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---
layout: default
title: Why Matrika
---
<h1>MATRIKA Workshop Transcriptions</h1>
<p>
<font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a
href="Workshops/Rajasthan1.html" "
class="sml2">Rajasthan
workshop 1</a> <font color="#999900" size="1"
face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">I</font> <a
href="Workshops/Rajasthan2.html" " class="sml2">Rajasthan workshop
2</a> <font color="#999900" size="1"
face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">I</font> <a
href="Workshops/Rajasthan3.html" "
class="sml2">Rajasthan
workshop 3</a> <font color="#999900" size="1"
face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">I</font> <a
href="Workshops/Punjab.html" " class="sml2">Punjab workshop</a> <font
color="#999900" size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">I</font> <a
href="Workshops/Delhi1.html"
"
class="sml2">Delhi workshop 1</a> <font
color="#999900" size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> I</font> <a
href="Workshops/Delhi2.html" " class="sml2">Delhi workshop 2</a> <font
color="#999900" size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">I</font> <a
href="Workshops/Bihar1.html" " class="sml2">Bihar workshop 1</a> <font
color="#999900" size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">I
</font><a href="Workshops/Bihar2.html" "
class="sml2">Bihar
workshop 2</a>  <font color="#999900" size="1"
face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> I</font> <a
href="Workshops/Songs/Rajasthan.html" " class="sml2">Songs
Rajasthan</a> <font color="#999900" size="1"
face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">I</font> <a
href="Workshops/Songs/Bihar.html" " class="sml2">Songs Bihar</a> <font
color="#999900" size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">I</font> <a
href="Workshops/Songs/Delhi.html" "
class="sml2">Songs
Delhi</a> <font color="#999900" size="1"
face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">I</font> <a
href="Workshops/Songs/Punjab.html" " class="sml2">Songs Punjab</a> <font
color="#999900" size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">I</font> <a
href="Workshops/Songs/Patna.html" " class="sml2">Songs Patna</a> <font
color="#999900" size="1" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">I</font> <a
href="Workshops/Bihar.html" "
class="sml2">Socio-economic
Bihar</a> <font color="#999900" size="1"
face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> I</font> <a
href="Workshops/Fatehgarh.html" " class="sml2">Socio-economic
Fategarh</a> <font color="#999900" size="1"
face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">I</font> <a
href="Workshops/Jehangirpuri.html" " class="sml2">Socio-economic
Jehangirpuri</a> <font color="#999900" size="1"
face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">I</font> <a href="#glossary"
class="sml2">Glossary</a></font><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />
</p>
<p align="center">
<font size="4" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <img
src="/assets/images/raja_dai.jpg" width="350" height="234" /><br />
</font><font size="4" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a
href="Workshops/Rajasthan1.html" "
target="_blank"
class="contentlinks">Rajasthan workshop 1</a>     <a
href="Workshops/Rajasthan2.html" " target="_blank"
class="contentlinks">Rajasthan workshop 2</a><a
href="Workshops/Rajasthan1.html" " class="contentlinks"></a>      <a
href="Workshops/Rajasthan2.html" " target="_blank"
class="contentlinks">Rajasthan workshop 3</a>  </font>
</p>
<p align="center">
<br />
</p>
<p align="center">
<font size="4" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <img
src="/assets/images/punjab_dai.jpg" width="350" height="234" />   
<br /> <a href="/Workshops/Punjab.html" " target="_blank"
class="contentlinks">Punjab workshop</a> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />
</font>
</p>
<p align="center">
<font size="4" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <img
src="/assets/images/delhi_dai.jpg" width="350" height="234" /><br />
</font><a href="/Workshops/Delhi1.html" " target="_blank" class="contentlinks">Delhi
workshop 1</a>     <a
href="Workshops/Delhi1.html" " target="_blank" class="contentlinks">Delhi
workshop 2</a><br /> <br /> <br /> <br />
</p>
<p align="center">
<img src="/assets/images/bihar_workshop.jpg" width="350" height="234" /><br />
<a href="/Workshops/Bihar1.html" " target="_blank" class="contentlinks">Bihar
workshop 1</a>     <a
href="Workshops/Bihar2.html" " target="_blank" class="contentlinks">Bihar
workshop 2</a> <br /> <br /> <br />
</p>
<p align="center">
<img src="/assets/images/songs.jpg" width="300" height="328" /><br />
<a href="/Workshops/Songs/Rajasthan.html" " target="_blank"
class="contentlinks">Songs Rajasthan</a>    <a
href="Workshops/Songs/Bihar.html" " target="_blank"
class="contentlinks">Songs Bihar</a>     <a
href="Workshops/Songs/Delhi.html" " target="_blank"
class="contentlinks">Songs Delhi</a>     <a
href="Workshops/Songs/Patna.html" " target="_blank"
class="contentlinks">Songs Patna</a><br /> <br /> <br /> <br />
</p>
<div align="center">
<img src="/assets/images/socio-eco.jpg" width="300" height="328" /> <a
href="/Workshops/Songs/Bihar.html" " target="_blank"
class="contentlinks"> <br /> Socio-economic Bihar
</a>     <a href="Workshops/Fatehgarh.html"
"
target="_blank" class="contentlinks">Socio-economic
Fategarh</a>     <a href="Workshops/Jehangirpuri.html"
" target="_blank" class="contentlinks">Socio-economic Jehangirpuri</a>
</div>
<p> </p>
<p align="center">
<span class="lrgtxt3"><a name="glossary"></a></span>
</p>
<p align="center">
<span class="lrgtxt3">Glossary Of Hindi, Kotha, Marwari And
Punjabi Words <font size="4" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"></font>
</span>
</p>
<p align="center">
<span class="lrgtxt">Explanatory Note</span><span class="default">
<br />
</span>
</p>
<p class="default">
Ten workshops were conducted with <em>dais</em>, at four sites: 3
workshops were in Bihar, 3 in Rajasthan, 5 in Delhi and 1 in Punjab. In
order to access the richness and depth of the <em>dais’ </em>knowledge
and culture, we encouraged speech and expression in the local
languages. This made the process of workshop planning, facilitation,
and documentation rather more complex and intricate.
</p>
<p class="default">
In Rajasthan, the <em>dais</em> at the workshop site spoke Marwari. In
Bihar, at the workshop site, Kotha was the <em>dais’</em>
language. In Punjab, Punjabi was spoken. In Delhi, Hindi was the common
language, although some sharing in other languages did take place,
since the <em>dais</em> at the Delhi workshops come originally from
diverse parts of India (including Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan,
Punjab, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh). Our MATRIKA team included
one Marwari-speaker, that is Madhu. Both Madhu and Renuka were also
able to follow Kotha. We had no Punjabi-speaker amongst us.
</p>
<p class="default">The NGO community health workers whom we
collaborated with in each area were provided orientation in preparation
for each workshop – regarding themes as well as processes.
MATRIKA also requested support on facilitation, translation and
documentation when required. The NGOs were forthcoming on this. MATRIKA
team members handled the basic facilitation and documentation during
the workshops and afterwards. The documentation during workshops was
intense – both simultaneous notes/reportage, as well as audio
recording were undertaken throughout nearly all workshop sessions.
Based on these recordings, MATRIKA personnel made extensive exhaustive
Workshop Reports of each workshop (referred to as R1, R2, R3, B1, B2,
B3, D1, D2, D3 and P1 respectively). These Workshop Reports were first
prepared in Hindi and then translated into English, for all the areas
except Punjab. The Punjab Workshop Report was prepared directly in
English, by translation from various Punjabi notes (made by three
different persons) as well as Punjabi audio recording of the entire
workshop.</p>
<p class="default">During the elaborate and delicate process of
translation from local languages into, finally, English, we have tried
to retain the spirit and sense of the original. A number of critical
terms and phrases have been rendered in the original, since we felt
that translation of these would lead to too much loss of the original
flavour and nuance.</p>
<p class="default">The glossary has been prepared in order to
facilitate English-speakers, and to a certain extent Hindi to access
those terms which have been presented, in the text, in the source
languages.</p>
<p class="default">The four languages in which the material has come
to us share common roots. There is significant overlap between the
languages, particularly between Hindi, Kotha and Marwari. Many a term
is found in more than one of these languages, perhaps with altered
accentuation on emphases. Therefore it is not possible to prepare a
watertight categorisation. In fact, we would say that the overlaps
across languages boundaries reflect and indicate overlaps in cultural
meanings and material practices, across the sites of the study.</p>
<p class="default">
We have also attempted brief definitions of terms reflecting the
cosmological understandings of the <em>Dais</em> and the communities
which they serve. These terms (e.g. <em>chudail</em>, <em>dayan</em>, <em>Bemata</em>,
<em>narak</em> <em>naadi</em>, <em>nas</em>, <em>soo</em>, <em>gandagi</em>)
are renderings within a complex, holistic and sometimes paradoxical
worldview. As such, simple, definitive and encompassing definitions are
virtually impossible. We have, however, provided our empathetic
understandings of the meanings of these words to the best of our
abilities.
</p>
<p class="default">
<em></em>
</p>
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
class="default">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0px">
<p class="lrgtxt3">Bihar</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0px"><u><em><strong><font
color="#999933">Bihar Workshop 1</font></strong></em></u></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" height="1" bgcolor="#BCB17D"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="30%" class="LBL">aag diya (H)</td>
<td width="70%">Giving hot fomentation.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Adivasis (H)</td>
<td>Indigenous tribes.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Amavasya (H)</td>
<td>No-moon night, dark night.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">arandi ka tel (K)</td>
<td>Castor oil</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">basti (H)</td>
<td>Covers settlements as diverse as say, Khamra Basti near
Gomia village to Jehangirpuri in Delhi, a neighbourhood.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">bhang (H)</td>
<td>Sedative.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Chamain (H)</td>
<td>Woman of the Chamar caste, Dai.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">chuchi (H)</td>
<td>Breast, Nipple.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Dagri (H)</td>
<td>Another name for the Dai.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Dayan (H)</td>
<td>A witch or woman with supernatural powers; a female
practitioner of magic, thus feared. But also sometimes, particularly
in Bihar, refers to a female Deity who may bless or withhold from
her worshippers - nurturing and beneficent as well as cursing and
malevolent aspects.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Dayan Puja (H)</td>
<td>Worship of dayan, takes place on Aamavasya or no moon night.
Equivalent to Lakshmi Puja</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">jajman (H)</td>
<td>Patron. Jajmani is a semi feudal relationship where
craftspeople, labourers, Dais, etc. work for upper-caste families in
a village, or a group of villages.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Jamai (H)</td>
<td>Son in law, husband of the</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">kanva (K)</td>
<td>A measure of weight in Bihar – equals 125 grams.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Kuan Puja (H)</td>
<td>Worship of the well, performed by the mother, accompanied by
family and neighbouring women, 40-45 days after the birth.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">mailua (K)</td>
<td>A black fruit.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">makka (H)</td>
<td>Corn.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Ojha (H)</td>
<td>Shaman, medicine man.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">paila (K)</td>
<td>A weight measure in the area around Gomia. One paila is
equal to 14 kanvas, where 1 kanva is equal to 125 grams, therefore
one paila is approximately 1.75 kilos.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">pallu (H)</td>
<td>Cloth at the end of the sari</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">panphoda (H)</td>
<td>Amniotic sac. Literally, boil or swelling filled with water.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">pipar (H)</td>
<td>A herb/ spice used in the preparation of a nutritious sweet
dish for lactating mothers.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Pitar (H)</td>
<td>Ancestors (male).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">resha (H)</td>
<td>A pregnant woman comes into contact with another, who has
just had a baby, and her pains begin. Can happen also with
menstruation. Bodily state altered by presence.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">ropni (K)</td>
<td>Weeding</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Sahayogini (H)</td>
<td>Health workers at the Mahila</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Samdhin milan (H)</td>
<td>The in laws meet. Part of the Chhati ceremony in Bihar.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Shodhini (H)</td>
<td>A project documenting indigenous women healers, and herbal
knowledge, in several Indian states.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Sohar (H)</td>
<td>Women’s songs, sung after childbirth.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">tel chhoaana (H)</td>
<td>The father of the newborn pours out oil and gives it to the
Dai, when she shows him the newly born child. Literally, being
touched with oil.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
class="default">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0px"><u><strong><font
color="#999933"><em>Bihar Workshop 2</em></font></strong></u></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" height="1" bgcolor="#BCB17D"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="30%" class="LBL">besan ki sabzi (H)</td>
<td width="70%">A curry made of gram flour.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">burr (K)</td>
<td>Vagina.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Chamar (H)</td>
<td>A low caste, considered untouchable and ritually impure,
traditionally leather workers by occupation..</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">chana (H)</td>
<td>Clitoris, literally gram seed.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Chhati Bharna (H).</td>
<td>The ritual of giving gifts during the Chhati ceremony.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Chhati (H)</td>
<td>The sixth day after birth, when the new mother and baby
emerge from room where the birth has taken place and where they have
been secluded. Also rituals, which mark this day.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">chholey (H)</td>
<td>Grams</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Dhamin nag (H)</td>
<td>Female snake, capable of flight.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">fundi (K)</td>
<td>Breast</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">ghunti (H)</td>
<td>Concoction given to babies.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Gotni (H)</td>
<td>Husband’s brother’s wife.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">hazri (H)</td>
<td>Construction work. Literally, attendance.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Jitya (H)</td>
<td>A fast kept by women for the well being of their sons.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">kujur (K)</td>
<td>An oil drunk by pregnant women, and women in labour, among
the Munda tribals, supposedly as effective as a tetanus shot.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">kurthi dal (K)</td>
<td>A kind of lentil popular with Santhal tribals.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">lota (H)</td>
<td>A tumbler of metal.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Muru (K)</td>
<td>Among the Munda tribals, if a woman conceives a second time
without menstruating after the birth of her previous child, the
second child will be considered a Muru child – conceived out of
“dirty ” blood.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">naek (K)</td>
<td>Gifting at childbirth given from mother’s family to
father’s family members</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Narak kund (H)</td>
<td>Often refers to the placenta and bag of waters or
afterbirth. Kund means spring - fed lake pond having no visible
inlets or outlets (sometimes translated as stagnant - which is not
correct.) Interestingly the physiological functioning of the
placenta mirrors that of the placenta.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">nau mahine ka narak kund (H)</td>
<td>Nine months narak kund or after birth. The by-products of
the nine months of gestation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Pitiyan Saas (K)</td>
<td>Husband’s aunt.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">potlis (H)</td>
<td>Tiny cloth bags of medicinal herbs, sometimes inserted in
the vagina.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">puni (K)</td>
<td>A disease wherein a baby crosses his/her legs while being
fed, thus never gaining weight or getting strong.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">purdah (H)</td>
<td>Curtain or veil.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Sahayogini (H)</td>
<td>Health workers at the Mahila Jagriti Kendra. Women working
for the government sponsored Mahila Samakhya program are called
Sahayoginis, or helpers.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">samooh (H)</td>
<td>Group.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Santhali (H)</td>
<td>A tribal group.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">teet tor denge (K)</td>
<td>Will break your clitoris (an abuse)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">teetni (K)</td>
<td>Clitoris</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">than (K)</td>
<td>Breast. For animals, udder.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">yoni (H)</td>
<td>Vagina</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
class="default">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0px"><u><font
color="#999933"><strong><em>Bihar Workshop 3</em></strong></font></u></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" height="1" bgcolor="#BCB17D"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="30%" class="LBL">adhnar (H)</td>
<td width="70%">See gola.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Adhnar ka Dard(H)</td>
<td>Postpartum pain</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">amarlata (H)</td>
<td>This shrub is used the way latlatiya is used – if the
birthing woman’s pains do not increase, the Dai circles these
shrubs/herbs over the woman’s body, head to toe, five times,
and puts them under her pillow. As soon as the birth takes place,
these shrubs are removed, else (the Dais believe) the woman could
get prolonged bleeding or a prolapsed uterus.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">borsi (H)</td>
<td>Embers</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Jar (H)</td>
<td>Roots</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">jiv (H)</td>
<td>Life force</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">khuddi (H)</td>
<td>Broken rice</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">kokh lajayegi (H)</td>
<td>(The birthing woman will) feel ashamed of her womb, her womb
will feel ashamed (if her mother is with her when she gives birth)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">maar-saag (H)</td>
<td>Starch-green leafy vegetables</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="lrgtxt2"> </p>
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
class="default">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="lrgtxt3" style="padding-left: 0px">Delhi</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0px"><u><font
color="#999933"><strong><em>Delhi Workshop 1</em></strong></font></u></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" height="1" bgcolor="#BCB17D"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="30%" class="LBL">aage ka sharir (H)</td>
<td width="70%">Vagina, literally, the front part of the body.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">aata (H)</td>
<td>Wheat flour.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Apni Rasoi (H)</td>
<td>An Action India program in Delhi where basti women are
encouraged to use traditional home remedies. One’s Own
Kitchen.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Bahimata (H)</td>
<td>She who keeps a record, writes destinies – related to
Bemata</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Baniya (H)</td>
<td>Merchant.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Banjaran (H)</td>
<td>Gypsy woman, woman of the Banjaran caste.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">basti (H)</td>
<td>Covers settlements as diverse as say, Khamra Basti near
Gomia village to Jehangirpuri in Delhi, a neighbourhood.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Bemata (H)</td>
<td>Is a powerful Creatrix invoked at the time of childbirth,
with some variation in names, throughout North India. The special
deity of dais and parturient women, she lives under ground and
creates beings out of earth - breathing life into in to them. She
writes the destinies of newborns, shortly after their birth. Bemata
is immanent in all nature, grows and protects the baby in the womb,
but is responsible for problems if she does not ‘exit’
the mother’s body via post partum bleeding.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">chandia (H)</td>
<td>Baby’s head, as it begins to emerge from the
mother’s body. “Crowning ”.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">chhaati (H)</td>
<td>Breast</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">chuchi (H)</td>
<td>Breast, Nipple.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">daar (H)</td>
<td>Waist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Dom (H)</td>
<td>A lower caste.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">doob (H)</td>
<td>A kind of grass.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">dudi (H)</td>
<td>Navel</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">gaar (H)</td>
<td>Anus</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Gangi Jamuni (H)</td>
<td>Blood clots, which come out postpartum.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Gau Mata/Gau Maa (H)</td>
<td>Cow as a deity, goddess of plenty. Literally, Cow Mother.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">gola (H)</td>
<td>Womb</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Guni (H)</td>
<td>People with knowledge of herbs, indigenous healers.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Gurus (H)</td>
<td>Learned people, teachers</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Hal halo Mata (H)</td>
<td>Goddess symbolising the plough, or agriculture. Literally,
Plough Mother.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="32" class="LBL">koolha (H)</td>
<td>Hips</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Kuan Puja (H)</td>
<td>Worship of the well, performed by the mother, accompanied by
family and neighbouring women, 40-45 days after the birth.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">marora (H)</td>
<td>Womb. A term used in Andhra Pradesh.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">mori (H)</td>
<td>Vagina</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">oat ki nal (H)</td>
<td>Fallopian tube</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">oati (H)</td>
<td>Womb</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">peru (H)</td>
<td>Area behind the womb</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Sabla Sangh (H)</td>
<td>Community-based women’s group, one of Action
India’s activities. Literally, Sabla means woman of strength,
and Sangh means union.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">sudhi (H)</td>
<td>Navel</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
class="default">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0px"><u><font
color="#999933"><strong><em>Delhi Workshop 2</em></strong></font></u></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" height="1" bgcolor="#BCB17D"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="30%" class="LBL">Aushadhi</td>
<td width="70%">Ayurvedic term for substance used for
therapeutic purpose (food, herb, water, etc)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">bawasir (H)</td>
<td>Piles</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Bemata dhundhti hai (H)</td>
<td>Bemata is searching for the baby. Term for postpartum
contractions</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">charhi hui nasen (H)</td>
<td>Channels that have got pulled</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">chhat(H)</td>
<td>Womb. Literally, roof.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">chilamchi (H)</td>
<td>Round utensil used for washing.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">dard charh raha hota hai (H)</td>
<td>The pains are increasing or rising.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Gand (H)</td>
<td>Literally dirt but meaning afterbirth.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">garbhashay (H)</td>
<td>Womb.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">gole kaa dard (H)</td>
<td>Gola pains.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">harira (?)</td>
<td>Food given in postpartum period.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="30" class="LBL">karotwani (H)</td>
<td>Rolled up piece of cloth.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">kharai (H)</td>
<td>Placenta</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">khoon jam jaaye (H)</td>
<td>Blood clots, the blood is not flowing.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">latrin ki jagah (H)</td>
<td>Rectum. Literally the place for shitting.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">lohe ke kante (H)</td>
<td>Forceps. Literally, forks of iron.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">maila khoon chhoot jata (H)</td>
<td>The dirty blood would have come out.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">piliya (H)</td>
<td>Jaundice</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">praan nikal jata hai (H)</td>
<td>One’s life ebbs away.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">rakhwala (H)</td>
<td>Protector.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">rerhi (H)</td>
<td>Stall</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Saey palat jati hai (H)</td>
<td>The cord has changed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Soo palat jati hai (H)</td>
<td>The kind of uncleanness has changed.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">tatti ka rasta (H)</td>
<td>Rectum. Literally, the way for shitting.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">tel ka ghera (H)</td>
<td>Oiling the vagina in a circular motion.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">thuddi (H)</td>
<td>Jaw and chin</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">yoni dwar(H)</td>
<td>Birth passage</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Zameen apna seena pharkar anaj ugati hai (H)</td>
<td>The earth tears its heart open to bring forth grain.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="lrgtxt2"> </p>
<table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
class="default">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="29" colspan="2" class="lrgtxt3" style="padding-left: 0px">
Punjab</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="29" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0px">
<p>
<u><font color="#999933"><strong><em>Punajb
Workshop 1</em></strong></font></u>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" height="1" bgcolor="#BCB17D"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="30%" class="LBL">aate ka halwa (H)</td>
<td width="70%">A sweet dish, made with wheat, clarified butter,
water and sugar.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">agar anval charh jaye to zahar charh jata hai
(H)</td>
<td>If the placenta climbs up the mother’s body then
poison would spread through her body.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">ajwain (H)</td>
<td>Bishop’s weed, omum</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Amrit (P)</td>
<td>Holy water. Literally nectar.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">anval (H)</td>
<td>Placenta</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">bacha dani (H)</td>
<td>Womb. Literally baby vessel or baby holder.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">bache dani da muh (P)</td>
<td>Mouth of the womb</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Bemata (H)</td>
<td>Is a powerful Creatrix invoked at the time of childbirth,
with some variation in names, throughout North India. The special
deity of dais and parturient women, she lives under ground and
creates beings out of earth - breathing life into in to them. She
writes the destinies of newborns, shortly after their birth. Bemata
is immanent in all nature, grows and protects the baby in the womb,
but is responsible for problems if she does not ‘exit’
the mother’s body via post partum bleeding.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">bhatre (H)</td>
<td>Migrant groups who live by begging, in Punjab.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">cham le lende hain (P)</td>
<td>Almost rip the skin off one’s body.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">charpai (H)</td>
<td>Cot or bed frame, made of wood and rope.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">chauka (H)</td>
<td>Kitchen</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Chauke Charhna (P)</td>
<td>A ritual performed on the 13th day after the birth when the
baby and the mother are introduced to people outside the family, and
the mother is allowed to step outside the room in which she gave
birth. Literally, entering the kitchen.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">chawani (P)</td>
<td>Mixture of gur (jaggery) and ajwain, given to women
immediately after childbirth.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">chhota operation (H)</td>
<td>Episiotomy. The surgical procedure to enlarge the birth
canal. Literally, small operation.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">chhuhara (H)</td>
<td>Dried dates.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">chudail (H)</td>
<td>The ghost of a woman who dies while pregnant, in labour or
postpartum. She has her hands and feet on backwards and comes back,
searching for her child.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">chunni (H)</td>
<td>A piece of fine cloth, used to cover the chest, shoulders
and head and conceal the face if necessary.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">dana chawal (H)</td>
<td>Fodder.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">dangar (P)</td>
<td>Animals, cattle.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Dharti Maa tu hamara yeh sab gandh sambhal
lay(H)</td>
<td>Earth Mother, please absorb the dirt we have generated
(refers to the placenta, blood, etc. which is buried in the earth
after labour)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">fudi (P)</td>
<td>Passage through which the baby comes out</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">Ganga Jal (H)</td>
<td>Ganges water</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">garmaish (H)</td>
<td>Providing heat, or heat inducing foods, to a woman in
labour.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">hava na lage (H)</td>
<td>Let the person (mother or baby) not be exposed to wind.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">heeng (H)</td>
<td>Asafoetida</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">kacha dard (H)</td>
<td>The early labour pains. Literally, soft or uncooked/raw
pains.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">kala chana (H)</td>
<td>Black gram</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="LBL">karha (H)</td>
<td>Concentrated herb syrup.</td>