TODO: What do we want to do if:
                             // 1) The previous frame didn't succeed
                             // 2) We are trying to resize
-                            // Do we just draw a clear colour?
+                            // We choose not to address this presently, because it is a.
                             self.poll_frame();
                             // self.surface
                             //     .configure(&self.device, SurfaceConfiguration { width, height });
@@ -235,6 +249,9 @@ impl VelloPacing {
                             let texture = self.surface.get_current_texture().unwrap();
                             let frame = self.paint_frame_inner(&request.scene, &texture);
                             texture.present();
+                            if let Some(old_presenting) = self.presenting_frame.take() {
+                                self.abandon(old_presenting);
+                            }
                             // TODO: Maybe: self.abandoned_frames.extend(self.presenting_frame.take());
                             self.presenting_frame = Some(frame);
                             if let Err(e) = done.send(request.frame) {
@@ -250,8 +267,6 @@ impl VelloPacing {
                     tracing::error!(
                         "The main thread has stopped without telling rendering to stop"
                     );
-                    // TODO: self.poll_frame();?
-                    // What do we need to be careful about dropping?
                     break;
                 }
                 Err(RecvTimeoutError::Timeout) => {
@@ -262,6 +277,21 @@ impl VelloPacing {
         }
     }
 
+    fn abandon(&mut self, frame: InFlightFrame) {
+        // This is accurate since we never make a `Weak` for the `work_complete` buffers
+        // If that became untrue, the only risk is that the buffer and value would be dropped instead of reused.
+        if Arc::strong_count(&frame.work_complete) == 1 {
+            Self::handle_completed_mapping_finished(
+                &mut self.free_download_buffers,
+                frame.download_map_buffer,
+                frame.work_complete,
+            );
+        } else {
+            self.mapped_unused_download_buffers
+                .push((frame.download_map_buffer, frame.work_complete));
+        }
+    }
+
     fn paint_frame(&mut self, scene: Scene, to: SurfaceTexture) {
         // TODO: It could happen that frames get sent not in response to our handling code (e.g. as an immediate frame)
         // Do we just always want to abandon the current working frame?
@@ -293,16 +323,18 @@ impl VelloPacing {
                         .expect("We know this value is present");
 
                     {
-                        let value = presenting.download_map_buffer.slice(..).get_mapped_range();
-                        eprintln!("Downloaded: {value:?}");
-                        presenting.download_map_buffer.unmap();
-                        // Will be calculated from `value`, as part of https://github.com/linebender/vello/pull/606
+                        let map_result =
+                            presenting.download_map_buffer.slice(..).get_mapped_range();
+                        eprintln!("Downloaded: {map_result:?}");
+                        // Will be calculated from `map_result`, as part of https://github.com/linebender/vello/pull/606
                         failed = false;
                         if failed {
                             // Perform reallocation. Will be part of https://github.com/linebender/vello/pull/606.
                         }
                         // The time which we should not present before.
-                        // If `value` indicates we really badly overflowed, then this will be later than otherwise expected.
+                        // If `map_result` indicates we really badly overflowed the available time,
+                        // then this will be later than otherwise expected, to avoid a stutter.
+                        // See https://developer.android.com/games/sdk/frame-pacing
                         desired_present_time = None;
                         self.stats.push_back((
                             presenting.id,
@@ -317,15 +349,18 @@ impl VelloPacing {
                             },
                         ));
                     }
-                    self.unmapped_download_buffer =
-                        Some((presenting.download_map_buffer, presenting.work_complete));
+                    Self::handle_completed_mapping_finished(
+                        &mut self.free_download_buffers,
+                        presenting.download_map_buffer,
+                        presenting.work_complete,
+                    );
                 } else {
                     unreachable!(
                         "Buffer mapping/work complete callback dropped without being called."
                     )
                 }
             } else {
-                // Probably nothing to do?
+                // The presenting frame's work isn't complete. Probably nothing to do?
             }
         }
         if self.presenting_frame.is_none() {
@@ -334,7 +369,10 @@ impl VelloPacing {
                 if failed {
                     // Then redo the paint; we know the previous attempted frame will have been cancalled, so won't be expensive.
                     // We choose to present here immediately, to minimise likely latency costs.
-                    self.paint_frame_inner(&scene, &texture);
+                    // We know that the.
+                    let new_inner = self.paint_frame_inner(&scene, &texture);
+                    let old_working = std::mem::replace(&mut working_frame, new_inner);
+                    self.abandon(old_working);
                 } else if working_frame.work_complete.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
                     // I don't think there's actually anything interesting to do here, but might need to be reasoned about.
                 };
@@ -347,6 +385,7 @@ impl VelloPacing {
                         .or_else(|| Some(self.stats.front()?.1.estimated_present))
                 {
                     swc = unsafe {
+                        // SAFETY: We do not "manually drop" the raw handle, i.e. call "vkDestroySurfaceKHR"
                         self.surface
                             .as_hal::<wgpu::hal::vulkan::Api, _, _>(|surface| {
                                 if let Some(surface) = surface {
@@ -374,12 +413,52 @@ impl VelloPacing {
                 self.presenting_frame = Some(working_frame);
             }
         }
+        assert!(self.mapped_unused_download_buffers_scratch.is_empty());
+        for (buffer, work_complete) in self.mapped_unused_download_buffers.drain(..) {
+            // We know that the `work_complete` will not change again.
+            if Arc::strong_count(&work_complete) == 1 {
+                Self::handle_completed_mapping_finished(
+                    &mut self.free_download_buffers,
+                    buffer,
+                    work_complete,
+                );
+            } else {
+                self.mapped_unused_download_buffers_scratch
+                    .push((buffer, work_complete));
+            }
+        }
+        std::mem::swap(
+            &mut self.mapped_unused_download_buffers_scratch,
+            &mut self.mapped_unused_download_buffers,
+        );
     }
 
-    // fn presented_frame_status(&self) -> FrameStatus {}
     fn frame_in_flight(&self) -> bool {
         self.gpu_working_frame.is_some()
     }
+
+    /// Handle a completed buffer mapping for reuse.
+    /// `buffer` should be finished with, but mapped.
+    ///
+    /// Associated function for borrow checker purposes
+    fn handle_completed_mapping_finished(
+        unmapped_download_buffers: &mut Vec<(Buffer, Arc<AtomicBool>)>,
+        buffer: Buffer,
+        mut work_complete: Arc<AtomicBool>,
+    ) {
+        if let Some(value) = Arc::get_mut(&mut work_complete) {
+            let value = value.get_mut();
+            if !*value {
+                tracing::error!("Tried to unmap buffer which was never assigned for mapping?");
+            } else {
+                buffer.unmap();
+            }
+            *value = false;
+            if unmapped_download_buffers.len() < 4 {
+                unmapped_download_buffers.push((buffer, work_complete));
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]

From ac7f66aa2a436c931a75046508fdd6be11f90597 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel McNab <36049421+DJMcNab@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 13 Sep 2024 13:59:50 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 08/13] Start working towards wiring

Get the past presentation timing information

Merge branch 'achoreographer' into android-pacing
---
 Cargo.toml                     |   6 +
 examples/with_winit/Cargo.toml |   4 +
 examples/with_winit/src/lib.rs |  57 ++++++-
 vello_pacing/src/lib.rs        | 274 ++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 4 files changed, 241 insertions(+), 100 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index c6306b07..4bbcdc8a 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -64,3 +64,9 @@ pollster = "0.3.0"
 web-time = "1.1.0"
 wgpu-profiler = "0.18.2"
 scenes = { path = "examples/scenes" }
+
+[patch.crates-io]
+# "Choreographer" branch: https://github.com/rust-mobile/ndk/tree/choreographer
+# With a patch to make version numbers work https://github.com/djmcnab/ndk/tree/choreographer   
+ndk = { git = "https://github.com/djmcnab/ndk/", rev = "81627a7564982a04027a49d538cac1686d870dbd" }
+ndk-sys = { git = "https://github.com/djmcnab/ndk/", rev = "81627a7564982a04027a49d538cac1686d870dbd" }
diff --git a/examples/with_winit/Cargo.toml b/examples/with_winit/Cargo.toml
index 7d630813..8c49b95d 100644
--- a/examples/with_winit/Cargo.toml
+++ b/examples/with_winit/Cargo.toml
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3.18", default-features = false, features =
     "registry",
 ] }
 profiling = { version = "1.0.15", features = ["profile-with-tracing"] }
+ndk = { version = "0.9", features = ["api-level-33"] }
 
 [target.'cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")'.dependencies]
 console_error_panic_hook = "0.1.7"
@@ -71,3 +72,6 @@ wasm-bindgen-futures = "0.4.43"
 web-sys = { version = "0.3.70", features = ["HtmlCollection", "Text"] }
 web-time = { workspace = true }
 getrandom = { version = "0.2.15", features = ["js"] }
+
+[package.metadata.android.application]
+debuggable = true
diff --git a/examples/with_winit/src/lib.rs b/examples/with_winit/src/lib.rs
index 5d43bdb8..d9dc2263 100644
--- a/examples/with_winit/src/lib.rs
+++ b/examples/with_winit/src/lib.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ use web_time::Instant;
 use winit::application::ApplicationHandler;
 use winit::event::*;
 use winit::keyboard::*;
+use winit::window::WindowId;
 
 #[cfg(all(feature = "wgpu-profiler", not(target_arch = "wasm32")))]
 use std::time::Duration;
@@ -168,6 +169,9 @@ struct VelloApp<'s> {
     modifiers: ModifiersState,
 
     debug: DebugLayers,
+    choreographer: Option<ndk::choreographer::Choreographer>,
+    animation_in_flight: bool,
+    proxy: winit::event_loop::EventLoopProxy<UserEvent>,
 }
 
 impl<'s> ApplicationHandler<UserEvent> for VelloApp<'s> {
@@ -469,13 +473,12 @@ impl<'s> ApplicationHandler<UserEvent> for VelloApp<'s> {
                 self.prior_position = Some(position);
             }
             WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
+                if self.animation_in_flight {
+                    return;
+                }
                 let _rendering_span = tracing::trace_span!("Actioning Requested Redraw").entered();
                 let encoding_span = tracing::trace_span!("Encoding scene").entered();
 
-                render_state.window.request_redraw();
-
-                render_state.window.request_redraw();
-
                 let Some(RenderState { surface, window }) = &mut self.state else {
                     return;
                 };
@@ -660,6 +663,33 @@ impl<'s> ApplicationHandler<UserEvent> for VelloApp<'s> {
                     frame_time_us: (new_time - self.frame_start_time).as_micros() as u64,
                 });
                 self.frame_start_time = new_time;
+
+                if let Some(choreographer) = self.choreographer.as_ref() {
+                    let proxy = self.proxy.clone();
+                    choreographer.post_vsync_callback(Box::new(move |frame| {
+                        // eprintln!("New frame");
+                        // let frame_time = frame.frame_time();
+                        // let preferred_index = frame.preferred_frame_timeline_index();
+                        // for timeline in 0..frame.frame_timelines_length() {
+                        //     eprintln!(
+                        //         "{:?} {}",
+                        //         frame.frame_timeline_deadline(timeline) - frame_time,
+                        //         if timeline == preferred_index {
+                        //             "(Preferred)"
+                        //         } else {
+                        //             ""
+                        //         }
+                        //     );
+                        // }
+                        // eprintln!("{frame:?}");
+                        proxy
+                            .send_event(UserEvent::ChoreographerFrame(window_id))
+                            .unwrap();
+                    }));
+                    self.animation_in_flight = true;
+                } else {
+                    window.request_redraw();
+                }
             }
             _ => {}
         }
@@ -678,12 +708,14 @@ impl<'s> ApplicationHandler<UserEvent> for VelloApp<'s> {
                 * self.transform;
         }
 
-        if let Some(render_state) = &mut self.state {
-            render_state.window.request_redraw();
-        }
+        // if let Some(render_state) = &mut self.state {
+        //     if !self.animation_in_flight {
+        //         render_state.window.request_redraw();
+        //     }
+        // }
     }
 
-    fn user_event(&mut self, _event_loop: &winit::event_loop::ActiveEventLoop, event: UserEvent) {
+    fn user_event(&mut self, event_loop: &winit::event_loop::ActiveEventLoop, event: UserEvent) {
         match event {
             #[cfg(not(any(target_arch = "wasm32", target_os = "android")))]
             UserEvent::HotReload => {
@@ -703,6 +735,10 @@ impl<'s> ApplicationHandler<UserEvent> for VelloApp<'s> {
                     Err(e) => log::error!("Failed to reload shaders: {e}"),
                 }
             }
+            UserEvent::ChoreographerFrame(window_id) => {
+                self.animation_in_flight = false;
+                self.window_event(event_loop, window_id, WindowEvent::RedrawRequested);
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -819,6 +855,10 @@ fn run(
         prev_scene_ix: 0,
         modifiers: ModifiersState::default(),
         debug,
+        // We know looper is active since we have the `EventLoop`
+        choreographer: ndk::choreographer::Choreographer::instance(),
+        proxy: event_loop.create_proxy(),
+        animation_in_flight: false,
     };
 
     event_loop.run_app(&mut app).expect("run to completion");
@@ -857,6 +897,7 @@ fn window_attributes() -> WindowAttributes {
 enum UserEvent {
     #[cfg(not(any(target_arch = "wasm32", target_os = "android")))]
     HotReload,
+    ChoreographerFrame(WindowId),
 }
 
 #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
diff --git a/vello_pacing/src/lib.rs b/vello_pacing/src/lib.rs
index 7dacf9c9..729a392f 100644
--- a/vello_pacing/src/lib.rs
+++ b/vello_pacing/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#![deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]
+
 use std::{
     collections::VecDeque,
     sync::{
@@ -9,7 +11,10 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 use vello::Scene;
-use wgpu::{Buffer, SubmissionIndex, SurfaceTexture};
+use wgpu::{
+    hal::vulkan, Buffer, Instance, SubmissionIndex, Surface, SurfaceConfiguration, SurfaceTarget,
+    SurfaceTexture, TextureFormat,
+};
 
 /// Docs used to type out how this is being reasoned about.
 ///
@@ -80,22 +85,124 @@ use wgpu::{Buffer, SubmissionIndex, SurfaceTexture};
 pub struct Thinking;
 
 pub struct FrameRenderRequest {
-    scene: vello::Scene,
-    frame: FrameId,
-    expected_present: u64,
+    pub scene: vello::Scene,
+    pub frame: FrameId,
+    pub expected_present: u64,
     // In general, if touch is held, will need the next frame.
-    needs_next_frame: bool, // TODO: No, LatencyOptimised, ConsistencyOptimised?
-    present_immediately: bool,
-    paint_start: Instant,
+    pub needs_next_frame: bool, // TODO: No, LatencyOptimised, ConsistencyOptimised?
+    pub present_immediately: bool,
+    pub paint_start: Instant,
+}
+
+pub enum VelloControl {
+    Frame(FrameRenderRequest),
+    /// A resize request. This might skip rendering a previous frame
+    /// if it arrives before that frame is presented.
+    ///
+    /// The second parameter is (width, height).
+    Resize(FrameRenderRequest, (u32, u32), Sender<FrameId>),
+}
+
+pub struct VelloPacingConfiguration {
+    queue: Arc<wgpu::Queue>,
+    device: Arc<wgpu::Device>,
+    surface: Surface<'static>,
+    adapter: Arc<wgpu::Adapter>,
+    config: SurfaceConfiguration,
+}
+
+pub fn launch(
+    instance: &wgpu::Instance,
+    mut params: VelloPacingConfiguration,
+) -> Sender<VelloControl> {
+    let (tx, rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
+    let display_timing = if params
+        .device
+        .features()
+        .contains(wgpu::Features::VULKAN_GOOGLE_DISPLAY_TIMING)
+    {
+        unsafe {
+            params
+                .device
+                // Safety:
+                // We do not destroy the device handle we are given.
+                .as_hal::<vulkan::Api, _, _>(|device| {
+                    let device = device?;
+                    // Safety:
+                    // We do not destroy the instance we are given.
+                    let instance = instance.as_hal::<vulkan::Api>()?;
+                    Some(ash::google::display_timing::Device::new(
+                        instance.shared_instance().raw_instance(),
+                        device.raw_device(),
+                    ))
+                })
+                .flatten()
+        }
+    } else {
+        None
+    };
+    // Ensure that the surface is compatible with this device.
+    params.surface.configure(&params.device, &params.config);
+    let refresh_rate = display_timing
+        .as_ref()
+        .and_then(|display_timing| unsafe {
+            // Safety: We don't manually destroy the surface
+            params
+                .surface
+                .as_hal::<vulkan::Api, _, _>(|surface| {
+                    let surface = surface?;
+                    // Safety: We know the device and the swapchain are compatible, based on the above configure
+                    Some(
+                        display_timing
+                            .get_refresh_cycle_duration(surface.raw_swapchain()?)
+                            .ok()?
+                            .refresh_duration,
+                    )
+                })
+                .flatten()
+        })
+        .unwrap_or(0);
+
+    let pacing = VelloPacing {
+        rx,
+        queue: params.queue,
+        device: params.device,
+        google_display_timing_ext_device: display_timing,
+        adapter: params.adapter,
+        surface: params.surface,
+        surface_config: params.config,
+        stats: Default::default(),
+        refresh_rate,
+        mapped_unused_download_buffers: Default::default(),
+        mapped_unused_download_buffers_scratch: Default::default(),
+        free_download_buffers: Default::default(),
+        presenting_frame: None,
+        gpu_working_frame: None,
+    };
+    pacing.start();
+    tx
 }
 
-pub struct FrameStats {
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct FrameId(u32);
+
+impl FrameId {
+    pub fn next(self) -> Self {
+        Self(self.0.wrapping_add(1))
+    }
+
+    pub fn raw(self) -> u32 {
+        self.0
+    }
+}
+
+struct FrameStats {
     /// When the rendering work started on the GPU, in nanoseconds.
     ///
     /// Used to estimate how long frames are taking to render, to get
     /// faster feedback on whether we should request a slower (or faster) display mode.
-    /// (We choose to be more conservative in requesting a faster display mode, but
-    /// act quickly on requesting a slower one.)
+    /// (We might choose to be more conservative in requesting a faster display mode, but
+    /// act quickly on requesting a slower one?)
     render_start: u64,
     /// When the rendering work finished on the GPU, in nanoseconds.
     ///
@@ -128,36 +235,30 @@ pub struct FrameStats {
     presentation_time: Option<ash::vk::PastPresentationTimingGOOGLE>,
 }
 
-pub struct InFlightStatus {}
-
-pub struct InFlightFrame {
+struct InFlightFrame {
     download_map_buffer: Buffer,
     work_complete: Arc<AtomicBool>,
     paint_start: Instant,
     id: FrameId,
     submission_index: SubmissionIndex,
+    width: u32,
+    height: u32,
     /// Information needed to perform a presentation, and not before.
     required_to_present: Option<(SurfaceTexture, Scene)>,
     estimated_present: u64,
     next_frame_expected: bool,
 }
 
-pub enum VelloControl {
-    Frame(FrameRenderRequest),
-    Stop,
-    /// A resize request. This might skip rendering a previous frame
-    /// if it arrives before that frame is presented.
-    Resize(FrameRenderRequest, (u32, u32), Sender<FrameId>),
-}
-
 /// The state of the frame pacing controller thread.
-pub struct VelloPacing {
+struct VelloPacing {
     rx: Receiver<VelloControl>,
     queue: Arc<wgpu::Queue>,
     device: Arc<wgpu::Device>,
-    google_display_timing_ext_devices: Vec<Option<ash::google::display_timing::Device>>,
     adapter: Arc<wgpu::Adapter>,
     surface: wgpu::Surface<'static>,
+
+    google_display_timing_ext_device: Option<ash::google::display_timing::Device>,
+    surface_config: SurfaceConfiguration,
     /// Stats from previous frames, stored in a ring buffer (max capacity ~10?).
     stats: VecDeque<(FrameId, FrameStats)>,
     /// The refresh rate reported "by the system".
@@ -168,32 +269,16 @@ pub struct VelloPacing {
     free_download_buffers: Vec<(Buffer, Arc<AtomicBool>)>,
     /// Details about the previous frame, which has already been presented.
     presenting_frame: Option<InFlightFrame>,
-    /// Details about the frame whose work has been submitted to the.
+    /// Details about the frame whose work has been submitted to the GPU, but not yet presented.
     gpu_working_frame: Option<InFlightFrame>,
 }
 
 /// A sketch of the expected API.
 impl VelloPacing {
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        todo!()
-    }
-
-    pub fn launch(self) {
+    fn start(self) {
         std::thread::spawn(move || self.run());
     }
 
-    /// Run a rendering task until presentation. Useful on macOS for resizing.
-    pub fn present_synchronously(&mut self) {
-        let token: () = self.present_immediately();
-        self.wait_on_present(token);
-    }
-
-    pub fn present_immediately(&mut self) {}
-
-    fn wait_on_present(&mut self, (): ()) {}
-
-    pub fn stop(&mut self) {}
-
     fn run(mut self) {
         loop {
             let timeout = if self.frame_in_flight() {
@@ -213,23 +298,7 @@ impl VelloPacing {
                             self.paint_frame(request.scene, texture);
                             self.poll_frame();
                         }
-                        VelloControl::Stop => {
-                            // TODO:
-                            if let Some(mut old_frame) = self.gpu_working_frame.take() {
-                                // This frame will never be presented
-                                drop(old_frame.required_to_present.take());
-                            }
-                            // self.device.poll(wgpu::MaintainBase::Wait);
-                            // What do we need to be careful about dropping?
-                            // Do we need to run the GPU
-                            break;
-                        }
-                        #[expect(
-                            unreachable_code,
-                            unused_variables,
-                            reason = "We stub out the unused variables"
-                        )]
-                        VelloControl::Resize(request, (_, _), done) => {
+                        VelloControl::Resize(request, (width, height), done) => {
                             // Cancel the frame which hasn't been scheduled for presentation.
                             if let Some(mut old_frame) = self.gpu_working_frame.take() {
                                 // This frame will never be presented
@@ -241,18 +310,16 @@ impl VelloPacing {
                             // 1) The previous frame didn't succeed
                             // 2) We are trying to resize
                             // We choose not to address this presently, because it is a.
-                            self.poll_frame();
-                            // self.surface
-                            //     .configure(&self.device, SurfaceConfiguration { width, height });
-                            unimplemented!();
+                            if let Some(old_presenting) = self.presenting_frame.take() {
+                                self.abandon(old_presenting);
+                            }
+                            self.surface_config.width = width;
+                            self.surface_config.height = height;
+                            self.surface.configure(&self.device, &self.surface_config);
 
                             let texture = self.surface.get_current_texture().unwrap();
                             let frame = self.paint_frame_inner(&request.scene, &texture);
                             texture.present();
-                            if let Some(old_presenting) = self.presenting_frame.take() {
-                                self.abandon(old_presenting);
-                            }
-                            // TODO: Maybe: self.abandoned_frames.extend(self.presenting_frame.take());
                             self.presenting_frame = Some(frame);
                             if let Err(e) = done.send(request.frame) {
                                 tracing::error!("Failed to send present result {e}");
@@ -263,10 +330,14 @@ impl VelloPacing {
                     continue;
                 }
                 Err(RecvTimeoutError::Disconnected) => {
-                    // TODO: Is this just the implicit stop command?
-                    tracing::error!(
-                        "The main thread has stopped without telling rendering to stop"
-                    );
+                    // TODO: Is this an error, or the right way to signal to stop rendering?
+                    if let Some(mut old_frame) = self.gpu_working_frame.take() {
+                        // This frame will never be presented
+                        drop(old_frame.required_to_present.take());
+                    }
+                    // What do we need to be careful about dropping?
+                    // Do we need to run the GPU the completion?
+                    // self.device.poll(wgpu::MaintainBase::Wait);
                     break;
                 }
                 Err(RecvTimeoutError::Timeout) => {
@@ -331,7 +402,7 @@ impl VelloPacing {
                         if failed {
                             // Perform reallocation. Will be part of https://github.com/linebender/vello/pull/606.
                         }
-                        // The time which we should not present before.
+                        // The time which the "next" frame (the `gpu_working_frame`) should not present before.
                         // If `map_result` indicates we really badly overflowed the available time,
                         // then this will be later than otherwise expected, to avoid a stutter.
                         // See https://developer.android.com/games/sdk/frame-pacing
@@ -403,8 +474,46 @@ impl VelloPacing {
                     };
                 }
                 texture.present();
-                if let Some(_swc) = swc {
-                    // Load past present timing information
+                if let Some(swc) = swc {
+                    // We load the past present timing information, because the timings we get access to were updated
+                    // in response to `present`.
+                    // This is because https://android.googlesource.com/platform/frameworks/native/+/refs/heads/main/vulkan/libvulkan/swapchain.cpp#2394
+                    // is called inside `QueuePresentKHR`
+                    if let Some(device) = self.google_display_timing_ext_device.as_ref() {
+                        // Safety: We validated that the swapchain came from the same device.
+                        let timing_info = unsafe { device.get_past_presentation_timing(swc) };
+                        match timing_info {
+                            Ok(timing_info) => {
+                                'outer: for info in timing_info {
+                                    for (frame_id, stats) in &mut self.stats {
+                                        if frame_id.0 == info.present_id {
+                                            // TODO: Can there be multiple of these for the same present id?
+                                            stats.presentation_time = Some(info);
+                                            continue 'outer;
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                    // TODO: This would be possible if we clear out items which are too old, in additional to those which are too far behind.
+                                    if false {
+                                        // Maybe we should warn once here?
+                                        tracing::warn!(
+                                            "Got present timing information for unknown frame '{}'",
+                                            info.present_id
+                                        );
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                            // All the possible errors are pretty fatal
+                            Err(err) => tracing::error!(
+                                "Got {err} whilst trying to get presentation timing results"
+                            ),
+                        }
+                        // Safety: We validated that the swapchain came from the same device.
+                        let refresh_rate = unsafe { device.get_refresh_cycle_duration(swc) };
+                        self.refresh_rate = refresh_rate
+                            .ok()
+                            .map(|it| it.refresh_duration)
+                            .unwrap_or(self.refresh_rate);
+                    }
                 }
                 if working_frame.next_frame_expected {
                     // Do the maths for when we should ask the main thread for the next frame
@@ -460,22 +569,3 @@ impl VelloPacing {
         }
     }
 }
-
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct FrameId(u32);
-
-impl FrameId {
-    pub fn next(self) -> Self {
-        Self(self.0.wrapping_add(1))
-    }
-
-    pub fn raw(self) -> u32 {
-        self.0
-    }
-}
-
-impl Default for VelloPacing {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::new()
-    }
-}

From f484209f8f69a3e6d823d1e6f6b1bff35d3f0ba2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel McNab <36049421+DJMcNab@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 30 Sep 2024 08:36:02 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 09/13] Start thinking about a proper integration with
 AChoreographer

Start sketching the fully choreographed version.

Allow negative timestamp
---
 vello_pacing/Cargo.toml           |   2 +
 vello_pacing/src/choreographed.rs | 113 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 vello_pacing/src/lib.rs           |   2 +
 3 files changed, 117 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 vello_pacing/src/choreographed.rs

diff --git a/vello_pacing/Cargo.toml b/vello_pacing/Cargo.toml
index 96986764..076ea144 100644
--- a/vello_pacing/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vello_pacing/Cargo.toml
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ wgpu.workspace = true
 vello.workspace = true
 ash = { version = "0.38.0", default-features = false }
 tracing = "0.1.40"
+ndk = { version = "0.9", features = ["api-level-33"] }
+nix = { default-features = false, features = ["time"], version = "0.29.0" }
 
 [lints]
 workspace = true
diff --git a/vello_pacing/src/choreographed.rs b/vello_pacing/src/choreographed.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aea07fac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vello_pacing/src/choreographed.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+use std::ops::Mul;
+
+use nix::time::ClockId;
+
+/// A slightly tweaked version of the thinking, now that we have an understanding of `AChoreographer`.
+///
+/// Observations:
+/// 1) A frame drop can happen because CPU or GPU work overruns.
+/// 2) GPU work starts ~a fixed time after the end of the [`wgpu::Queue::submit`] call.
+/// 3) We can predict a frame drop due to CPU time problems due to this case.
+/// 4) Just dropping a frame is better than stuttering when we do so.
+///
+/// We need to think about three cases:
+///
+/// 1) The CPU-side work to prepare a scene is longer than one vsync. We ignore this case due to parallel command construction.
+/// 2) The GPU-side work to prepare a frame is longer than one vsync.
+/// 3) The total GPU+CPU side work is longer than one vsync (but individually each is shorter)
+/// 4) Neither is the case.
+///
+/// For the first draft of this feature, we focus only on the third of these.
+/// I.e. both the CPU and GPU side work of a frame are relatively cheap.
+/// N.B. we do `Scene` preparation on the main thread, but it is included in
+/// this CPU-side work.
+///
+/// The rendering loop goes as follows:
+///
+/// 1) We submit frame A.
+/// 2) We start the CPU side work for frame B at the estimated start time.
+/// 3) We race wait until the *deadline* for frame A with the CPU side work for frame B.
+/// 4) If the deadline happened first (normal case, GPU work less than 1 frame), we compare
+///    the timestamp of the end of the blit pass with the deadline.
+///
+/// For the moment, we ignore the possibility of a frame failing.
+/// That doesn't actually change any behaviour here, because we render with `MailBox`.
+pub struct Thinking;
+
+// We generally want to be thinking about two frames at a time, except for some statistical modelling.
+
+/// A timestamp in `CLOCK_MONOTONIC`
+///
+/// For simplicity, all timestamps are treated as happening in the `CLOCK_MONOTONIC` timebase.
+/// We'll validate that GPU performance counter timestamps meet this expectation as it becomes relevant.
+///
+/// This might not actually be true - the timebase of the return values from [`ndk::choreographer::ChoreographerFrameCallbackData`]
+/// aren't documented by
+struct Timestamp(i64);
+
+impl Mul<i64> for Timestamp {
+    type Output = Self;
+
+    fn mul(self, rhs: i64) -> Self::Output {
+        Self(self.0 * rhs)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Timestamp {
+    const fn from_nanos(nanos: i64) -> Self {
+        Self(nanos)
+    }
+
+    const fn from_micros(micros: i64) -> Self {
+        Self::from_nanos(micros * 1_000)
+    }
+
+    const fn from_millis(millis: i64) -> Self {
+        Self::from_nanos(millis * 1_000_000)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the current time in `CLOCK_MONOTONIC`.
+    ///
+    /// TODO: This assumed the returned value is not negative.
+    /// Hopefully that's fine?
+    fn now() -> Self {
+        let spec = nix::time::clock_gettime(ClockId::CLOCK_MONOTONIC).unwrap();
+        Self(spec.tv_sec() * 1_000_000_000 + spec.tv_nsec())
+    }
+}
+
+/// A margin of latency which we *always* render against for safety.
+const DEADLINE_MARGIN: Timestamp = Timestamp::from_millis(2);
+
+/// A margin of latency before the deadline, which if we aren't before, we assume that the
+/// frame probably missed the deadline.
+///
+/// In those cases, we bring future frames forward.
+const DEADLINE_ASSUME_FAILED: Timestamp = Timestamp::from_micros(500);
+
+struct OngoingFrame {
+    /// The [present time][ndk::choreographer::ChoreographerFrameCallbackData::frame_timeline_expected_presentation_time].
+    target_present_time: Timestamp,
+    /// The [vsync id][ndk::choreographer::ChoreographerFrameCallbackData::frame_timeline_vsync_id] we're aiming for.
+    target_vsync_id: i64,
+    /// The deadline which this frame needs to meet to be rendered at `target_present_time`.
+    ///
+    /// We aim for a time [`DEADLINE_MARGIN`] before the deadline.
+    target_deadline: Timestamp,
+
+    /// The time at which we wanted to start this frame.
+    ///
+    /// `start_time` should try to be `requested_start_time - EPSILON`,
+    /// but if this is far off, we know early that we might drop this frame (and so should request
+    /// the next frame super early).
+    /// If this is significantly off, then we will likely drop this frame to avoid stuttering.
+    requested_start_time: Timestamp,
+
+    /// The time at which `Scene` [rendering](`vello::Renderer::render_to_texture`) began.
+    ///
+    /// TODO: Does this include `Scene` construction time?
+    start_time: Timestamp,
+
+    /// The time at which [`wgpu::Queue::submit`] finished for this frame.
+    submit_time: Timestamp,
+}
diff --git a/vello_pacing/src/lib.rs b/vello_pacing/src/lib.rs
index 729a392f..3fb675ec 100644
--- a/vello_pacing/src/lib.rs
+++ b/vello_pacing/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 #![deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]
 
+mod choreographed;
+
 use std::{
     collections::VecDeque,
     sync::{

From f232e0f29553ad752348a507d1531b8c4e307388 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel McNab <36049421+DJMcNab@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 3 Oct 2024 08:23:01 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 10/13] More experimentation

---
 Cargo.lock                        | 3696 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 examples/with_winit/Cargo.toml    |    6 +-
 examples/with_winit/src/lib.rs    |  117 +-
 vello_pacing/src/choreographed.rs |  167 +-
 4 files changed, 3944 insertions(+), 42 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 Cargo.lock

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..69a34c77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,3696 @@
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+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9aec5da331524158c6d1a4ac0ab1541149c0b9505fde06423b02f5ef0106b9f0"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
+version = "0.48.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ed94fce61571a4006852b7389a063ab983c02eb1bb37b47f8272ce92d06d9538"
+
+[[package]]
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+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "589f6da84c646204747d1270a2a5661ea66ed1cced2631d546fdfb155959f9ec"
+
+[[package]]
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+checksum = "0be9e76a1f1077e04a411f0b989cbd3c93339e1771cb41e71ac4aee95bfd2c67"
+dependencies = [
+ "ahash",
+ "android-activity",
+ "atomic-waker",
+ "bitflags 2.6.0",
+ "block2",
+ "bytemuck",
+ "calloop",
+ "cfg_aliases 0.2.1",
+ "concurrent-queue",
+ "core-foundation",
+ "core-graphics",
+ "cursor-icon",
+ "dpi",
+ "js-sys",
+ "libc",
+ "memmap2",
+ "ndk",
+ "objc2",
+ "objc2-app-kit",
+ "objc2-foundation",
+ "objc2-ui-kit",
+ "orbclient",
+ "percent-encoding",
+ "pin-project",
+ "raw-window-handle",
+ "redox_syscall 0.4.1",
+ "rustix",
+ "sctk-adwaita",
+ "smithay-client-toolkit",
+ "smol_str",
+ "tracing",
+ "unicode-segmentation",
+ "wasm-bindgen",
+ "wasm-bindgen-futures",
+ "wayland-backend",
+ "wayland-client",
+ "wayland-protocols",
+ "wayland-protocols-plasma",
+ "web-sys",
+ "web-time",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+ "x11-dl",
+ "x11rb",
+ "xkbcommon-dl",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winnow"
+version = "0.6.20"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "36c1fec1a2bb5866f07c25f68c26e565c4c200aebb96d7e55710c19d3e8ac49b"
+dependencies = [
+ "memchr",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "with_winit"
+version = "0.0.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "android_logger",
+ "anyhow",
+ "ash",
+ "clap",
+ "console_error_panic_hook",
+ "console_log",
+ "env_logger",
+ "getrandom",
+ "log",
+ "ndk",
+ "notify-debouncer-mini",
+ "pollster",
+ "profiling",
+ "scenes",
+ "tracing",
+ "tracing-subscriber",
+ "tracing_android_trace",
+ "vello",
+ "vello_shaders",
+ "wasm-bindgen-futures",
+ "web-sys",
+ "web-time",
+ "wgpu-profiler",
+ "winit",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "x11-dl"
+version = "2.21.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "38735924fedd5314a6e548792904ed8c6de6636285cb9fec04d5b1db85c1516f"
+dependencies = [
+ "libc",
+ "once_cell",
+ "pkg-config",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "x11rb"
+version = "0.13.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5d91ffca73ee7f68ce055750bf9f6eca0780b8c85eff9bc046a3b0da41755e12"
+dependencies = [
+ "as-raw-xcb-connection",
+ "gethostname",
+ "libc",
+ "libloading",
+ "once_cell",
+ "rustix",
+ "x11rb-protocol",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "x11rb-protocol"
+version = "0.13.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ec107c4503ea0b4a98ef47356329af139c0a4f7750e621cf2973cd3385ebcb3d"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "xcursor"
+version = "0.3.8"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0ef33da6b1660b4ddbfb3aef0ade110c8b8a781a3b6382fa5f2b5b040fd55f61"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "xkbcommon-dl"
+version = "0.4.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d039de8032a9a8856a6be89cea3e5d12fdd82306ab7c94d74e6deab2460651c5"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 2.6.0",
+ "dlib",
+ "log",
+ "once_cell",
+ "xkeysym",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "xkeysym"
+version = "0.2.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b9cc00251562a284751c9973bace760d86c0276c471b4be569fe6b068ee97a56"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "xml-rs"
+version = "0.8.22"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "af4e2e2f7cba5a093896c1e150fbfe177d1883e7448200efb81d40b9d339ef26"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerocopy"
+version = "0.7.35"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1b9b4fd18abc82b8136838da5d50bae7bdea537c574d8dc1a34ed098d6c166f0"
+dependencies = [
+ "byteorder",
+ "zerocopy-derive",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerocopy-derive"
+version = "0.7.35"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "fa4f8080344d4671fb4e831a13ad1e68092748387dfc4f55e356242fae12ce3e"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.85",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zune-core"
+version = "0.4.12"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3f423a2c17029964870cfaabb1f13dfab7d092a62a29a89264f4d36990ca414a"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zune-jpeg"
+version = "0.4.13"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "16099418600b4d8f028622f73ff6e3deaabdff330fb9a2a131dea781ee8b0768"
+dependencies = [
+ "zune-core",
+]
diff --git a/examples/with_winit/Cargo.toml b/examples/with_winit/Cargo.toml
index 8c49b95d..848c0222 100644
--- a/examples/with_winit/Cargo.toml
+++ b/examples/with_winit/Cargo.toml
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3.18", default-features = false, features =
     "registry",
 ] }
 profiling = { version = "1.0.15", features = ["profile-with-tracing"] }
-ndk = { version = "0.9", features = ["api-level-33"] }
+ndk = { version = "0.9", features = ["api-level-33", "nativewindow"] }
 
 [target.'cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")'.dependencies]
 console_error_panic_hook = "0.1.7"
@@ -75,3 +75,7 @@ getrandom = { version = "0.2.15", features = ["js"] }
 
 [package.metadata.android.application]
 debuggable = true
+
+[package.metadata.android.sdk]
+target_sdk_version = 33
+min_sdk_version = 33
diff --git a/examples/with_winit/src/lib.rs b/examples/with_winit/src/lib.rs
index d9dc2263..76dfb19f 100644
--- a/examples/with_winit/src/lib.rs
+++ b/examples/with_winit/src/lib.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
+use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
@@ -16,6 +17,8 @@ use web_time::Instant;
 use winit::application::ApplicationHandler;
 use winit::event::*;
 use winit::keyboard::*;
+use winit::raw_window_handle::HasRawWindowHandle;
+use winit::raw_window_handle::HasWindowHandle;
 use winit::window::WindowId;
 
 #[cfg(all(feature = "wgpu-profiler", not(target_arch = "wasm32")))]
@@ -169,7 +172,7 @@ struct VelloApp<'s> {
     modifiers: ModifiersState,
 
     debug: DebugLayers,
-    choreographer: Option<ndk::choreographer::Choreographer>,
+    choreographer: Option<Rc<ndk::choreographer::Choreographer>>,
     animation_in_flight: bool,
     proxy: winit::event_loop::EventLoopProxy<UserEvent>,
 }
@@ -405,13 +408,45 @@ impl<'s> ApplicationHandler<UserEvent> for VelloApp<'s> {
                         // in a touch context (i.e. Windows/Linux/MacOS with a touch screen could
                         // also be using mouse/keyboard controls)
                         // Note that winit's rendering is y-down
-                        if let Some(RenderState { surface, .. }) = &self.state {
+                        if let Some(RenderState { surface, window }) = &self.state {
                             if touch.location.y > surface.config.height as f64 * 2. / 3. {
                                 self.navigation_fingers.insert(touch.id);
                                 // The left third of the navigation zone navigates backwards
                                 if touch.location.x < surface.config.width as f64 / 3. {
+                                    if let wgpu::rwh::RawWindowHandle::AndroidNdk(
+                                        android_ndk_window_handle,
+                                    ) = window.window_handle().unwrap().as_raw()
+                                    {
+                                        let window = unsafe {
+                                            ndk::native_window::NativeWindow::clone_from_ptr(
+                                                android_ndk_window_handle.a_native_window.cast(),
+                                            )
+                                        };
+                                        window
+                                            .set_frame_rate(
+                                                60.,
+                                                ndk::native_window::FrameRateCompatibility::Default,
+                                            )
+                                            .unwrap();
+                                    }
                                     self.scene_ix = self.scene_ix.saturating_sub(1);
                                 } else if touch.location.x > 2. * surface.config.width as f64 / 3. {
+                                    if let wgpu::rwh::RawWindowHandle::AndroidNdk(
+                                        android_ndk_window_handle,
+                                    ) = window.window_handle().unwrap().as_raw()
+                                    {
+                                        let window = unsafe {
+                                            ndk::native_window::NativeWindow::clone_from_ptr(
+                                                android_ndk_window_handle.a_native_window.cast(),
+                                            )
+                                        };
+                                        window
+                                            .set_frame_rate(
+                                                90.,
+                                                ndk::native_window::FrameRateCompatibility::Default,
+                                            )
+                                            .unwrap();
+                                    }
                                     self.scene_ix = self.scene_ix.saturating_add(1);
                                 }
                             }
@@ -608,9 +643,9 @@ impl<'s> ApplicationHandler<UserEvent> for VelloApp<'s> {
                             // let result = display_timing.get_refresh_cycle_duration(swc);
                             // eprintln!("Refresh duration: {result:?}");
                             if present_id % 5 == 0 {
-                                let result = display_timing.get_past_presentation_timing(swc);
-                                eprintln!("Display timings: {result:?}");
-                                eprintln!("Most recent present id: {}", present_id);
+                                // let result = display_timing.get_past_presentation_timing(swc);
+                                // eprintln!("Display timings: {result:?}");
+                                // eprintln!("Most recent present id: {}", present_id);
                             }
                         }
                     }
@@ -666,27 +701,27 @@ impl<'s> ApplicationHandler<UserEvent> for VelloApp<'s> {
 
                 if let Some(choreographer) = self.choreographer.as_ref() {
                     let proxy = self.proxy.clone();
-                    choreographer.post_vsync_callback(Box::new(move |frame| {
-                        // eprintln!("New frame");
-                        // let frame_time = frame.frame_time();
-                        // let preferred_index = frame.preferred_frame_timeline_index();
-                        // for timeline in 0..frame.frame_timelines_length() {
-                        //     eprintln!(
-                        //         "{:?} {}",
-                        //         frame.frame_timeline_deadline(timeline) - frame_time,
-                        //         if timeline == preferred_index {
-                        //             "(Preferred)"
-                        //         } else {
-                        //             ""
-                        //         }
-                        //     );
-                        // }
-                        // eprintln!("{frame:?}");
-                        proxy
-                            .send_event(UserEvent::ChoreographerFrame(window_id))
-                            .unwrap();
-                    }));
-                    self.animation_in_flight = true;
+                    // choreographer.post_vsync_callback(Box::new(move |frame| {
+                    //     eprintln!("New frame");
+                    //     let frame_time = frame.frame_time();
+                    //     let preferred_index = frame.preferred_frame_timeline_index();
+                    //     for timeline in 0..(frame.frame_timelines_length().min(3)) {
+                    //         eprintln!(
+                    //             "{:?} {}",
+                    //             frame.frame_timeline_deadline(timeline) - frame_time,
+                    //             if timeline == preferred_index {
+                    //                 "(Preferred)"
+                    //             } else {
+                    //                 ""
+                    //             }
+                    //         );
+                    //     }
+                    //     eprintln!("{frame:?}");
+                    //     // proxy
+                    //     //     .send_event(UserEvent::ChoreographerFrame(window_id))
+                    //     //     .unwrap();
+                    // }));
+                    window.request_redraw();
                 } else {
                     window.request_redraw();
                 }
@@ -856,10 +891,38 @@ fn run(
         modifiers: ModifiersState::default(),
         debug,
         // We know looper is active since we have the `EventLoop`
-        choreographer: ndk::choreographer::Choreographer::instance(),
+        choreographer: ndk::choreographer::Choreographer::instance().map(Rc::new),
         proxy: event_loop.create_proxy(),
         animation_in_flight: false,
     };
+    if let Some(choreographer) = app.choreographer.as_ref() {
+        fn post_callback(choreographer: &Rc<ndk::choreographer::Choreographer>) {
+            let new_choreographer = Rc::clone(choreographer);
+            choreographer.post_vsync_callback(Box::new(move |frame| {
+                eprintln!("New frame");
+                let frame_time = frame.frame_time();
+                let preferred_index = frame.preferred_frame_timeline_index();
+                for timeline in 0..(frame.frame_timelines_length().min(4)) {
+                    eprintln!(
+                        "{:?} {}",
+                        frame.frame_timeline_deadline(timeline) - frame_time,
+                        if timeline == preferred_index {
+                            "(Preferred)"
+                        } else {
+                            ""
+                        }
+                    );
+                }
+                eprintln!("{frame:?}");
+                post_callback(&new_choreographer);
+            }));
+        }
+        // post_callback(choreographer);
+        choreographer.register_refresh_rate_callback(Box::new(|value| {
+            let span = tracing::info_span!("Getting a new refresh rate", ?value).entered();
+            eprintln!("New refresh rate Testing: {value:?}; {}", value.as_nanos());
+        }));
+    }
 
     event_loop.run_app(&mut app).expect("run to completion");
 }
diff --git a/vello_pacing/src/choreographed.rs b/vello_pacing/src/choreographed.rs
index aea07fac..9f261721 100644
--- a/vello_pacing/src/choreographed.rs
+++ b/vello_pacing/src/choreographed.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,21 @@
-use std::ops::Mul;
-
+#![allow(unused)]
+#![warn(unused_variables)]
+
+use std::{
+    cell::RefCell,
+    mem::ManuallyDrop,
+    ops::Mul,
+    rc::Rc,
+    sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver},
+    time::Duration,
+};
+
+use ndk::{
+    choreographer::Choreographer,
+    looper::{self, ForeignLooper},
+};
 use nix::time::ClockId;
+use vello::Scene;
 
 /// A slightly tweaked version of the thinking, now that we have an understanding of `AChoreographer`.
 ///
@@ -34,6 +49,30 @@ use nix::time::ClockId;
 /// That doesn't actually change any behaviour here, because we render with `MailBox`.
 pub struct Thinking;
 
+enum PacingCommand {}
+
+pub struct PacingChannel {
+    waker: ForeignLooper,
+    channel: ManuallyDrop<mpsc::Sender<PacingCommand>>,
+}
+
+impl PacingChannel {
+    fn send_command(&self, command: PacingCommand) {
+        self.channel.send(command);
+        // We add to the channel before waking, so that the event will be received by the right wake.
+        self.waker.wake();
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for PacingChannel {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        // Safety: We don't use `self.channel` after this line.
+        // We drop the value before performing the wake, so that we instantly know that the drop has happened.
+        unsafe { ManuallyDrop::drop(&mut self.channel) };
+        self.waker.wake();
+    }
+}
+
 // We generally want to be thinking about two frames at a time, except for some statistical modelling.
 
 /// A timestamp in `CLOCK_MONOTONIC`
@@ -42,7 +81,8 @@ pub struct Thinking;
 /// We'll validate that GPU performance counter timestamps meet this expectation as it becomes relevant.
 ///
 /// This might not actually be true - the timebase of the return values from [`ndk::choreographer::ChoreographerFrameCallbackData`]
-/// aren't documented by
+/// aren't documented by anything to be `CLOCK_MONOTONIC`, and I suspect we'll need to use [`ash::khr::calibrated_timestamps`] to get
+/// the proper results.
 struct Timestamp(i64);
 
 impl Mul<i64> for Timestamp {
@@ -67,9 +107,6 @@ impl Timestamp {
     }
 
     /// Get the current time in `CLOCK_MONOTONIC`.
-    ///
-    /// TODO: This assumed the returned value is not negative.
-    /// Hopefully that's fine?
     fn now() -> Self {
         let spec = nix::time::clock_gettime(ClockId::CLOCK_MONOTONIC).unwrap();
         Self(spec.tv_sec() * 1_000_000_000 + spec.tv_nsec())
@@ -77,37 +114,139 @@ impl Timestamp {
 }
 
 /// A margin of latency which we *always* render against for safety.
-const DEADLINE_MARGIN: Timestamp = Timestamp::from_millis(2);
+const DEADLINE_MARGIN: Timestamp = Timestamp::from_millis(3);
 
 /// A margin of latency before the deadline, which if we aren't before, we assume that the
 /// frame probably missed the deadline.
 ///
-/// In those cases, we bring future frames forward.
+/// In those cases, we bring future frames forward to try and avoid a cascading stutter
+/// (and instead maintain only a dropped frame).
+///
+/// Note that this frame might still have technically counted as hitting the deadline.
+/// However, we think a prolonged timing mismatch is worse than one dropped frame.
 const DEADLINE_ASSUME_FAILED: Timestamp = Timestamp::from_micros(500);
 
+/// The time within which we expect our estimations to be correct.
+const EXPECTED_CONSISTENCY: Timestamp = Timestamp::from_millis(3);
+
 struct OngoingFrame {
-    /// The [present time][ndk::choreographer::ChoreographerFrameCallbackData::frame_timeline_expected_presentation_time].
+    /// The [present time][ndk::choreographer::ChoreographerFrameCallbackData::frame_timeline_expected_presentation_time] we
+    /// expect this frame to be displayed at.
     target_present_time: Timestamp,
     /// The [vsync id][ndk::choreographer::ChoreographerFrameCallbackData::frame_timeline_vsync_id] we're aiming for.
     target_vsync_id: i64,
-    /// The deadline which this frame needs to meet to be rendered at `target_present_time`.
+    /// The [deadline][ndk::choreographer::ChoreographerFrameCallbackData::frame_timeline_deadline] which this frame needs to meet to be rendered at `target_present_time`.
     ///
     /// We aim for a time [`DEADLINE_MARGIN`] before the deadline.
     target_deadline: Timestamp,
 
     /// The time at which we wanted to start this frame.
     ///
-    /// `start_time` should try to be `requested_start_time - EPSILON`,
+    /// `cpu_start_time` should try to be `requested_cpu_start_time - EPSILON`,
     /// but if this is far off, we know early that we might drop this frame (and so should request
     /// the next frame super early).
     /// If this is significantly off, then we will likely drop this frame to avoid stuttering.
-    requested_start_time: Timestamp,
+    requested_cpu_start_time: Timestamp,
 
     /// The time at which `Scene` [rendering](`vello::Renderer::render_to_texture`) began.
     ///
     /// TODO: Does this include `Scene` construction time?
-    start_time: Timestamp,
+    cpu_start_time: Timestamp,
 
     /// The time at which [`wgpu::Queue::submit`] finished for this frame.
-    submit_time: Timestamp,
+    ///
+    /// If this is "much" later than
+    cpu_submit_time: Timestamp,
+
+    /// The time at which work on the GPU started.
+    gpu_start_time: Timestamp,
+    /// The time at which work on the GPU finished.
+    ///
+    /// This should be before `target_deadline`.
+    /// `gpu_finish_time` - `cpu_start_time` is used to estimate how long a total frame takes
+    /// (and `gpu_finished_time` - `cpu_submit_time`) is used to estimate if a submission has
+    /// missed a deadline.
+    ///
+    /// There is some really interesting trickery we can do here; the *next* frame
+    /// on the GPU can definitely know this value, and can compare it against the deadline.
+    /// If we know that the submitted frame will miss the deadline, then we can.
+    gpu_finish_time: Timestamp,
+}
+
+struct VelloPacingController {
+    choreographer: Choreographer,
+    command_rx: Receiver<PacingCommand>,
+    /// The duration of each frame, as reported by the system.
+    ///
+    /// For a short time, we don't have the refresh rate.
+    ///
+    /// This is used to detect the case where `AChoreographer` is giving us incorrect future vsyncs.
+    refresh_rate: Option<Duration>,
+    looper: looper::ThreadLooper,
+}
+
+/// We need to use a shared
+type SharedPacing = Rc<RefCell<VelloPacingController>>;
+
+enum GpuCommand {
+    Render(Scene),
+    Resize(u32, u32, Scene),
+}
+
+pub fn launch_pacing() -> PacingChannel {
+    let (channel_tx, channel_rx) = std::sync::mpsc::sync_channel(0);
+    // TODO: Give thread a name
+    std::thread::spawn(|| {
+        let looper = looper::ThreadLooper::prepare();
+        let waker = looper.as_foreign().clone();
+        let (command_tx, command_rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
+        channel_tx.send(PacingChannel {
+            waker,
+            channel: ManuallyDrop::new(command_tx),
+        });
+        drop(channel_tx);
+        let choreographer = Choreographer::instance().expect("We just made the `Looper`");
+
+        let state = VelloPacingController {
+            choreographer,
+            command_rx,
+            refresh_rate: None,
+            looper: looper::ThreadLooper::for_thread().unwrap(),
+        };
+        let state = Rc::new(RefCell::new(state));
+        {
+            let callback_state = Rc::clone(&state);
+            let state = state.borrow();
+            state
+                .choreographer
+                .register_refresh_rate_callback(Box::new(move |rate| {
+                    let mut state = callback_state.borrow_mut();
+                    state.refresh_rate = Some(rate);
+                }));
+        }
+        let (gpu_tx, gpu_rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel::<GpuCommand>();
+        // TODO: Give thread a name
+        std::thread::spawn(|| {
+            // We perform all GPU work on this thread
+            // Since submitting work and polling the GPU are mutually exclusive, we
+        });
+        loop {
+            let poll = looper.poll_once().expect("'Unrecoverable' error");
+            assert!(
+                !matches!(poll, looper::Poll::Timeout | looper::Poll::Event { .. }),
+                "Impossible poll results from our use of Looper APIs."
+            );
+            let state = state.borrow_mut();
+            match state.command_rx.try_recv() {
+                Ok(command) => {
+                    // Action `command`
+                }
+                Err(mpsc::TryRecvError::Disconnected) => {}
+                Err(mpsc::TryRecvError::Empty) => {}
+            }
+        }
+    });
+    channel_rx
+        .recv_timeout(Duration::from_millis(100))
+        .expect("Could not create pacing controller")
 }

From 5360c1350298223360891fc3808b8508df5b0917 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel McNab <36049421+DJMcNab@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 29 Oct 2024 11:58:08 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 11/13] Update to newest choreographer

---
 Cargo.lock                     | 10 +++++-----
 Cargo.toml                     |  5 ++---
 examples/with_winit/src/lib.rs | 16 +++++-----------
 3 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 69a34c77..6b0ba22a 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "log",
  "ndk",
  "ndk-context",
- "ndk-sys 0.6.0+11769913",
+ "ndk-sys 0.6.0+12185904",
  "num_enum",
  "thiserror",
 ]
@@ -1359,12 +1359,12 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "ndk"
 version = "0.9.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/djmcnab/ndk/?rev=81627a7564982a04027a49d538cac1686d870dbd#81627a7564982a04027a49d538cac1686d870dbd"
+source = "git+https://github.com/rust-mobile/ndk/?rev=d6eaac2df982f091dde061f8c3e0f36cb495e788#d6eaac2df982f091dde061f8c3e0f36cb495e788"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.6.0",
  "jni-sys",
  "log",
- "ndk-sys 0.6.0+11769913",
+ "ndk-sys 0.6.0+12185904",
  "num_enum",
  "raw-window-handle",
  "thiserror",
@@ -1387,8 +1387,8 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ndk-sys"
-version = "0.6.0+11769913"
-source = "git+https://github.com/djmcnab/ndk/?rev=81627a7564982a04027a49d538cac1686d870dbd#81627a7564982a04027a49d538cac1686d870dbd"
+version = "0.6.0+12185904"
+source = "git+https://github.com/rust-mobile/ndk/?rev=d6eaac2df982f091dde061f8c3e0f36cb495e788#d6eaac2df982f091dde061f8c3e0f36cb495e788"
 dependencies = [
  "jni-sys",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 4bbcdc8a..1b374e0d 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -67,6 +67,5 @@ scenes = { path = "examples/scenes" }
 
 [patch.crates-io]
 # "Choreographer" branch: https://github.com/rust-mobile/ndk/tree/choreographer
-# With a patch to make version numbers work https://github.com/djmcnab/ndk/tree/choreographer   
-ndk = { git = "https://github.com/djmcnab/ndk/", rev = "81627a7564982a04027a49d538cac1686d870dbd" }
-ndk-sys = { git = "https://github.com/djmcnab/ndk/", rev = "81627a7564982a04027a49d538cac1686d870dbd" }
+ndk = { git = "https://github.com/rust-mobile/ndk/", rev = "d6eaac2df982f091dde061f8c3e0f36cb495e788" }
+ndk-sys = { git = "https://github.com/rust-mobile/ndk/", rev = "d6eaac2df982f091dde061f8c3e0f36cb495e788" }
diff --git a/examples/with_winit/src/lib.rs b/examples/with_winit/src/lib.rs
index 76dfb19f..f2762007 100644
--- a/examples/with_winit/src/lib.rs
+++ b/examples/with_winit/src/lib.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ use web_time::Instant;
 use winit::application::ApplicationHandler;
 use winit::event::*;
 use winit::keyboard::*;
-use winit::raw_window_handle::HasRawWindowHandle;
 use winit::raw_window_handle::HasWindowHandle;
 use winit::window::WindowId;
 
@@ -900,20 +899,15 @@ fn run(
             let new_choreographer = Rc::clone(choreographer);
             choreographer.post_vsync_callback(Box::new(move |frame| {
                 eprintln!("New frame");
+                // The vsync point
                 let frame_time = frame.frame_time();
-                let preferred_index = frame.preferred_frame_timeline_index();
-                for timeline in 0..(frame.frame_timelines_length().min(4)) {
+                for timeline in frame.frame_timelines().take(3) {
                     eprintln!(
-                        "{:?} {}",
-                        frame.frame_timeline_deadline(timeline) - frame_time,
-                        if timeline == preferred_index {
-                            "(Preferred)"
-                        } else {
-                            ""
-                        }
+                        "{:?} to present {:?} later",
+                        timeline.deadline() - frame_time,
+                        timeline.expected_presentation_time() - timeline.deadline()
                     );
                 }
-                eprintln!("{frame:?}");
                 post_callback(&new_choreographer);
             }));
         }

From ad618d2af8536c45dd5e3a72c7b7106a048cef4f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel McNab <36049421+DJMcNab@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 29 Oct 2024 18:33:29 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 12/13] Start to seriously design getting choreography

Also some more reasoning about frame duration changing
---
 vello_pacing/src/choreographed.rs | 136 ++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 112 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vello_pacing/src/choreographed.rs b/vello_pacing/src/choreographed.rs
index 9f261721..9ab8f27b 100644
--- a/vello_pacing/src/choreographed.rs
+++ b/vello_pacing/src/choreographed.rs
@@ -5,16 +5,20 @@ use std::{
     cell::RefCell,
     mem::ManuallyDrop,
     ops::Mul,
-    rc::Rc,
+    os::fd::{AsFd, AsRawFd},
+    rc::{self, Rc},
     sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver},
     time::Duration,
 };
 
 use ndk::{
-    choreographer::Choreographer,
-    looper::{self, ForeignLooper},
+    choreographer::{self, Choreographer},
+    looper::{self, FdEvent, ForeignLooper},
+};
+use nix::{
+    sys::timerfd::{self, TimerFd},
+    time::ClockId,
 };
-use nix::time::ClockId;
 use vello::Scene;
 
 /// A slightly tweaked version of the thinking, now that we have an understanding of `AChoreographer`.
@@ -46,11 +50,12 @@ use vello::Scene;
 ///    the timestamp of the end of the blit pass with the deadline.
 ///
 /// For the moment, we ignore the possibility of a frame failing.
-/// That doesn't actually change any behaviour here, because we render with `MailBox`.
+/// That doesn't actually change any behaviour here, because we render with [`Mailbox`](wgpu::PresentMode::Mailbox).
 pub struct Thinking;
 
 enum PacingCommand {}
 
+/// The controller for a frame pacing thread.
 pub struct PacingChannel {
     waker: ForeignLooper,
     channel: ManuallyDrop<mpsc::Sender<PacingCommand>>,
@@ -80,7 +85,7 @@ impl Drop for PacingChannel {
 /// For simplicity, all timestamps are treated as happening in the `CLOCK_MONOTONIC` timebase.
 /// We'll validate that GPU performance counter timestamps meet this expectation as it becomes relevant.
 ///
-/// This might not actually be true - the timebase of the return values from [`ndk::choreographer::ChoreographerFrameCallbackData`]
+/// This might not actually be true - the timebase of the return values from [`choreographer::ChoreographerFrameCallbackData`]
 /// aren't documented by anything to be `CLOCK_MONOTONIC`, and I suspect we'll need to use [`ash::khr::calibrated_timestamps`] to get
 /// the proper results.
 struct Timestamp(i64);
@@ -130,12 +135,12 @@ const DEADLINE_ASSUME_FAILED: Timestamp = Timestamp::from_micros(500);
 const EXPECTED_CONSISTENCY: Timestamp = Timestamp::from_millis(3);
 
 struct OngoingFrame {
-    /// The [present time][ndk::choreographer::ChoreographerFrameCallbackData::frame_timeline_expected_presentation_time] we
+    /// The [present time][choreographer::FrameTimeline::expected_presentation_time] we
     /// expect this frame to be displayed at.
     target_present_time: Timestamp,
-    /// The [vsync id][ndk::choreographer::ChoreographerFrameCallbackData::frame_timeline_vsync_id] we're aiming for.
+    /// The [vsync id][choreographer::FrameTimeline::vsync_id] we're aiming for.
     target_vsync_id: i64,
-    /// The [deadline][ndk::choreographer::ChoreographerFrameCallbackData::frame_timeline_deadline] which this frame needs to meet to be rendered at `target_present_time`.
+    /// The [deadline][choreographer::FrameTimeline::deadline] which this frame needs to meet to be rendered at `target_present_time`.
     ///
     /// We aim for a time [`DEADLINE_MARGIN`] before the deadline.
     target_deadline: Timestamp,
@@ -178,14 +183,22 @@ struct VelloPacingController {
     command_rx: Receiver<PacingCommand>,
     /// The duration of each frame, as reported by the system.
     ///
-    /// For a short time, we don't have the refresh rate.
+    /// In most cases, this can be inferred from the active frame timelines.
+    /// However, for a short time after the refresh rate changes, `AChoreographer` is
+    /// giving us incorrect future vsyncs.
+    /// In particular, when we get a refresh rate callback, we know that frames after the
+    /// next vsync will be this duration long.
     ///
-    /// This is used to detect the case where `AChoreographer` is giving us incorrect future vsyncs.
+    /// In those cases, we choose to render based on the fastest of the new or old.
+    /// refresh rates until the updated refresh rate is being used.
+    /// In some cases, this means that we will get inconsistent latency/apparent frame times; however it avoids
+    /// dropping frames around a refresh rate window.
     refresh_rate: Option<Duration>,
     looper: looper::ThreadLooper,
+    timer: TimerFd,
 }
 
-/// We need to use a shared
+/// We need to use a shared pacing controller here because of callback based APIs.
 type SharedPacing = Rc<RefCell<VelloPacingController>>;
 
 enum GpuCommand {
@@ -207,42 +220,117 @@ pub fn launch_pacing() -> PacingChannel {
         drop(channel_tx);
         let choreographer = Choreographer::instance().expect("We just made the `Looper`");
 
+        let timer = TimerFd::new(
+            timerfd::ClockId::CLOCK_MONOTONIC,
+            timerfd::TimerFlags::TFD_CLOEXEC,
+        )
+        // Something is much more badly wrong if this fails
+        .expect("Could create a timer file descriptor");
+        looper
+            .as_foreign()
+            .add_fd(timer.as_fd(), 0, FdEvent::INPUT, std::ptr::null_mut());
+
         let state = VelloPacingController {
             choreographer,
             command_rx,
             refresh_rate: None,
             looper: looper::ThreadLooper::for_thread().unwrap(),
+            timer,
         };
         let state = Rc::new(RefCell::new(state));
         {
-            let callback_state = Rc::clone(&state);
+            // Since our pointer will not be deallocated/freed unless unregister is called,
+            // and we can't call unregister, we use a Weak.
+            // Note that if `state` has been dropped, this thread will be ending,
+            // so the looper will never be polled again.
+            let callback_state = Rc::downgrade(&state);
             let state = state.borrow();
             state
                 .choreographer
                 .register_refresh_rate_callback(Box::new(move |rate| {
-                    let mut state = callback_state.borrow_mut();
-                    state.refresh_rate = Some(rate);
+                    if let Some(state) = callback_state.upgrade() {
+                        let mut state = state.borrow_mut();
+                        state.refresh_rate = Some(rate);
+                    } else {
+                        tracing::error!(
+                            "Kept getting refresh rate callbacks from Android despite thread ending."
+                        );
+                    }
                 }));
         }
+        {
+            let callback_state = Rc::downgrade(&state);
+            let state = state.borrow();
+            fn vsync_callback(
+                data: &choreographer::ChoreographerFrameCallbackData,
+                callback_state: rc::Weak<RefCell<VelloPacingController>>,
+            ) {
+                if let Some(state) = callback_state.upgrade() {
+                    let mut state = state.borrow_mut();
+                    state
+                        .choreographer
+                        .post_vsync_callback(Box::new(move |data| {
+                            vsync_callback(data, callback_state);
+                        }));
+                }
+            }
+            state
+                .choreographer
+                .post_vsync_callback(Box::new(move |data| vsync_callback(data, callback_state)));
+        }
         let (gpu_tx, gpu_rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel::<GpuCommand>();
         // TODO: Give thread a name
-        std::thread::spawn(|| {
-            // We perform all GPU work on this thread
-            // Since submitting work and polling the GPU are mutually exclusive, we
+        std::thread::spawn(move || {
+            // We perform all rendering work on this thread
+            // Since submitting work and polling the GPU are mutually exclusive,
+            // we do them on the same thread?
+            loop {
+                let command = gpu_rx.recv_timeout(Duration::from_millis(5));
+            }
         });
+
         loop {
+            // TODO: Ideally, we'd have the GPU polling happen through this looper.
             let poll = looper.poll_once().expect("'Unrecoverable' error");
-            assert!(
-                !matches!(poll, looper::Poll::Timeout | looper::Poll::Event { .. }),
-                "Impossible poll results from our use of Looper APIs."
-            );
+            // Outside of the looper polling operation, so no chance of overlap.
             let state = state.borrow_mut();
+            match poll {
+                // Fallthrough to checking the command channel
+                looper::Poll::Wake | looper::Poll::Callback => {}
+                looper::Poll::Timeout => {
+                    unreachable!("Timeout reached, but we didn't set a timeout")
+                }
+                looper::Poll::Event {
+                    ident,
+                    fd,
+                    events,
+                    data: _,
+                } => {
+                    if fd.as_raw_fd() == state.timer.as_fd().as_raw_fd() {
+                        // TODO: A Hangup might be expected for a timer?
+                        if events.contains(FdEvent::ERROR | FdEvent::INVALID | FdEvent::HANGUP) {
+                            panic!("Got an error from the timer file descriptor {events:?}")
+                        }
+                        assert!(ident == 0);
+                        // Clear out the existing timer value, so that we won't immediately retrigger.
+                        state.timer.wait().unwrap();
+                        // We should now do whatever we set the timer for.
+                        // Presumably, that is start rendering?
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
             match state.command_rx.try_recv() {
                 Ok(command) => {
                     // Action `command`
+                    match command {}
+                }
+                Err(mpsc::TryRecvError::Disconnected) => {
+                    return;
+                }
+                Err(mpsc::TryRecvError::Empty) => {
+                    // Continue
                 }
-                Err(mpsc::TryRecvError::Disconnected) => {}
-                Err(mpsc::TryRecvError::Empty) => {}
             }
         }
     });

From fe1dd9fce2edddb63a5ee2a2f30ce8da7d461f05 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel McNab <36049421+DJMcNab@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 6 Nov 2024 09:39:39 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 13/13] Stash work, slightly bogged down

---
 Cargo.lock                        |   1 +
 examples/with_winit/src/lib.rs    |   6 +-
 vello_pacing/Cargo.toml           |   1 +
 vello_pacing/src/choreographed.rs | 164 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 vello_pacing/src/core.rs          |   3 +
 vello_pacing/src/lib.rs           |   1 +
 6 files changed, 146 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 vello_pacing/src/core.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 6b0ba22a..5bb1ef7b 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2566,6 +2566,7 @@ name = "vello_pacing"
 version = "0.3.0"
 dependencies = [
  "ash",
+ "jni",
  "ndk",
  "nix",
  "tracing",
diff --git a/examples/with_winit/src/lib.rs b/examples/with_winit/src/lib.rs
index f2762007..7f38b57b 100644
--- a/examples/with_winit/src/lib.rs
+++ b/examples/with_winit/src/lib.rs
@@ -901,7 +901,7 @@ fn run(
                 eprintln!("New frame");
                 // The vsync point
                 let frame_time = frame.frame_time();
-                for timeline in frame.frame_timelines().take(3) {
+                for timeline in frame.frame_timelines().take(6) {
                     eprintln!(
                         "{:?} to present {:?} later",
                         timeline.deadline() - frame_time,
@@ -911,10 +911,10 @@ fn run(
                 post_callback(&new_choreographer);
             }));
         }
-        // post_callback(choreographer);
+        post_callback(choreographer);
         choreographer.register_refresh_rate_callback(Box::new(|value| {
             let span = tracing::info_span!("Getting a new refresh rate", ?value).entered();
-            eprintln!("New refresh rate Testing: {value:?}; {}", value.as_nanos());
+            tracing::warn!("New refresh rate Testing: {value:?}; {}", value.as_nanos());
         }));
     }
 
diff --git a/vello_pacing/Cargo.toml b/vello_pacing/Cargo.toml
index 076ea144..78a9f597 100644
--- a/vello_pacing/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vello_pacing/Cargo.toml
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ ash = { version = "0.38.0", default-features = false }
 tracing = "0.1.40"
 ndk = { version = "0.9", features = ["api-level-33"] }
 nix = { default-features = false, features = ["time"], version = "0.29.0" }
+jni = "0.21.1"
 
 [lints]
 workspace = true
diff --git a/vello_pacing/src/choreographed.rs b/vello_pacing/src/choreographed.rs
index 9ab8f27b..8a258ff0 100644
--- a/vello_pacing/src/choreographed.rs
+++ b/vello_pacing/src/choreographed.rs
@@ -3,11 +3,12 @@
 
 use std::{
     cell::RefCell,
+    collections::VecDeque,
     mem::ManuallyDrop,
-    ops::Mul,
+    ops::{Add, Mul},
     os::fd::{AsFd, AsRawFd},
     rc::{self, Rc},
-    sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver},
+    sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver, RecvTimeoutError},
     time::Duration,
 };
 
@@ -64,7 +65,8 @@ pub struct PacingChannel {
 impl PacingChannel {
     fn send_command(&self, command: PacingCommand) {
         self.channel.send(command);
-        // We add to the channel before waking, so that the event will be received by the right wake.
+        // We add to the channel before waking, so that the event will be
+        // received by the right wake.
         self.waker.wake();
     }
 }
@@ -72,9 +74,12 @@ impl PacingChannel {
 impl Drop for PacingChannel {
     fn drop(&mut self) {
         // Safety: We don't use `self.channel` after this line.
-        // We drop the value before performing the wake, so that we instantly know that the drop has happened.
+        // We drop the value before performing the wake, so that we the controller
+        // thread knows the drop has happened.
         unsafe { ManuallyDrop::drop(&mut self.channel) };
         self.waker.wake();
+        // TODO: Block on the thread itself finishing.
+        // This makes using the Android NDK context in that thread *safer*.
     }
 }
 
@@ -88,8 +93,22 @@ impl Drop for PacingChannel {
 /// This might not actually be true - the timebase of the return values from [`choreographer::ChoreographerFrameCallbackData`]
 /// aren't documented by anything to be `CLOCK_MONOTONIC`, and I suspect we'll need to use [`ash::khr::calibrated_timestamps`] to get
 /// the proper results.
+// TODO: Does `Eq` make sense?
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Clone, Copy, Debug)]
 struct Timestamp(i64);
 
+impl Add<Duration> for Timestamp {
+    type Output = Timestamp;
+
+    fn add(self, rhs: Duration) -> Self::Output {
+        Self::from_nanos(
+            self.as_nanos()
+                .checked_add(rhs.as_nanos().try_into().unwrap())
+                .unwrap(),
+        )
+    }
+}
+
 impl Mul<i64> for Timestamp {
     type Output = Self;
 
@@ -99,18 +118,34 @@ impl Mul<i64> for Timestamp {
 }
 
 impl Timestamp {
+    /// Create a timespec for `nanos` nanoseconds since the origin of `CLOCK_MONOTIC`.
     const fn from_nanos(nanos: i64) -> Self {
         Self(nanos)
     }
 
+    /// Create a timespec for `micros` microseconds since the origin of `CLOCK_MONOTIC`.
     const fn from_micros(micros: i64) -> Self {
         Self::from_nanos(micros * 1_000)
     }
 
+    /// Create a timespec for `millis` milliseconds since the origin of `CLOCK_MONOTIC`.
     const fn from_millis(millis: i64) -> Self {
         Self::from_nanos(millis * 1_000_000)
     }
 
+    /// Create a timestamp from a `Duration`, assuming that the duration is from
+    /// `CLOCK_MONOTONIC`'s zero point.
+    ///
+    /// This matches the behaviour of values in [choreographer].
+    fn from_ndk_crate(duration: Duration) -> Self {
+        Self::from_nanos(duration.as_nanos().try_into().unwrap())
+    }
+
+    /// Get the number of nanoseconds since the origin of `CLOCK_MONOTIC` for this time.
+    fn as_nanos(&self) -> i64 {
+        self.0
+    }
+
     /// Get the current time in `CLOCK_MONOTONIC`.
     fn now() -> Self {
         let spec = nix::time::clock_gettime(ClockId::CLOCK_MONOTONIC).unwrap();
@@ -135,15 +170,10 @@ const DEADLINE_ASSUME_FAILED: Timestamp = Timestamp::from_micros(500);
 const EXPECTED_CONSISTENCY: Timestamp = Timestamp::from_millis(3);
 
 struct OngoingFrame {
-    /// The [present time][choreographer::FrameTimeline::expected_presentation_time] we
-    /// expect this frame to be displayed at.
-    target_present_time: Timestamp,
-    /// The [vsync id][choreographer::FrameTimeline::vsync_id] we're aiming for.
-    target_vsync_id: i64,
-    /// The [deadline][choreographer::FrameTimeline::deadline] which this frame needs to meet to be rendered at `target_present_time`.
+    /// The vertical blanking interval we're aiming to be presented at.
     ///
-    /// We aim for a time [`DEADLINE_MARGIN`] before the deadline.
-    target_deadline: Timestamp,
+    /// We aim to finish GPU work [`DEADLINE_MARGIN`] before `deadline`.
+    target_vsync: UpcomingVsync,
 
     /// The time at which we wanted to start this frame.
     ///
@@ -160,10 +190,13 @@ struct OngoingFrame {
 
     /// The time at which [`wgpu::Queue::submit`] finished for this frame.
     ///
-    /// If this is "much" later than
+    /// If this is "much" later than expected (TODO: What would be expected?)
+    /// then we will start the CPU side work for the next frame early.
     cpu_submit_time: Timestamp,
 
-    /// The time at which work on the GPU started.
+    /// The time at which work for this frame on the GPU started happening.
+    ///
+    /// Note: This assumes that
     gpu_start_time: Timestamp,
     /// The time at which work on the GPU finished.
     ///
@@ -178,8 +211,16 @@ struct OngoingFrame {
     gpu_finish_time: Timestamp,
 }
 
+/// The *shared* state of the pacing controller.
+///
+/// This is the state which *must* be available to callback based APIs.
 struct VelloPacingController {
+    // Resources used to implement the controller, which must be shared.
     choreographer: Choreographer,
+    looper: looper::ThreadLooper,
+    timer: TimerFd,
+
+    // Communication primitives
     command_rx: Receiver<PacingCommand>,
     /// The duration of each frame, as reported by the system.
     ///
@@ -189,17 +230,36 @@ struct VelloPacingController {
     /// In particular, when we get a refresh rate callback, we know that frames after the
     /// next vsync will be this duration long.
     ///
-    /// In those cases, we choose to render based on the fastest of the new or old.
-    /// refresh rates until the updated refresh rate is being used.
-    /// In some cases, this means that we will get inconsistent latency/apparent frame times; however it avoids
-    /// dropping frames around a refresh rate window.
-    refresh_rate: Option<Duration>,
-    looper: looper::ThreadLooper,
-    timer: TimerFd,
+    /// There are three cases where this can happen:
+    /// 1) Where we ask for a slower framerate. We would do that when we are
+    ///    consistently missing the target frame time.
+    /// 2) When we ask for a faster framerate.
+    /// 3) Where some other app (such as an overlay) asks for a faster framerate.
+    ///    In that case, we need to catch up as quickly as possible.
+    ///
+    /// TODO: How does refresh rate interact with Poll and non-animated versions?
+    ///
+    /// Correct behaviour in this case is currently out-of-scope.
+    upcoming_refresh_rate: Option<Duration>,
+    /// The time at which the most recent vsync happened.
+    latest_vsync_time: Option<Timestamp>,
+    /// Upcoming vsyncs, (probably?) ordered by present time.
+    upcoming_vsyncs: VecDeque<UpcomingVsync>,
 }
 
-/// We need to use a shared pacing controller here because of callback based APIs.
-type SharedPacing = Rc<RefCell<VelloPacingController>>;
+struct UpcomingVsync {
+    /// The [present time][choreographer::FrameTimeline::expected_presentation_time] of this vsync.
+    ///
+    /// That is, the time of the actual "flip".
+    /// Once this time has passed, the vsync is historical.
+    present_time: Timestamp,
+    /// The [vsync id][choreographer::FrameTimeline::vsync_id] we're aiming for.
+    vsync_id: i64,
+    /// The [deadline][choreographer::FrameTimeline::deadline] which a frame needs to meet to be rendered at `present_time`.
+    ///
+    /// Once this time has passed, the vsync is largely academic, ad
+    deadline: Timestamp,
+}
 
 enum GpuCommand {
     Render(Scene),
@@ -232,11 +292,14 @@ pub fn launch_pacing() -> PacingChannel {
 
         let state = VelloPacingController {
             choreographer,
-            command_rx,
-            refresh_rate: None,
             looper: looper::ThreadLooper::for_thread().unwrap(),
             timer,
+            command_rx,
+            upcoming_refresh_rate: None,
+            latest_vsync_time: None,
+            upcoming_vsyncs: Default::default(),
         };
+        /// We need to use a shared pacing controller here because of callback based APIs.
         let state = Rc::new(RefCell::new(state));
         {
             // Since our pointer will not be deallocated/freed unless unregister is called,
@@ -248,9 +311,11 @@ pub fn launch_pacing() -> PacingChannel {
             state
                 .choreographer
                 .register_refresh_rate_callback(Box::new(move |rate| {
+                    // Note: The refresh rate might be a multiple of some supported mode with interval
+                    // higher than our.
                     if let Some(state) = callback_state.upgrade() {
                         let mut state = state.borrow_mut();
-                        state.refresh_rate = Some(rate);
+                        state.upcoming_refresh_rate = Some(rate);
                     } else {
                         tracing::error!(
                             "Kept getting refresh rate callbacks from Android despite thread ending."
@@ -272,6 +337,33 @@ pub fn launch_pacing() -> PacingChannel {
                         .post_vsync_callback(Box::new(move |data| {
                             vsync_callback(data, callback_state);
                         }));
+                    let this_vsync_time = Timestamp::from_ndk_crate(data.frame_time());
+                    state.clear_historical_vsyncs(this_vsync_time);
+                    if let Some(_frame_time) = state.upcoming_refresh_rate {
+                        // We might need special handling for upcoming refresh rates here.
+                        // Primarily, checking if the refresh rate change has trickled into
+                        // Choreographer yet.
+                    }
+                    // TODO: What significance (if any) does "preferred frame timeline" have?
+                    for timeline in data.frame_timelines() {
+                        let vsync_id = timeline.vsync_id();
+                        // TODO: More efficient check here using ordering properties?
+                        if state
+                            .upcoming_vsyncs
+                            .iter()
+                            .any(|it| it.vsync_id == vsync_id)
+                        {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        let deadline = Timestamp::from_ndk_crate(timeline.deadline());
+                        let present_time =
+                            Timestamp::from_ndk_crate(timeline.expected_presentation_time());
+                        state.upcoming_vsyncs.push_back(UpcomingVsync {
+                            present_time,
+                            vsync_id,
+                            deadline,
+                        });
+                    }
                 }
             }
             state
@@ -291,7 +383,9 @@ pub fn launch_pacing() -> PacingChannel {
 
         loop {
             // TODO: Ideally, we'd have the GPU polling happen through this looper.
-            let poll = looper.poll_once().expect("'Unrecoverable' error");
+            let poll = looper
+                .poll_once()
+                .expect("'Unrecoverable' error should not occur");
             // Outside of the looper polling operation, so no chance of overlap.
             let state = state.borrow_mut();
             match poll {
@@ -338,3 +432,19 @@ pub fn launch_pacing() -> PacingChannel {
         .recv_timeout(Duration::from_millis(100))
         .expect("Could not create pacing controller")
 }
+
+impl VelloPacingController {
+    /// Clear the historical vsyncs which are definitely no longer relevant, given a
+    /// time that a vsync recently occurred.
+    fn clear_historical_vsyncs(&mut self, recent_vsync: Timestamp) {
+        // We assume FPS to be less than 1000; this gives flexibility here.
+        let vsync_cutoff = recent_vsync + Duration::from_millis(1);
+        while let Some(front) = self.upcoming_vsyncs.front() {
+            if front.present_time < vsync_cutoff {
+                self.upcoming_vsyncs.pop_front();
+            } else {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/vello_pacing/src/core.rs b/vello_pacing/src/core.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..74caee5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vello_pacing/src/core.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+//! The cross-platform part of a frame pacing controller.
+//!
+//! This needs to consider variable refresh rates.
diff --git a/vello_pacing/src/lib.rs b/vello_pacing/src/lib.rs
index 3fb675ec..c95e1a30 100644
--- a/vello_pacing/src/lib.rs
+++ b/vello_pacing/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #![deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]
 
 mod choreographed;
+pub mod core;
 
 use std::{
     collections::VecDeque,