VarHandle.java

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 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
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package java.lang.invoke;

import java.lang.constant.ClassDesc;
import java.lang.constant.Constable;
import java.lang.constant.ConstantDesc;
import java.lang.constant.ConstantDescs;
import java.lang.constant.DirectMethodHandleDesc;
import java.lang.constant.DynamicConstantDesc;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.Optional;

import jdk.internal.vm.annotation.DontInline;
import jdk.internal.vm.annotation.ForceInline;
import jdk.internal.vm.annotation.IntrinsicCandidate;
import jdk.internal.vm.annotation.Stable;

import static java.lang.invoke.MethodHandleStatics.UNSAFE;

/**
 * A VarHandle is a dynamically strongly typed reference to a variable, or to a
 * parametrically-defined family of variables, including static fields,
 * non-static fields, array elements, or components of an off-heap data
 * structure.  Access to such variables is supported under various
 * <em>access modes</em>, including plain read/write access, volatile
 * read/write access, and compare-and-set.
 *
 * <p>VarHandles are immutable and have no visible state.  VarHandles cannot be
 * subclassed by the user.
 *
 * <p>A VarHandle has:
 * <ul>
 * <li>a {@link #varType variable type} T, the type of every variable referenced
 * by this VarHandle; and
 * <li>a list of {@link #coordinateTypes coordinate types}
 * {@code CT1, CT2, ..., CTn}, the types of <em>coordinate expressions</em> that
 * jointly locate a variable referenced by this VarHandle.
 * </ul>
 * Variable and coordinate types may be primitive or reference, and are
 * represented by {@code Class} objects.  The list of coordinate types may be
 * empty.
 *
 * <p>Factory methods that produce or {@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup
 * lookup} VarHandle instances document the supported variable type and the list
 * of coordinate types.
 *
 * <p>Each access mode is associated with one <em>access mode method</em>, a
 * <a href="MethodHandle.html#sigpoly">signature polymorphic</a> method named
 * for the access mode.  When an access mode method is invoked on a VarHandle
 * instance, the initial arguments to the invocation are coordinate expressions
 * that indicate in precisely which object the variable is to be accessed.
 * Trailing arguments to the invocation represent values of importance to the
 * access mode.  For example, the various compare-and-set or compare-and-exchange
 * access modes require two trailing arguments for the variable's expected value
 * and new value.
 *
 * <p>The arity and types of arguments to the invocation of an access mode
 * method are not checked statically.  Instead, each access mode method
 * specifies an {@link #accessModeType(AccessMode) access mode type},
 * represented as an instance of {@link MethodType}, that serves as a kind of
 * method signature against which the arguments are checked dynamically.  An
 * access mode type gives formal parameter types in terms of the coordinate
 * types of a VarHandle instance and the types for values of importance to the
 * access mode.  An access mode type also gives a return type, often in terms of
 * the variable type of a VarHandle instance.  When an access mode method is
 * invoked on a VarHandle instance, the symbolic type descriptor at the
 * call site, the run time types of arguments to the invocation, and the run
 * time type of the return value, must <a href="#invoke">match</a> the types
 * given in the access mode type.  A runtime exception will be thrown if the
 * match fails.
 *
 * For example, the access mode method {@link #compareAndSet} specifies that if
 * its receiver is a VarHandle instance with coordinate types
 * {@code CT1, ..., CTn} and variable type {@code T}, then its access mode type
 * is {@code (CT1 c1, ..., CTn cn, T expectedValue, T newValue)boolean}.
 * Suppose that a VarHandle instance can access array elements, and that its
 * coordinate types are {@code String[]} and {@code int} while its variable type
 * is {@code String}.  The access mode type for {@code compareAndSet} on this
 * VarHandle instance would be
 * {@code (String[] c1, int c2, String expectedValue, String newValue)boolean}.
 * Such a VarHandle instance may be produced by the
 * {@link MethodHandles#arrayElementVarHandle(Class) array factory method} and
 * access array elements as follows:
 * <pre> {@code
 * String[] sa = ...
 * VarHandle avh = MethodHandles.arrayElementVarHandle(String[].class);
 * boolean r = avh.compareAndSet(sa, 10, "expected", "new");
 * }</pre>
 *
 * <p>Access modes control atomicity and consistency properties.
 * <em>Plain</em> read ({@code get}) and write ({@code set})
 * accesses are guaranteed to be bitwise atomic only for references
 * and for primitive values of at most 32 bits, and impose no observable
 * ordering constraints with respect to threads other than the
 * executing thread. <em>Opaque</em> operations are bitwise atomic and
 * coherently ordered with respect to accesses to the same variable.
 * In addition to obeying Opaque properties, <em>Acquire</em> mode
 * reads and their subsequent accesses are ordered after matching
 * <em>Release</em> mode writes and their previous accesses.  In
 * addition to obeying Acquire and Release properties, all
 * <em>Volatile</em> operations are totally ordered with respect to
 * each other.
 *
 * <p>Access modes are grouped into the following categories:
 * <ul>
 * <li>read access modes that get the value of a variable under specified
 * memory ordering effects.
 * The set of corresponding access mode methods belonging to this group
 * consists of the methods
 * {@link #get get},
 * {@link #getVolatile getVolatile},
 * {@link #getAcquire getAcquire},
 * {@link #getOpaque getOpaque}.
 * <li>write access modes that set the value of a variable under specified
 * memory ordering effects.
 * The set of corresponding access mode methods belonging to this group
 * consists of the methods
 * {@link #set set},
 * {@link #setVolatile setVolatile},
 * {@link #setRelease setRelease},
 * {@link #setOpaque setOpaque}.
 * <li>atomic update access modes that, for example, atomically compare and set
 * the value of a variable under specified memory ordering effects.
 * The set of corresponding access mode methods belonging to this group
 * consists of the methods
 * {@link #compareAndSet compareAndSet},
 * {@link #weakCompareAndSetPlain weakCompareAndSetPlain},
 * {@link #weakCompareAndSet weakCompareAndSet},
 * {@link #weakCompareAndSetAcquire weakCompareAndSetAcquire},
 * {@link #weakCompareAndSetRelease weakCompareAndSetRelease},
 * {@link #compareAndExchangeAcquire compareAndExchangeAcquire},
 * {@link #compareAndExchange compareAndExchange},
 * {@link #compareAndExchangeRelease compareAndExchangeRelease},
 * {@link #getAndSet getAndSet},
 * {@link #getAndSetAcquire getAndSetAcquire},
 * {@link #getAndSetRelease getAndSetRelease}.
 * <li>numeric atomic update access modes that, for example, atomically get and
 * set with addition the value of a variable under specified memory ordering
 * effects.
 * The set of corresponding access mode methods belonging to this group
 * consists of the methods
 * {@link #getAndAdd getAndAdd},
 * {@link #getAndAddAcquire getAndAddAcquire},
 * {@link #getAndAddRelease getAndAddRelease},
 * <li>bitwise atomic update access modes that, for example, atomically get and
 * bitwise OR the value of a variable under specified memory ordering
 * effects.
 * The set of corresponding access mode methods belonging to this group
 * consists of the methods
 * {@link #getAndBitwiseOr getAndBitwiseOr},
 * {@link #getAndBitwiseOrAcquire getAndBitwiseOrAcquire},
 * {@link #getAndBitwiseOrRelease getAndBitwiseOrRelease},
 * {@link #getAndBitwiseAnd getAndBitwiseAnd},
 * {@link #getAndBitwiseAndAcquire getAndBitwiseAndAcquire},
 * {@link #getAndBitwiseAndRelease getAndBitwiseAndRelease},
 * {@link #getAndBitwiseXor getAndBitwiseXor},
 * {@link #getAndBitwiseXorAcquire getAndBitwiseXorAcquire},
 * {@link #getAndBitwiseXorRelease getAndBitwiseXorRelease}.
 * </ul>
 *
 * <p>Factory methods that produce or {@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup
 * lookup} VarHandle instances document the set of access modes that are
 * supported, which may also include documenting restrictions based on the
 * variable type and whether a variable is read-only.  If an access mode is not
 * supported then the corresponding access mode method will on invocation throw
 * an {@code UnsupportedOperationException}.  Factory methods should document
 * any additional undeclared exceptions that may be thrown by access mode
 * methods.
 * The {@link #get get} access mode is supported for all
 * VarHandle instances and the corresponding method never throws
 * {@code UnsupportedOperationException}.
 * If a VarHandle references a read-only variable (for example a {@code final}
 * field) then write, atomic update, numeric atomic update, and bitwise atomic
 * update access modes are not supported and corresponding methods throw
 * {@code UnsupportedOperationException}.
 * Read/write access modes (if supported), with the exception of
 * {@code get} and {@code set}, provide atomic access for
 * reference types and all primitive types.
 * Unless stated otherwise in the documentation of a factory method, the access
 * modes {@code get} and {@code set} (if supported) provide atomic access for
 * reference types and all primitives types, with the exception of {@code long}
 * and {@code double} on 32-bit platforms.
 *
 * <p>Access modes will override any memory ordering effects specified at
 * the declaration site of a variable.  For example, a VarHandle accessing
 * a field using the {@code get} access mode will access the field as
 * specified <em>by its access mode</em> even if that field is declared
 * {@code volatile}.  When mixed access is performed extreme care should be
 * taken since the Java Memory Model may permit surprising results.
 *
 * <p>In addition to supporting access to variables under various access modes,
 * a set of static methods, referred to as memory fence methods, is also
 * provided for fine-grained control of memory ordering.
 *
 * The Java Language Specification permits other threads to observe operations
 * as if they were executed in orders different than are apparent in program
 * source code, subject to constraints arising, for example, from the use of
 * locks, {@code volatile} fields or VarHandles.  The static methods,
 * {@link #fullFence fullFence}, {@link #acquireFence acquireFence},
 * {@link #releaseFence releaseFence}, {@link #loadLoadFence loadLoadFence} and
 * {@link #storeStoreFence storeStoreFence}, can also be used to impose
 * constraints.  Their specifications, as is the case for certain access modes,
 * are phrased in terms of the lack of "reorderings" -- observable ordering
 * effects that might otherwise occur if the fence was not present.  More
 * precise phrasing of the specification of access mode methods and memory fence
 * methods may accompany future updates of the Java Language Specification.
 *
 * <h2>Compiling invocation of access mode methods</h2>
 * A Java method call expression naming an access mode method can invoke a
 * VarHandle from Java source code.  From the viewpoint of source code, these
 * methods can take any arguments and their polymorphic result (if expressed)
 * can be cast to any return type.  Formally this is accomplished by giving the
 * access mode methods variable arity {@code Object} arguments and
 * {@code Object} return types (if the return type is polymorphic), but they
 * have an additional quality called <em>signature polymorphism</em> which
 * connects this freedom of invocation directly to the JVM execution stack.
 * <p>
 * As is usual with virtual methods, source-level calls to access mode methods
 * compile to an {@code invokevirtual} instruction.  More unusually, the
 * compiler must record the actual argument types, and may not perform method
 * invocation conversions on the arguments.  Instead, it must generate
 * instructions to push them on the stack according to their own unconverted
 * types.  The VarHandle object itself will be pushed on the stack before the
 * arguments.  The compiler then generates an {@code invokevirtual} instruction
 * that invokes the access mode method with a symbolic type descriptor which
 * describes the argument and return types.
 * <p>
 * To issue a complete symbolic type descriptor, the compiler must also
 * determine the return type (if polymorphic).  This is based on a cast on the
 * method invocation expression, if there is one, or else {@code Object} if the
 * invocation is an expression, or else {@code void} if the invocation is a
 * statement.  The cast may be to a primitive type (but not {@code void}).
 * <p>
 * As a corner case, an uncasted {@code null} argument is given a symbolic type
 * descriptor of {@code java.lang.Void}.  The ambiguity with the type
 * {@code Void} is harmless, since there are no references of type {@code Void}
 * except the null reference.
 *
 *
 * <h2><a id="invoke">Performing invocation of access mode methods</a></h2>
 * The first time an {@code invokevirtual} instruction is executed it is linked
 * by symbolically resolving the names in the instruction and verifying that
 * the method call is statically legal.  This also holds for calls to access mode
 * methods.  In this case, the symbolic type descriptor emitted by the compiler
 * is checked for correct syntax, and names it contains are resolved.  Thus, an
 * {@code invokevirtual} instruction which invokes an access mode method will
 * always link, as long as the symbolic type descriptor is syntactically
 * well-formed and the types exist.
 * <p>
 * When the {@code invokevirtual} is executed after linking, the receiving
 * VarHandle's access mode type is first checked by the JVM to ensure that it
 * matches the symbolic type descriptor.  If the type
 * match fails, it means that the access mode method which the caller is
 * invoking is not present on the individual VarHandle being invoked.
 *
 * <p id="invoke-behavior">
 * Invocation of an access mode method behaves, by default, as if an invocation of
 * {@link MethodHandle#invoke}, where the receiving method handle accepts the
 * VarHandle instance as the leading argument.  More specifically, the
 * following, where {@code {access-mode}} corresponds to the access mode method
 * name:
 * <pre> {@code
 * VarHandle vh = ..
 * R r = (R) vh.{access-mode}(p1, p2, ..., pN);
 * }</pre>
 * behaves as if:
 * <pre> {@code
 * VarHandle vh = ..
 * VarHandle.AccessMode am = VarHandle.AccessMode.valueFromMethodName("{access-mode}");
 * MethodHandle mh = MethodHandles.varHandleExactInvoker(
 *                       am,
 *                       vh.accessModeType(am));
 *
 * R r = (R) mh.invoke(vh, p1, p2, ..., pN)
 * }</pre>
 * (modulo access mode methods do not declare throwing of {@code Throwable}).
 * This is equivalent to:
 * <pre> {@code
 * MethodHandle mh = MethodHandles.lookup().findVirtual(
 *                       VarHandle.class,
 *                       "{access-mode}",
 *                       MethodType.methodType(R, p1, p2, ..., pN));
 *
 * R r = (R) mh.invokeExact(vh, p1, p2, ..., pN)
 * }</pre>
 * where the desired method type is the symbolic type descriptor and a
 * {@link MethodHandle#invokeExact} is performed, since before invocation of the
 * target, the handle will apply reference casts as necessary and box, unbox, or
 * widen primitive values, as if by {@link MethodHandle#asType asType} (see also
 * {@link MethodHandles#varHandleInvoker}).
 *
 * More concisely, such behavior is equivalent to:
 * <pre> {@code
 * VarHandle vh = ..
 * VarHandle.AccessMode am = VarHandle.AccessMode.valueFromMethodName("{access-mode}");
 * MethodHandle mh = vh.toMethodHandle(am);
 *
 * R r = (R) mh.invoke(p1, p2, ..., pN)
 * }</pre>
 * Where, in this case, the method handle is bound to the VarHandle instance.
 *
 * <p id="invoke-exact-behavior">
 * A VarHandle's invocation behavior can be adjusted (see {@link #withInvokeExactBehavior}) such that invocation of
 * an access mode method behaves as if invocation of {@link MethodHandle#invokeExact},
 * where the receiving method handle accepts the VarHandle instance as the leading argument.
 * More specifically, the following, where {@code {access-mode}} corresponds to the access mode method
 * name:
 * <pre> {@code
 * VarHandle vh = ..
 * R r = (R) vh.{access-mode}(p1, p2, ..., pN);
 * }</pre>
 * behaves as if:
 * <pre> {@code
 * VarHandle vh = ..
 * VarHandle.AccessMode am = VarHandle.AccessMode.valueFromMethodName("{access-mode}");
 * MethodHandle mh = MethodHandles.varHandleExactInvoker(
 *                       am,
 *                       vh.accessModeType(am));
 *
 * R r = (R) mh.invokeExact(vh, p1, p2, ..., pN)
 * }</pre>
 * (modulo access mode methods do not declare throwing of {@code Throwable}).
 *
 * More concisely, such behavior is equivalent to:
 * <pre> {@code
 * VarHandle vh = ..
 * VarHandle.AccessMode am = VarHandle.AccessMode.valueFromMethodName("{access-mode}");
 * MethodHandle mh = vh.toMethodHandle(am);
 *
 * R r = (R) mh.invokeExact(p1, p2, ..., pN)
 * }</pre>
 * Where, in this case, the method handle is bound to the VarHandle instance.
 *
 * <h2>Invocation checking</h2>
 * In typical programs, VarHandle access mode type matching will usually
 * succeed.  But if a match fails, the JVM will throw a
 * {@link WrongMethodTypeException}.
 * <p>
 * Thus, an access mode type mismatch which might show up as a linkage error
 * in a statically typed program can show up as a dynamic
 * {@code WrongMethodTypeException} in a program which uses VarHandles.
 * <p>
 * Because access mode types contain "live" {@code Class} objects, method type
 * matching takes into account both type names and class loaders.
 * Thus, even if a VarHandle {@code VH} is created in one class loader
 * {@code L1} and used in another {@code L2}, VarHandle access mode method
 * calls are type-safe, because the caller's symbolic type descriptor, as
 * resolved in {@code L2}, is matched against the original callee method's
 * symbolic type descriptor, as resolved in {@code L1}.  The resolution in
 * {@code L1} happens when {@code VH} is created and its access mode types are
 * assigned, while the resolution in {@code L2} happens when the
 * {@code invokevirtual} instruction is linked.
 * <p>
 * Apart from type descriptor checks, a VarHandles's capability to
 * access its variables is unrestricted.
 * If a VarHandle is formed on a non-public variable by a class that has access
 * to that variable, the resulting VarHandle can be used in any place by any
 * caller who receives a reference to it.
 * <p>
 * Unlike with the Core Reflection API, where access is checked every time a
 * reflective method is invoked, VarHandle access checking is performed
 * <a href="MethodHandles.Lookup.html#access">when the VarHandle is
 * created</a>.
 * Thus, VarHandles to non-public variables, or to variables in non-public
 * classes, should generally be kept secret.  They should not be passed to
 * untrusted code unless their use from the untrusted code would be harmless.
 *
 *
 * <h2>VarHandle creation</h2>
 * Java code can create a VarHandle that directly accesses any field that is
 * accessible to that code.  This is done via a reflective, capability-based
 * API called {@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup
 * MethodHandles.Lookup}.
 * For example, a VarHandle for a non-static field can be obtained
 * from {@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup#findVarHandle
 * Lookup.findVarHandle}.
 * There is also a conversion method from Core Reflection API objects,
 * {@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup#unreflectVarHandle
 * Lookup.unreflectVarHandle}.
 * <p>
 * Access to protected field members is restricted to receivers only of the
 * accessing class, or one of its subclasses, and the accessing class must in
 * turn be a subclass (or package sibling) of the protected member's defining
 * class.  If a VarHandle refers to a protected non-static field of a declaring
 * class outside the current package, the receiver argument will be narrowed to
 * the type of the accessing class.
 *
 * <h2>Interoperation between VarHandles and the Core Reflection API</h2>
 * Using factory methods in the {@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup
 * Lookup} API, any field represented by a Core Reflection API object
 * can be converted to a behaviorally equivalent VarHandle.
 * For example, a reflective {@link java.lang.reflect.Field Field} can
 * be converted to a VarHandle using
 * {@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup#unreflectVarHandle
 * Lookup.unreflectVarHandle}.
 * The resulting VarHandles generally provide more direct and efficient
 * access to the underlying fields.
 * <p>
 * As a special case, when the Core Reflection API is used to view the
 * signature polymorphic access mode methods in this class, they appear as
 * ordinary non-polymorphic methods.  Their reflective appearance, as viewed by
 * {@link java.lang.Class#getDeclaredMethod Class.getDeclaredMethod},
 * is unaffected by their special status in this API.
 * For example, {@link java.lang.reflect.Method#getModifiers
 * Method.getModifiers}
 * will report exactly those modifier bits required for any similarly
 * declared method, including in this case {@code native} and {@code varargs}
 * bits.
 * <p>
 * As with any reflected method, these methods (when reflected) may be invoked
 * directly via {@link java.lang.reflect.Method#invoke java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke},
 * via JNI, or indirectly via
 * {@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup#unreflect Lookup.unreflect}.
 * However, such reflective calls do not result in access mode method
 * invocations.  Such a call, if passed the required argument (a single one, of
 * type {@code Object[]}), will ignore the argument and will throw an
 * {@code UnsupportedOperationException}.
 * <p>
 * Since {@code invokevirtual} instructions can natively invoke VarHandle
 * access mode methods under any symbolic type descriptor, this reflective view
 * conflicts with the normal presentation of these methods via bytecodes.
 * Thus, these native methods, when reflectively viewed by
 * {@code Class.getDeclaredMethod}, may be regarded as placeholders only.
 * <p>
 * In order to obtain an invoker method for a particular access mode type,
 * use {@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles#varHandleExactInvoker} or
 * {@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles#varHandleInvoker}.  The
 * {@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup#findVirtual Lookup.findVirtual}
 * API is also able to return a method handle to call an access mode method for
 * any specified access mode type and is equivalent in behavior to
 * {@link java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles#varHandleInvoker}.
 *
 * <h2>Interoperation between VarHandles and Java generics</h2>
 * A VarHandle can be obtained for a variable, such as a field, which is
 * declared with Java generic types.  As with the Core Reflection API, the
 * VarHandle's variable type will be constructed from the erasure of the
 * source-level type.  When a VarHandle access mode method is invoked, the
 * types
 * of its arguments or the return value cast type may be generic types or type
 * instances.  If this occurs, the compiler will replace those types by their
 * erasures when it constructs the symbolic type descriptor for the
 * {@code invokevirtual} instruction.
 *
 * @see MethodHandle
 * @see MethodHandles
 * @see MethodType
 * @since 9
 */
public abstract sealed class VarHandle implements Constable
     permits IndirectVarHandle, LazyInitializingVarHandle, SegmentVarHandle,
             VarHandleByteArrayAsChars.ByteArrayViewVarHandle,
             VarHandleByteArrayAsDoubles.ByteArrayViewVarHandle,
             VarHandleByteArrayAsFloats.ByteArrayViewVarHandle,
             VarHandleByteArrayAsInts.ByteArrayViewVarHandle,
             VarHandleByteArrayAsLongs.ByteArrayViewVarHandle,
             VarHandleByteArrayAsShorts.ByteArrayViewVarHandle,
             VarHandleBooleans.Array,
             VarHandleBooleans.FieldInstanceReadOnly,
             VarHandleBooleans.FieldStaticReadOnly,
             VarHandleBytes.Array,
             VarHandleBytes.FieldInstanceReadOnly,
             VarHandleBytes.FieldStaticReadOnly,
             VarHandleChars.Array,
             VarHandleChars.FieldInstanceReadOnly,
             VarHandleChars.FieldStaticReadOnly,
             VarHandleDoubles.Array,
             VarHandleDoubles.FieldInstanceReadOnly,
             VarHandleDoubles.FieldStaticReadOnly,
             VarHandleFloats.Array,
             VarHandleFloats.FieldInstanceReadOnly,
             VarHandleFloats.FieldStaticReadOnly,
             VarHandleInts.Array,
             VarHandleInts.FieldInstanceReadOnly,
             VarHandleInts.FieldStaticReadOnly,
             VarHandleLongs.Array,
             VarHandleLongs.FieldInstanceReadOnly,
             VarHandleLongs.FieldStaticReadOnly,
             VarHandleReferences.Array,
             VarHandleReferences.FieldInstanceReadOnly,
             VarHandleReferences.FieldStaticReadOnly,
             VarHandleShorts.Array,
             VarHandleShorts.FieldInstanceReadOnly,
             VarHandleShorts.FieldStaticReadOnly,
             VarHandleFlatValues.FieldInstanceReadOnly,
             VarHandleNonAtomicReferences.Array,
             VarHandleNonAtomicReferences.FieldInstanceReadOnly,
             VarHandleNonAtomicReferences.FieldStaticReadOnly,
             VarHandleNonAtomicFlatValues.FieldInstanceReadOnly {
    final VarForm vform;
    final boolean exact;

    VarHandle(VarForm vform) {
        this(vform, false);
    }

    VarHandle(VarForm vform, boolean exact) {
        this.vform = vform;
        this.exact = exact;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the target VarHandle.   Subclasses may override this method to implement
     * additional logic for example lazily initializing the declaring class of a static field var handle.
     */
    @ForceInline
    VarHandle target() {
        return asDirect();
    }

    /**
     * Returns the direct target VarHandle.   Indirect VarHandle subclasses should implement
     * this method.
     *
     * @see #getMethodHandle(int)
     * @see #checkAccessModeThenIsDirect(AccessDescriptor)
     */
    @ForceInline
    VarHandle asDirect() {
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Returns {@code true} if this VarHandle has <a href="#invoke-exact-behavior"><em>invoke-exact behavior</em></a>.
     *
     * @see #withInvokeExactBehavior()
     * @see #withInvokeBehavior()
     * @return {@code true} if this VarHandle has <a href="#invoke-exact-behavior"><em>invoke-exact behavior</em></a>.
     * @since 16
     */
    public boolean hasInvokeExactBehavior() {
        return exact;
    }

    // Plain accessors

    /**
     * Returns the value of a variable, with memory semantics of reading as
     * if the variable was declared non-{@code volatile}.  Commonly referred to
     * as plain read access.
     *
     * <p>The method signature is of the form {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn)T}.
     *
     * <p>The symbolic type descriptor at the call site of {@code get}
     * must match the access mode type that is the result of calling
     * {@code accessModeType(VarHandle.AccessMode.GET)} on this VarHandle.
     *
     * <p>This access mode is supported by all VarHandle instances and never
     * throws {@code UnsupportedOperationException}.
     *
     * @param args the signature-polymorphic parameter list of the form
     * {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn)}
     * , statically represented using varargs.
     * @return the signature-polymorphic result that is the value of the
     * variable
     * , statically represented using {@code Object}.
     * @throws WrongMethodTypeException if the access mode type does not
     * match the caller's symbolic type descriptor.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the access mode type matches the caller's
     * symbolic type descriptor, but a reference cast fails.
     */
    public final native
    @MethodHandle.PolymorphicSignature
    @IntrinsicCandidate
    Object get(Object... args);

    /**
     * Sets the value of a variable to the {@code newValue}, with memory
     * semantics of setting as if the variable was declared non-{@code volatile}
     * and non-{@code final}.  Commonly referred to as plain write access.
     *
     * <p>The method signature is of the form {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T newValue)void}
     *
     * <p>The symbolic type descriptor at the call site of {@code set}
     * must match the access mode type that is the result of calling
     * {@code accessModeType(VarHandle.AccessMode.SET)} on this VarHandle.
     *
     * @param args the signature-polymorphic parameter list of the form
     * {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T newValue)}
     * , statically represented using varargs.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the access mode is unsupported
     * for this VarHandle.
     * @throws WrongMethodTypeException if the access mode type does not
     * match the caller's symbolic type descriptor.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the access mode type matches the caller's
     * symbolic type descriptor, but a reference cast fails.
     */
    public final native
    @MethodHandle.PolymorphicSignature
    @IntrinsicCandidate
    void set(Object... args);


    // Volatile accessors

    /**
     * Returns the value of a variable, with memory semantics of reading as if
     * the variable was declared {@code volatile}.
     *
     * <p>The method signature is of the form {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn)T}.
     *
     * <p>The symbolic type descriptor at the call site of {@code getVolatile}
     * must match the access mode type that is the result of calling
     * {@code accessModeType(VarHandle.AccessMode.GET_VOLATILE)} on this
     * VarHandle.
     *
     * @param args the signature-polymorphic parameter list of the form
     * {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn)}
     * , statically represented using varargs.
     * @return the signature-polymorphic result that is the value of the
     * variable
     * , statically represented using {@code Object}.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the access mode is unsupported
     * for this VarHandle.
     * @throws WrongMethodTypeException if the access mode type does not
     * match the caller's symbolic type descriptor.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the access mode type matches the caller's
     * symbolic type descriptor, but a reference cast fails.
     */
    public final native
    @MethodHandle.PolymorphicSignature
    @IntrinsicCandidate
    Object getVolatile(Object... args);

    /**
     * Sets the value of a variable to the {@code newValue}, with memory
     * semantics of setting as if the variable was declared {@code volatile}.
     *
     * <p>The method signature is of the form {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T newValue)void}.
     *
     * <p>The symbolic type descriptor at the call site of {@code setVolatile}
     * must match the access mode type that is the result of calling
     * {@code accessModeType(VarHandle.AccessMode.SET_VOLATILE)} on this
     * VarHandle.
     *
     * @apiNote
     * Ignoring the many semantic differences from C and C++, this method has
     * memory ordering effects compatible with {@code memory_order_seq_cst}.
     *
     * @param args the signature-polymorphic parameter list of the form
     * {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T newValue)}
     * , statically represented using varargs.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the access mode is unsupported
     * for this VarHandle.
     * @throws WrongMethodTypeException if the access mode type does not
     * match the caller's symbolic type descriptor.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the access mode type matches the caller's
     * symbolic type descriptor, but a reference cast fails.
     */
    public final native
    @MethodHandle.PolymorphicSignature
    @IntrinsicCandidate
    void setVolatile(Object... args);


    /**
     * Returns the value of a variable, accessed in program order, but with no
     * assurance of memory ordering effects with respect to other threads.
     *
     * <p>The method signature is of the form {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn)T}.
     *
     * <p>The symbolic type descriptor at the call site of {@code getOpaque}
     * must match the access mode type that is the result of calling
     * {@code accessModeType(VarHandle.AccessMode.GET_OPAQUE)} on this
     * VarHandle.
     *
     * @param args the signature-polymorphic parameter list of the form
     * {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn)}
     * , statically represented using varargs.
     * @return the signature-polymorphic result that is the value of the
     * variable
     * , statically represented using {@code Object}.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the access mode is unsupported
     * for this VarHandle.
     * @throws WrongMethodTypeException if the access mode type does not
     * match the caller's symbolic type descriptor.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the access mode type matches the caller's
     * symbolic type descriptor, but a reference cast fails.
     */
    public final native
    @MethodHandle.PolymorphicSignature
    @IntrinsicCandidate
    Object getOpaque(Object... args);

    /**
     * Sets the value of a variable to the {@code newValue}, in program order,
     * but with no assurance of memory ordering effects with respect to other
     * threads.
     *
     * <p>The method signature is of the form {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T newValue)void}.
     *
     * <p>The symbolic type descriptor at the call site of {@code setOpaque}
     * must match the access mode type that is the result of calling
     * {@code accessModeType(VarHandle.AccessMode.SET_OPAQUE)} on this
     * VarHandle.
     *
     * @param args the signature-polymorphic parameter list of the form
     * {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T newValue)}
     * , statically represented using varargs.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the access mode is unsupported
     * for this VarHandle.
     * @throws WrongMethodTypeException if the access mode type does not
     * match the caller's symbolic type descriptor.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the access mode type matches the caller's
     * symbolic type descriptor, but a reference cast fails.
     */
    public final native
    @MethodHandle.PolymorphicSignature
    @IntrinsicCandidate
    void setOpaque(Object... args);


    // Lazy accessors

    /**
     * Returns the value of a variable, and ensures that subsequent loads and
     * stores are not reordered before this access.
     *
     * <p>The method signature is of the form {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn)T}.
     *
     * <p>The symbolic type descriptor at the call site of {@code getAcquire}
     * must match the access mode type that is the result of calling
     * {@code accessModeType(VarHandle.AccessMode.GET_ACQUIRE)} on this
     * VarHandle.
     *
     * @apiNote
     * Ignoring the many semantic differences from C and C++, this method has
     * memory ordering effects compatible with {@code memory_order_acquire}
     * ordering.
     *
     * @param args the signature-polymorphic parameter list of the form
     * {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn)}
     * , statically represented using varargs.
     * @return the signature-polymorphic result that is the value of the
     * variable
     * , statically represented using {@code Object}.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the access mode is unsupported
     * for this VarHandle.
     * @throws WrongMethodTypeException if the access mode type does not
     * match the caller's symbolic type descriptor.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the access mode type matches the caller's
     * symbolic type descriptor, but a reference cast fails.
     */
    public final native
    @MethodHandle.PolymorphicSignature
    @IntrinsicCandidate
    Object getAcquire(Object... args);

    /**
     * Sets the value of a variable to the {@code newValue}, and ensures that
     * prior loads and stores are not reordered after this access.
     *
     * <p>The method signature is of the form {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T newValue)void}.
     *
     * <p>The symbolic type descriptor at the call site of {@code setRelease}
     * must match the access mode type that is the result of calling
     * {@code accessModeType(VarHandle.AccessMode.SET_RELEASE)} on this
     * VarHandle.
     *
     * @apiNote
     * Ignoring the many semantic differences from C and C++, this method has
     * memory ordering effects compatible with {@code memory_order_release}
     * ordering.
     *
     * @param args the signature-polymorphic parameter list of the form
     * {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T newValue)}
     * , statically represented using varargs.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the access mode is unsupported
     * for this VarHandle.
     * @throws WrongMethodTypeException if the access mode type does not
     * match the caller's symbolic type descriptor.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the access mode type matches the caller's
     * symbolic type descriptor, but a reference cast fails.
     */
    public final native
    @MethodHandle.PolymorphicSignature
    @IntrinsicCandidate
    void setRelease(Object... args);


    // Compare and set accessors

    /**
     * Atomically sets the value of a variable to the {@code newValue} with the
     * memory semantics of {@link #setVolatile} if the variable's current value,
     * referred to as the <em>witness value</em>, {@code ==} the
     * {@code expectedValue}, as accessed with the memory semantics of
     * {@link #getVolatile}.
     *
     * <p>The method signature is of the form {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T expectedValue, T newValue)boolean}.
     *
     * <p>The symbolic type descriptor at the call site of {@code
     * compareAndSet} must match the access mode type that is the result of
     * calling {@code accessModeType(VarHandle.AccessMode.COMPARE_AND_SET)} on
     * this VarHandle.
     *
     * @param args the signature-polymorphic parameter list of the form
     * {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T expectedValue, T newValue)}
     * , statically represented using varargs.
     * @return {@code true} if successful, otherwise {@code false} if the
     * <em>witness value</em> was not the same as the {@code expectedValue}.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the access mode is unsupported
     * for this VarHandle.
     * @throws WrongMethodTypeException if the access mode type does not
     * match the caller's symbolic type descriptor.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the access mode type matches the caller's
     * symbolic type descriptor, but a reference cast fails.
     * @see #setVolatile(Object...)
     * @see #getVolatile(Object...)
     */
    public final native
    @MethodHandle.PolymorphicSignature
    @IntrinsicCandidate
    boolean compareAndSet(Object... args);

    /**
     * Atomically sets the value of a variable to the {@code newValue} with the
     * memory semantics of {@link #setVolatile} if the variable's current value,
     * referred to as the <em>witness value</em>, {@code ==} the
     * {@code expectedValue}, as accessed with the memory semantics of
     * {@link #getVolatile}.
     *
     * <p>The method signature is of the form {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T expectedValue, T newValue)T}.
     *
     * <p>The symbolic type descriptor at the call site of {@code
     * compareAndExchange}
     * must match the access mode type that is the result of calling
     * {@code accessModeType(VarHandle.AccessMode.COMPARE_AND_EXCHANGE)}
     * on this VarHandle.
     *
     * @param args the signature-polymorphic parameter list of the form
     * {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T expectedValue, T newValue)}
     * , statically represented using varargs.
     * @return the signature-polymorphic result that is the <em>witness value</em>, which
     * will be the same as the {@code expectedValue} if successful
     * , statically represented using {@code Object}.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the access mode is unsupported
     * for this VarHandle.
     * @throws WrongMethodTypeException if the access mode type is not
     * compatible with the caller's symbolic type descriptor.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the access mode type is compatible with the
     * caller's symbolic type descriptor, but a reference cast fails.
     * @see #setVolatile(Object...)
     * @see #getVolatile(Object...)
     */
    public final native
    @MethodHandle.PolymorphicSignature
    @IntrinsicCandidate
    Object compareAndExchange(Object... args);

    /**
     * Atomically sets the value of a variable to the {@code newValue} with the
     * memory semantics of {@link #set} if the variable's current value,
     * referred to as the <em>witness value</em>, {@code ==} the
     * {@code expectedValue}, as accessed with the memory semantics of
     * {@link #getAcquire}.
     *
     * <p>The method signature is of the form {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T expectedValue, T newValue)T}.
     *
     * <p>The symbolic type descriptor at the call site of {@code
     * compareAndExchangeAcquire}
     * must match the access mode type that is the result of calling
     * {@code accessModeType(VarHandle.AccessMode.COMPARE_AND_EXCHANGE_ACQUIRE)} on
     * this VarHandle.
     *
     * @param args the signature-polymorphic parameter list of the form
     * {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T expectedValue, T newValue)}
     * , statically represented using varargs.
     * @return the signature-polymorphic result that is the <em>witness value</em>, which
     * will be the same as the {@code expectedValue} if successful
     * , statically represented using {@code Object}.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the access mode is unsupported
     * for this VarHandle.
     * @throws WrongMethodTypeException if the access mode type does not
     * match the caller's symbolic type descriptor.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the access mode type matches the caller's
     * symbolic type descriptor, but a reference cast fails.
     * @see #set(Object...)
     * @see #getAcquire(Object...)
     */
    public final native
    @MethodHandle.PolymorphicSignature
    @IntrinsicCandidate
    Object compareAndExchangeAcquire(Object... args);

    /**
     * Atomically sets the value of a variable to the {@code newValue} with the
     * memory semantics of {@link #setRelease} if the variable's current value,
     * referred to as the <em>witness value</em>, {@code ==} the
     * {@code expectedValue}, as accessed with the memory semantics of
     * {@link #get}.
     *
     * <p>The method signature is of the form {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T expectedValue, T newValue)T}.
     *
     * <p>The symbolic type descriptor at the call site of {@code
     * compareAndExchangeRelease}
     * must match the access mode type that is the result of calling
     * {@code accessModeType(VarHandle.AccessMode.COMPARE_AND_EXCHANGE_RELEASE)}
     * on this VarHandle.
     *
     * @param args the signature-polymorphic parameter list of the form
     * {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T expectedValue, T newValue)}
     * , statically represented using varargs.
     * @return the signature-polymorphic result that is the <em>witness value</em>, which
     * will be the same as the {@code expectedValue} if successful
     * , statically represented using {@code Object}.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the access mode is unsupported
     * for this VarHandle.
     * @throws WrongMethodTypeException if the access mode type does not
     * match the caller's symbolic type descriptor.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the access mode type matches the caller's
     * symbolic type descriptor, but a reference cast fails.
     * @see #setRelease(Object...)
     * @see #get(Object...)
     */
    public final native
    @MethodHandle.PolymorphicSignature
    @IntrinsicCandidate
    Object compareAndExchangeRelease(Object... args);

    // Weak (spurious failures allowed)

    /**
     * Possibly atomically sets the value of a variable to the {@code newValue}
     * with the semantics of {@link #set} if the variable's current value,
     * referred to as the <em>witness value</em>, {@code ==} the
     * {@code expectedValue}, as accessed with the memory semantics of
     * {@link #get}.
     *
     * <p>This operation may fail spuriously (typically, due to memory
     * contention) even if the <em>witness value</em> does match the expected value.
     *
     * <p>The method signature is of the form {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T expectedValue, T newValue)boolean}.
     *
     * <p>The symbolic type descriptor at the call site of {@code
     * weakCompareAndSetPlain} must match the access mode type that is the result of
     * calling {@code accessModeType(VarHandle.AccessMode.WEAK_COMPARE_AND_SET_PLAIN)}
     * on this VarHandle.
     *
     * @param args the signature-polymorphic parameter list of the form
     * {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T expectedValue, T newValue)}
     * , statically represented using varargs.
     * @return {@code true} if successful, otherwise {@code false} if the
     * <em>witness value</em> was not the same as the {@code expectedValue} or if this
     * operation spuriously failed.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the access mode is unsupported
     * for this VarHandle.
     * @throws WrongMethodTypeException if the access mode type does not
     * match the caller's symbolic type descriptor.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the access mode type matches the caller's
     * symbolic type descriptor, but a reference cast fails.
     * @see #set(Object...)
     * @see #get(Object...)
     */
    public final native
    @MethodHandle.PolymorphicSignature
    @IntrinsicCandidate
    boolean weakCompareAndSetPlain(Object... args);

    /**
     * Possibly atomically sets the value of a variable to the {@code newValue}
     * with the memory semantics of {@link #setVolatile} if the variable's
     * current value, referred to as the <em>witness value</em>, {@code ==} the
     * {@code expectedValue}, as accessed with the memory semantics of
     * {@link #getVolatile}.
     *
     * <p>This operation may fail spuriously (typically, due to memory
     * contention) even if the <em>witness value</em> does match the expected value.
     *
     * <p>The method signature is of the form {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T expectedValue, T newValue)boolean}.
     *
     * <p>The symbolic type descriptor at the call site of {@code
     * weakCompareAndSet} must match the access mode type that is the
     * result of calling {@code accessModeType(VarHandle.AccessMode.WEAK_COMPARE_AND_SET)}
     * on this VarHandle.
     *
     * @param args the signature-polymorphic parameter list of the form
     * {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T expectedValue, T newValue)}
     * , statically represented using varargs.
     * @return {@code true} if successful, otherwise {@code false} if the
     * <em>witness value</em> was not the same as the {@code expectedValue} or if this
     * operation spuriously failed.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the access mode is unsupported
     * for this VarHandle.
     * @throws WrongMethodTypeException if the access mode type does not
     * match the caller's symbolic type descriptor.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the access mode type matches the caller's
     * symbolic type descriptor, but a reference cast fails.
     * @see #setVolatile(Object...)
     * @see #getVolatile(Object...)
     */
    public final native
    @MethodHandle.PolymorphicSignature
    @IntrinsicCandidate
    boolean weakCompareAndSet(Object... args);

    /**
     * Possibly atomically sets the value of a variable to the {@code newValue}
     * with the semantics of {@link #set} if the variable's current value,
     * referred to as the <em>witness value</em>, {@code ==} the
     * {@code expectedValue}, as accessed with the memory semantics of
     * {@link #getAcquire}.
     *
     * <p>This operation may fail spuriously (typically, due to memory
     * contention) even if the <em>witness value</em> does match the expected value.
     *
     * <p>The method signature is of the form {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T expectedValue, T newValue)boolean}.
     *
     * <p>The symbolic type descriptor at the call site of {@code
     * weakCompareAndSetAcquire}
     * must match the access mode type that is the result of calling
     * {@code accessModeType(VarHandle.AccessMode.WEAK_COMPARE_AND_SET_ACQUIRE)}
     * on this VarHandle.
     *
     * @param args the signature-polymorphic parameter list of the form
     * {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T expectedValue, T newValue)}
     * , statically represented using varargs.
     * @return {@code true} if successful, otherwise {@code false} if the
     * <em>witness value</em> was not the same as the {@code expectedValue} or if this
     * operation spuriously failed.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the access mode is unsupported
     * for this VarHandle.
     * @throws WrongMethodTypeException if the access mode type does not
     * match the caller's symbolic type descriptor.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the access mode type matches the caller's
     * symbolic type descriptor, but a reference cast fails.
     * @see #set(Object...)
     * @see #getAcquire(Object...)
     */
    public final native
    @MethodHandle.PolymorphicSignature
    @IntrinsicCandidate
    boolean weakCompareAndSetAcquire(Object... args);

    /**
     * Possibly atomically sets the value of a variable to the {@code newValue}
     * with the semantics of {@link #setRelease} if the variable's current
     * value, referred to as the <em>witness value</em>, {@code ==} the
     * {@code expectedValue}, as accessed with the memory semantics of
     * {@link #get}.
     *
     * <p>This operation may fail spuriously (typically, due to memory
     * contention) even if the <em>witness value</em> does match the expected value.
     *
     * <p>The method signature is of the form {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T expectedValue, T newValue)boolean}.
     *
     * <p>The symbolic type descriptor at the call site of {@code
     * weakCompareAndSetRelease}
     * must match the access mode type that is the result of calling
     * {@code accessModeType(VarHandle.AccessMode.WEAK_COMPARE_AND_SET_RELEASE)}
     * on this VarHandle.
     *
     * @param args the signature-polymorphic parameter list of the form
     * {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T expectedValue, T newValue)}
     * , statically represented using varargs.
     * @return {@code true} if successful, otherwise {@code false} if the
     * <em>witness value</em> was not the same as the {@code expectedValue} or if this
     * operation spuriously failed.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the access mode is unsupported
     * for this VarHandle.
     * @throws WrongMethodTypeException if the access mode type does not
     * match the caller's symbolic type descriptor.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the access mode type matches the caller's
     * symbolic type descriptor, but a reference cast fails.
     * @see #setRelease(Object...)
     * @see #get(Object...)
     */
    public final native
    @MethodHandle.PolymorphicSignature
    @IntrinsicCandidate
    boolean weakCompareAndSetRelease(Object... args);

    /**
     * Atomically sets the value of a variable to the {@code newValue} with the
     * memory semantics of {@link #setVolatile} and returns the variable's
     * previous value, as accessed with the memory semantics of
     * {@link #getVolatile}.
     *
     * <p>The method signature is of the form {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T newValue)T}.
     *
     * <p>The symbolic type descriptor at the call site of {@code getAndSet}
     * must match the access mode type that is the result of calling
     * {@code accessModeType(VarHandle.AccessMode.GET_AND_SET)} on this
     * VarHandle.
     *
     * @param args the signature-polymorphic parameter list of the form
     * {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T newValue)}
     * , statically represented using varargs.
     * @return the signature-polymorphic result that is the previous value of
     * the variable
     * , statically represented using {@code Object}.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the access mode is unsupported
     * for this VarHandle.
     * @throws WrongMethodTypeException if the access mode type does not
     * match the caller's symbolic type descriptor.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the access mode type matches the caller's
     * symbolic type descriptor, but a reference cast fails.
     * @see #setVolatile(Object...)
     * @see #getVolatile(Object...)
     */
    public final native
    @MethodHandle.PolymorphicSignature
    @IntrinsicCandidate
    Object getAndSet(Object... args);

    /**
     * Atomically sets the value of a variable to the {@code newValue} with the
     * memory semantics of {@link #set} and returns the variable's
     * previous value, as accessed with the memory semantics of
     * {@link #getAcquire}.
     *
     * <p>The method signature is of the form {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T newValue)T}.
     *
     * <p>The symbolic type descriptor at the call site of {@code getAndSetAcquire}
     * must match the access mode type that is the result of calling
     * {@code accessModeType(VarHandle.AccessMode.GET_AND_SET_ACQUIRE)} on this
     * VarHandle.
     *
     * @param args the signature-polymorphic parameter list of the form
     * {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T newValue)}
     * , statically represented using varargs.
     * @return the signature-polymorphic result that is the previous value of
     * the variable
     * , statically represented using {@code Object}.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the access mode is unsupported
     * for this VarHandle.
     * @throws WrongMethodTypeException if the access mode type does not
     * match the caller's symbolic type descriptor.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the access mode type matches the caller's
     * symbolic type descriptor, but a reference cast fails.
     * @see #setVolatile(Object...)
     * @see #getVolatile(Object...)
     */
    public final native
    @MethodHandle.PolymorphicSignature
    @IntrinsicCandidate
    Object getAndSetAcquire(Object... args);

    /**
     * Atomically sets the value of a variable to the {@code newValue} with the
     * memory semantics of {@link #setRelease} and returns the variable's
     * previous value, as accessed with the memory semantics of
     * {@link #get}.
     *
     * <p>The method signature is of the form {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T newValue)T}.
     *
     * <p>The symbolic type descriptor at the call site of {@code getAndSetRelease}
     * must match the access mode type that is the result of calling
     * {@code accessModeType(VarHandle.AccessMode.GET_AND_SET_RELEASE)} on this
     * VarHandle.
     *
     * @param args the signature-polymorphic parameter list of the form
     * {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T newValue)}
     * , statically represented using varargs.
     * @return the signature-polymorphic result that is the previous value of
     * the variable
     * , statically represented using {@code Object}.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the access mode is unsupported
     * for this VarHandle.
     * @throws WrongMethodTypeException if the access mode type does not
     * match the caller's symbolic type descriptor.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the access mode type matches the caller's
     * symbolic type descriptor, but a reference cast fails.
     * @see #setVolatile(Object...)
     * @see #getVolatile(Object...)
     */
    public final native
    @MethodHandle.PolymorphicSignature
    @IntrinsicCandidate
    Object getAndSetRelease(Object... args);

    // Primitive adders
    // Throw UnsupportedOperationException for refs

    /**
     * Atomically adds the {@code value} to the current value of a variable with
     * the memory semantics of {@link #setVolatile}, and returns the variable's
     * previous value, as accessed with the memory semantics of
     * {@link #getVolatile}.
     *
     * <p>The method signature is of the form {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T value)T}.
     *
     * <p>The symbolic type descriptor at the call site of {@code getAndAdd}
     * must match the access mode type that is the result of calling
     * {@code accessModeType(VarHandle.AccessMode.GET_AND_ADD)} on this
     * VarHandle.
     *
     * @param args the signature-polymorphic parameter list of the form
     * {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T value)}
     * , statically represented using varargs.
     * @return the signature-polymorphic result that is the previous value of
     * the variable
     * , statically represented using {@code Object}.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the access mode is unsupported
     * for this VarHandle.
     * @throws WrongMethodTypeException if the access mode type does not
     * match the caller's symbolic type descriptor.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the access mode type matches the caller's
     * symbolic type descriptor, but a reference cast fails.
     * @see #setVolatile(Object...)
     * @see #getVolatile(Object...)
     */
    public final native
    @MethodHandle.PolymorphicSignature
    @IntrinsicCandidate
    Object getAndAdd(Object... args);

    /**
     * Atomically adds the {@code value} to the current value of a variable with
     * the memory semantics of {@link #set}, and returns the variable's
     * previous value, as accessed with the memory semantics of
     * {@link #getAcquire}.
     *
     * <p>The method signature is of the form {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T value)T}.
     *
     * <p>The symbolic type descriptor at the call site of {@code getAndAddAcquire}
     * must match the access mode type that is the result of calling
     * {@code accessModeType(VarHandle.AccessMode.GET_AND_ADD_ACQUIRE)} on this
     * VarHandle.
     *
     * @param args the signature-polymorphic parameter list of the form
     * {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T value)}
     * , statically represented using varargs.
     * @return the signature-polymorphic result that is the previous value of
     * the variable
     * , statically represented using {@code Object}.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the access mode is unsupported
     * for this VarHandle.
     * @throws WrongMethodTypeException if the access mode type does not
     * match the caller's symbolic type descriptor.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the access mode type matches the caller's
     * symbolic type descriptor, but a reference cast fails.
     * @see #setVolatile(Object...)
     * @see #getVolatile(Object...)
     */
    public final native
    @MethodHandle.PolymorphicSignature
    @IntrinsicCandidate
    Object getAndAddAcquire(Object... args);

    /**
     * Atomically adds the {@code value} to the current value of a variable with
     * the memory semantics of {@link #setRelease}, and returns the variable's
     * previous value, as accessed with the memory semantics of
     * {@link #get}.
     *
     * <p>The method signature is of the form {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T value)T}.
     *
     * <p>The symbolic type descriptor at the call site of {@code getAndAddRelease}
     * must match the access mode type that is the result of calling
     * {@code accessModeType(VarHandle.AccessMode.GET_AND_ADD_RELEASE)} on this
     * VarHandle.
     *
     * @param args the signature-polymorphic parameter list of the form
     * {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T value)}
     * , statically represented using varargs.
     * @return the signature-polymorphic result that is the previous value of
     * the variable
     * , statically represented using {@code Object}.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the access mode is unsupported
     * for this VarHandle.
     * @throws WrongMethodTypeException if the access mode type does not
     * match the caller's symbolic type descriptor.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the access mode type matches the caller's
     * symbolic type descriptor, but a reference cast fails.
     * @see #setVolatile(Object...)
     * @see #getVolatile(Object...)
     */
    public final native
    @MethodHandle.PolymorphicSignature
    @IntrinsicCandidate
    Object getAndAddRelease(Object... args);


    // Bitwise operations
    // Throw UnsupportedOperationException for refs

    /**
     * Atomically sets the value of a variable to the result of
     * bitwise OR between the variable's current value and the {@code mask}
     * with the memory semantics of {@link #setVolatile} and returns the
     * variable's previous value, as accessed with the memory semantics of
     * {@link #getVolatile}.
     *
     * <p>If the variable type is the non-integral {@code boolean} type then a
     * logical OR is performed instead of a bitwise OR.
     *
     * <p>The method signature is of the form {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T mask)T}.
     *
     * <p>The symbolic type descriptor at the call site of {@code getAndBitwiseOr}
     * must match the access mode type that is the result of calling
     * {@code accessModeType(VarHandle.AccessMode.GET_AND_BITWISE_OR)} on this
     * VarHandle.
     *
     * @param args the signature-polymorphic parameter list of the form
     * {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T mask)}
     * , statically represented using varargs.
     * @return the signature-polymorphic result that is the previous value of
     * the variable
     * , statically represented using {@code Object}.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the access mode is unsupported
     * for this VarHandle.
     * @throws WrongMethodTypeException if the access mode type does not
     * match the caller's symbolic type descriptor.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the access mode type matches the caller's
     * symbolic type descriptor, but a reference cast fails.
     * @see #setVolatile(Object...)
     * @see #getVolatile(Object...)
     */
    public final native
    @MethodHandle.PolymorphicSignature
    @IntrinsicCandidate
    Object getAndBitwiseOr(Object... args);

    /**
     * Atomically sets the value of a variable to the result of
     * bitwise OR between the variable's current value and the {@code mask}
     * with the memory semantics of {@link #set} and returns the
     * variable's previous value, as accessed with the memory semantics of
     * {@link #getAcquire}.
     *
     * <p>If the variable type is the non-integral {@code boolean} type then a
     * logical OR is performed instead of a bitwise OR.
     *
     * <p>The method signature is of the form {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T mask)T}.
     *
     * <p>The symbolic type descriptor at the call site of {@code getAndBitwiseOrAcquire}
     * must match the access mode type that is the result of calling
     * {@code accessModeType(VarHandle.AccessMode.GET_AND_BITWISE_OR_ACQUIRE)} on this
     * VarHandle.
     *
     * @param args the signature-polymorphic parameter list of the form
     * {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T mask)}
     * , statically represented using varargs.
     * @return the signature-polymorphic result that is the previous value of
     * the variable
     * , statically represented using {@code Object}.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the access mode is unsupported
     * for this VarHandle.
     * @throws WrongMethodTypeException if the access mode type does not
     * match the caller's symbolic type descriptor.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the access mode type matches the caller's
     * symbolic type descriptor, but a reference cast fails.
     * @see #set(Object...)
     * @see #getAcquire(Object...)
     */
    public final native
    @MethodHandle.PolymorphicSignature
    @IntrinsicCandidate
    Object getAndBitwiseOrAcquire(Object... args);

    /**
     * Atomically sets the value of a variable to the result of
     * bitwise OR between the variable's current value and the {@code mask}
     * with the memory semantics of {@link #setRelease} and returns the
     * variable's previous value, as accessed with the memory semantics of
     * {@link #get}.
     *
     * <p>If the variable type is the non-integral {@code boolean} type then a
     * logical OR is performed instead of a bitwise OR.
     *
     * <p>The method signature is of the form {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T mask)T}.
     *
     * <p>The symbolic type descriptor at the call site of {@code getAndBitwiseOrRelease}
     * must match the access mode type that is the result of calling
     * {@code accessModeType(VarHandle.AccessMode.GET_AND_BITWISE_OR_RELEASE)} on this
     * VarHandle.
     *
     * @param args the signature-polymorphic parameter list of the form
     * {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T mask)}
     * , statically represented using varargs.
     * @return the signature-polymorphic result that is the previous value of
     * the variable
     * , statically represented using {@code Object}.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the access mode is unsupported
     * for this VarHandle.
     * @throws WrongMethodTypeException if the access mode type does not
     * match the caller's symbolic type descriptor.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the access mode type matches the caller's
     * symbolic type descriptor, but a reference cast fails.
     * @see #setRelease(Object...)
     * @see #get(Object...)
     */
    public final native
    @MethodHandle.PolymorphicSignature
    @IntrinsicCandidate
    Object getAndBitwiseOrRelease(Object... args);

    /**
     * Atomically sets the value of a variable to the result of
     * bitwise AND between the variable's current value and the {@code mask}
     * with the memory semantics of {@link #setVolatile} and returns the
     * variable's previous value, as accessed with the memory semantics of
     * {@link #getVolatile}.
     *
     * <p>If the variable type is the non-integral {@code boolean} type then a
     * logical AND is performed instead of a bitwise AND.
     *
     * <p>The method signature is of the form {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T mask)T}.
     *
     * <p>The symbolic type descriptor at the call site of {@code getAndBitwiseAnd}
     * must match the access mode type that is the result of calling
     * {@code accessModeType(VarHandle.AccessMode.GET_AND_BITWISE_AND)} on this
     * VarHandle.
     *
     * @param args the signature-polymorphic parameter list of the form
     * {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T mask)}
     * , statically represented using varargs.
     * @return the signature-polymorphic result that is the previous value of
     * the variable
     * , statically represented using {@code Object}.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the access mode is unsupported
     * for this VarHandle.
     * @throws WrongMethodTypeException if the access mode type does not
     * match the caller's symbolic type descriptor.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the access mode type matches the caller's
     * symbolic type descriptor, but a reference cast fails.
     * @see #setVolatile(Object...)
     * @see #getVolatile(Object...)
     */
    public final native
    @MethodHandle.PolymorphicSignature
    @IntrinsicCandidate
    Object getAndBitwiseAnd(Object... args);

    /**
     * Atomically sets the value of a variable to the result of
     * bitwise AND between the variable's current value and the {@code mask}
     * with the memory semantics of {@link #set} and returns the
     * variable's previous value, as accessed with the memory semantics of
     * {@link #getAcquire}.
     *
     * <p>If the variable type is the non-integral {@code boolean} type then a
     * logical AND is performed instead of a bitwise AND.
     *
     * <p>The method signature is of the form {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T mask)T}.
     *
     * <p>The symbolic type descriptor at the call site of {@code getAndBitwiseAndAcquire}
     * must match the access mode type that is the result of calling
     * {@code accessModeType(VarHandle.AccessMode.GET_AND_BITWISE_AND_ACQUIRE)} on this
     * VarHandle.
     *
     * @param args the signature-polymorphic parameter list of the form
     * {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T mask)}
     * , statically represented using varargs.
     * @return the signature-polymorphic result that is the previous value of
     * the variable
     * , statically represented using {@code Object}.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the access mode is unsupported
     * for this VarHandle.
     * @throws WrongMethodTypeException if the access mode type does not
     * match the caller's symbolic type descriptor.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the access mode type matches the caller's
     * symbolic type descriptor, but a reference cast fails.
     * @see #set(Object...)
     * @see #getAcquire(Object...)
     */
    public final native
    @MethodHandle.PolymorphicSignature
    @IntrinsicCandidate
    Object getAndBitwiseAndAcquire(Object... args);

    /**
     * Atomically sets the value of a variable to the result of
     * bitwise AND between the variable's current value and the {@code mask}
     * with the memory semantics of {@link #setRelease} and returns the
     * variable's previous value, as accessed with the memory semantics of
     * {@link #get}.
     *
     * <p>If the variable type is the non-integral {@code boolean} type then a
     * logical AND is performed instead of a bitwise AND.
     *
     * <p>The method signature is of the form {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T mask)T}.
     *
     * <p>The symbolic type descriptor at the call site of {@code getAndBitwiseAndRelease}
     * must match the access mode type that is the result of calling
     * {@code accessModeType(VarHandle.AccessMode.GET_AND_BITWISE_AND_RELEASE)} on this
     * VarHandle.
     *
     * @param args the signature-polymorphic parameter list of the form
     * {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T mask)}
     * , statically represented using varargs.
     * @return the signature-polymorphic result that is the previous value of
     * the variable
     * , statically represented using {@code Object}.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the access mode is unsupported
     * for this VarHandle.
     * @throws WrongMethodTypeException if the access mode type does not
     * match the caller's symbolic type descriptor.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the access mode type matches the caller's
     * symbolic type descriptor, but a reference cast fails.
     * @see #setRelease(Object...)
     * @see #get(Object...)
     */
    public final native
    @MethodHandle.PolymorphicSignature
    @IntrinsicCandidate
    Object getAndBitwiseAndRelease(Object... args);

    /**
     * Atomically sets the value of a variable to the result of
     * bitwise XOR between the variable's current value and the {@code mask}
     * with the memory semantics of {@link #setVolatile} and returns the
     * variable's previous value, as accessed with the memory semantics of
     * {@link #getVolatile}.
     *
     * <p>If the variable type is the non-integral {@code boolean} type then a
     * logical XOR is performed instead of a bitwise XOR.
     *
     * <p>The method signature is of the form {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T mask)T}.
     *
     * <p>The symbolic type descriptor at the call site of {@code getAndBitwiseXor}
     * must match the access mode type that is the result of calling
     * {@code accessModeType(VarHandle.AccessMode.GET_AND_BITWISE_XOR)} on this
     * VarHandle.
     *
     * @param args the signature-polymorphic parameter list of the form
     * {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T mask)}
     * , statically represented using varargs.
     * @return the signature-polymorphic result that is the previous value of
     * the variable
     * , statically represented using {@code Object}.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the access mode is unsupported
     * for this VarHandle.
     * @throws WrongMethodTypeException if the access mode type does not
     * match the caller's symbolic type descriptor.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the access mode type matches the caller's
     * symbolic type descriptor, but a reference cast fails.
     * @see #setVolatile(Object...)
     * @see #getVolatile(Object...)
     */
    public final native
    @MethodHandle.PolymorphicSignature
    @IntrinsicCandidate
    Object getAndBitwiseXor(Object... args);

    /**
     * Atomically sets the value of a variable to the result of
     * bitwise XOR between the variable's current value and the {@code mask}
     * with the memory semantics of {@link #set} and returns the
     * variable's previous value, as accessed with the memory semantics of
     * {@link #getAcquire}.
     *
     * <p>If the variable type is the non-integral {@code boolean} type then a
     * logical XOR is performed instead of a bitwise XOR.
     *
     * <p>The method signature is of the form {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T mask)T}.
     *
     * <p>The symbolic type descriptor at the call site of {@code getAndBitwiseXorAcquire}
     * must match the access mode type that is the result of calling
     * {@code accessModeType(VarHandle.AccessMode.GET_AND_BITWISE_XOR_ACQUIRE)} on this
     * VarHandle.
     *
     * @param args the signature-polymorphic parameter list of the form
     * {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T mask)}
     * , statically represented using varargs.
     * @return the signature-polymorphic result that is the previous value of
     * the variable
     * , statically represented using {@code Object}.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the access mode is unsupported
     * for this VarHandle.
     * @throws WrongMethodTypeException if the access mode type does not
     * match the caller's symbolic type descriptor.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the access mode type matches the caller's
     * symbolic type descriptor, but a reference cast fails.
     * @see #set(Object...)
     * @see #getAcquire(Object...)
     */
    public final native
    @MethodHandle.PolymorphicSignature
    @IntrinsicCandidate
    Object getAndBitwiseXorAcquire(Object... args);

    /**
     * Atomically sets the value of a variable to the result of
     * bitwise XOR between the variable's current value and the {@code mask}
     * with the memory semantics of {@link #setRelease} and returns the
     * variable's previous value, as accessed with the memory semantics of
     * {@link #get}.
     *
     * <p>If the variable type is the non-integral {@code boolean} type then a
     * logical XOR is performed instead of a bitwise XOR.
     *
     * <p>The method signature is of the form {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T mask)T}.
     *
     * <p>The symbolic type descriptor at the call site of {@code getAndBitwiseXorRelease}
     * must match the access mode type that is the result of calling
     * {@code accessModeType(VarHandle.AccessMode.GET_AND_BITWISE_XOR_RELEASE)} on this
     * VarHandle.
     *
     * @param args the signature-polymorphic parameter list of the form
     * {@code (CT1 ct1, ..., CTn ctn, T mask)}
     * , statically represented using varargs.
     * @return the signature-polymorphic result that is the previous value of
     * the variable
     * , statically represented using {@code Object}.
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the access mode is unsupported
     * for this VarHandle.
     * @throws WrongMethodTypeException if the access mode type does not
     * match the caller's symbolic type descriptor.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the access mode type matches the caller's
     * symbolic type descriptor, but a reference cast fails.
     * @see #setRelease(Object...)
     * @see #get(Object...)
     */
    public final native
    @MethodHandle.PolymorphicSignature
    @IntrinsicCandidate
    Object getAndBitwiseXorRelease(Object... args);

    /**
     * Returns a VarHandle, with access to the same variable(s) as this VarHandle, but whose
     * invocation behavior of access mode methods is adjusted to
     * <a href="#invoke-exact-behavior"><em>invoke-exact behavior</em></a>.
     * <p>
     * If this VarHandle already has invoke-exact behavior this VarHandle is returned.
     * <p>
     * Invoking {@link #hasInvokeExactBehavior()} on the returned var handle
     * is guaranteed to return {@code true}.
     *
     * @apiNote
     * Invoke-exact behavior guarantees that upon invocation of an access mode method
     * the types and arity of the arguments must match the {@link #accessModeType(AccessMode) access mode type},
     * otherwise a {@link WrongMethodTypeException} is thrown.
     *
     * @see #withInvokeBehavior()
     * @see #hasInvokeExactBehavior()
     * @return a VarHandle with invoke-exact behavior
     * @since 16
     */
    public abstract VarHandle withInvokeExactBehavior();

    /**
     * Returns a VarHandle, with access to the same variable(s) as this VarHandle, but whose
     * invocation behavior of access mode methods is adjusted to
     * <a href="#invoke-behavior"><em>invoke behavior</em></a>.
     * <p>
     * If this VarHandle already has invoke behavior this VarHandle is returned.
     * <p>
     * Invoking {@link #hasInvokeExactBehavior()} on the returned var handle
     * is guaranteed to return {@code false}.
     *
     * @see #withInvokeExactBehavior()
     * @see #hasInvokeExactBehavior()
     * @return a VarHandle with invoke behavior
     * @since 16
     */
    public abstract VarHandle withInvokeBehavior();

    enum AccessType {
        GET(Object.class),
        SET(void.class),
        COMPARE_AND_SET(boolean.class),
        COMPARE_AND_EXCHANGE(Object.class),
        GET_AND_UPDATE(Object.class);

        static final int COUNT = GET_AND_UPDATE.ordinal() + 1;
        static {
            assert (COUNT == values().length);
        }
        final Class<?> returnType;
        final boolean isMonomorphicInReturnType;

        AccessType(Class<?> returnType) {
            this.returnType = returnType;
            isMonomorphicInReturnType = returnType != Object.class;
        }

        MethodType accessModeType(Class<?> receiver, Class<?> value,
                                  Class<?>... intermediate) {
            Class<?>[] ps;
            int i;
            switch (this) {
                case GET:
                    ps = allocateParameters(0, receiver, intermediate);
                    fillParameters(ps, receiver, intermediate);
                    return MethodType.methodType(value, ps);
                case SET:
                    ps = allocateParameters(1, receiver, intermediate);
                    i = fillParameters(ps, receiver, intermediate);
                    ps[i] = value;
                    return MethodType.methodType(void.class, ps);
                case COMPARE_AND_SET:
                    ps = allocateParameters(2, receiver, intermediate);
                    i = fillParameters(ps, receiver, intermediate);
                    ps[i++] = value;
                    ps[i] = value;
                    return MethodType.methodType(boolean.class, ps);
                case COMPARE_AND_EXCHANGE:
                    ps = allocateParameters(2, receiver, intermediate);
                    i = fillParameters(ps, receiver, intermediate);
                    ps[i++] = value;
                    ps[i] = value;
                    return MethodType.methodType(value, ps);
                case GET_AND_UPDATE:
                    ps = allocateParameters(1, receiver, intermediate);
                    i = fillParameters(ps, receiver, intermediate);
                    ps[i] = value;
                    return MethodType.methodType(value, ps);
                default:
                    throw new InternalError("Unknown AccessType");
            }
        }

        private static Class<?>[] allocateParameters(int values,
                                                     Class<?> receiver, Class<?>... intermediate) {
            int size = ((receiver != null) ? 1 : 0) + intermediate.length + values;
            return new Class<?>[size];
        }

        private static int fillParameters(Class<?>[] ps,
                                          Class<?> receiver, Class<?>... intermediate) {
            int i = 0;
            if (receiver != null)
                ps[i++] = receiver;
            for (int j = 0; j < intermediate.length; j++)
                ps[i++] = intermediate[j];
            return i;
        }
    }

    /**
     * The set of access modes that specify how a variable, referenced by a
     * VarHandle, is accessed.
     */
    public enum AccessMode {
        /**
         * The access mode whose access is specified by the corresponding
         * method
         * {@link VarHandle#get VarHandle.get}
         */
        GET("get", AccessType.GET),
        /**
         * The access mode whose access is specified by the corresponding
         * method
         * {@link VarHandle#set VarHandle.set}
         */
        SET("set", AccessType.SET),
        /**
         * The access mode whose access is specified by the corresponding
         * method
         * {@link VarHandle#getVolatile VarHandle.getVolatile}
         */
        GET_VOLATILE("getVolatile", AccessType.GET),
        /**
         * The access mode whose access is specified by the corresponding
         * method
         * {@link VarHandle#setVolatile VarHandle.setVolatile}
         */
        SET_VOLATILE("setVolatile", AccessType.SET),
        /**
         * The access mode whose access is specified by the corresponding
         * method
         * {@link VarHandle#getAcquire VarHandle.getAcquire}
         */
        GET_ACQUIRE("getAcquire", AccessType.GET),
        /**
         * The access mode whose access is specified by the corresponding
         * method
         * {@link VarHandle#setRelease VarHandle.setRelease}
         */
        SET_RELEASE("setRelease", AccessType.SET),
        /**
         * The access mode whose access is specified by the corresponding
         * method
         * {@link VarHandle#getOpaque VarHandle.getOpaque}
         */
        GET_OPAQUE("getOpaque", AccessType.GET),
        /**
         * The access mode whose access is specified by the corresponding
         * method
         * {@link VarHandle#setOpaque VarHandle.setOpaque}
         */
        SET_OPAQUE("setOpaque", AccessType.SET),
        /**
         * The access mode whose access is specified by the corresponding
         * method
         * {@link VarHandle#compareAndSet VarHandle.compareAndSet}
         */
        COMPARE_AND_SET("compareAndSet", AccessType.COMPARE_AND_SET),
        /**
         * The access mode whose access is specified by the corresponding
         * method
         * {@link VarHandle#compareAndExchange VarHandle.compareAndExchange}
         */
        COMPARE_AND_EXCHANGE("compareAndExchange", AccessType.COMPARE_AND_EXCHANGE),
        /**
         * The access mode whose access is specified by the corresponding
         * method
         * {@link VarHandle#compareAndExchangeAcquire VarHandle.compareAndExchangeAcquire}
         */
        COMPARE_AND_EXCHANGE_ACQUIRE("compareAndExchangeAcquire", AccessType.COMPARE_AND_EXCHANGE),
        /**
         * The access mode whose access is specified by the corresponding
         * method
         * {@link VarHandle#compareAndExchangeRelease VarHandle.compareAndExchangeRelease}
         */
        COMPARE_AND_EXCHANGE_RELEASE("compareAndExchangeRelease", AccessType.COMPARE_AND_EXCHANGE),
        /**
         * The access mode whose access is specified by the corresponding
         * method
         * {@link VarHandle#weakCompareAndSetPlain VarHandle.weakCompareAndSetPlain}
         */
        WEAK_COMPARE_AND_SET_PLAIN("weakCompareAndSetPlain", AccessType.COMPARE_AND_SET),
        /**
         * The access mode whose access is specified by the corresponding
         * method
         * {@link VarHandle#weakCompareAndSet VarHandle.weakCompareAndSet}
         */
        WEAK_COMPARE_AND_SET("weakCompareAndSet", AccessType.COMPARE_AND_SET),
        /**
         * The access mode whose access is specified by the corresponding
         * method
         * {@link VarHandle#weakCompareAndSetAcquire VarHandle.weakCompareAndSetAcquire}
         */
        WEAK_COMPARE_AND_SET_ACQUIRE("weakCompareAndSetAcquire", AccessType.COMPARE_AND_SET),
        /**
         * The access mode whose access is specified by the corresponding
         * method
         * {@link VarHandle#weakCompareAndSetRelease VarHandle.weakCompareAndSetRelease}
         */
        WEAK_COMPARE_AND_SET_RELEASE("weakCompareAndSetRelease", AccessType.COMPARE_AND_SET),
        /**
         * The access mode whose access is specified by the corresponding
         * method
         * {@link VarHandle#getAndSet VarHandle.getAndSet}
         */
        GET_AND_SET("getAndSet", AccessType.GET_AND_UPDATE),
        /**
         * The access mode whose access is specified by the corresponding
         * method
         * {@link VarHandle#getAndSetAcquire VarHandle.getAndSetAcquire}
         */
        GET_AND_SET_ACQUIRE("getAndSetAcquire", AccessType.GET_AND_UPDATE),
        /**
         * The access mode whose access is specified by the corresponding
         * method
         * {@link VarHandle#getAndSetRelease VarHandle.getAndSetRelease}
         */
        GET_AND_SET_RELEASE("getAndSetRelease", AccessType.GET_AND_UPDATE),
        /**
         * The access mode whose access is specified by the corresponding
         * method
         * {@link VarHandle#getAndAdd VarHandle.getAndAdd}
         */
        GET_AND_ADD("getAndAdd", AccessType.GET_AND_UPDATE),
        /**
         * The access mode whose access is specified by the corresponding
         * method
         * {@link VarHandle#getAndAddAcquire VarHandle.getAndAddAcquire}
         */
        GET_AND_ADD_ACQUIRE("getAndAddAcquire", AccessType.GET_AND_UPDATE),
        /**
         * The access mode whose access is specified by the corresponding
         * method
         * {@link VarHandle#getAndAddRelease VarHandle.getAndAddRelease}
         */
        GET_AND_ADD_RELEASE("getAndAddRelease", AccessType.GET_AND_UPDATE),
        /**
         * The access mode whose access is specified by the corresponding
         * method
         * {@link VarHandle#getAndBitwiseOr VarHandle.getAndBitwiseOr}
         */
        GET_AND_BITWISE_OR("getAndBitwiseOr", AccessType.GET_AND_UPDATE),
        /**
         * The access mode whose access is specified by the corresponding
         * method
         * {@link VarHandle#getAndBitwiseOrRelease VarHandle.getAndBitwiseOrRelease}
         */
        GET_AND_BITWISE_OR_RELEASE("getAndBitwiseOrRelease", AccessType.GET_AND_UPDATE),
        /**
         * The access mode whose access is specified by the corresponding
         * method
         * {@link VarHandle#getAndBitwiseOrAcquire VarHandle.getAndBitwiseOrAcquire}
         */
        GET_AND_BITWISE_OR_ACQUIRE("getAndBitwiseOrAcquire", AccessType.GET_AND_UPDATE),
        /**
         * The access mode whose access is specified by the corresponding
         * method
         * {@link VarHandle#getAndBitwiseAnd VarHandle.getAndBitwiseAnd}
         */
        GET_AND_BITWISE_AND("getAndBitwiseAnd", AccessType.GET_AND_UPDATE),
        /**
         * The access mode whose access is specified by the corresponding
         * method
         * {@link VarHandle#getAndBitwiseAndRelease VarHandle.getAndBitwiseAndRelease}
         */
        GET_AND_BITWISE_AND_RELEASE("getAndBitwiseAndRelease", AccessType.GET_AND_UPDATE),
        /**
         * The access mode whose access is specified by the corresponding
         * method
         * {@link VarHandle#getAndBitwiseAndAcquire VarHandle.getAndBitwiseAndAcquire}
         */
        GET_AND_BITWISE_AND_ACQUIRE("getAndBitwiseAndAcquire", AccessType.GET_AND_UPDATE),
        /**
         * The access mode whose access is specified by the corresponding
         * method
         * {@link VarHandle#getAndBitwiseXor VarHandle.getAndBitwiseXor}
         */
        GET_AND_BITWISE_XOR("getAndBitwiseXor", AccessType.GET_AND_UPDATE),
        /**
         * The access mode whose access is specified by the corresponding
         * method
         * {@link VarHandle#getAndBitwiseXorRelease VarHandle.getAndBitwiseXorRelease}
         */
        GET_AND_BITWISE_XOR_RELEASE("getAndBitwiseXorRelease", AccessType.GET_AND_UPDATE),
        /**
         * The access mode whose access is specified by the corresponding
         * method
         * {@link VarHandle#getAndBitwiseXorAcquire VarHandle.getAndBitwiseXorAcquire}
         */
        GET_AND_BITWISE_XOR_ACQUIRE("getAndBitwiseXorAcquire", AccessType.GET_AND_UPDATE),
        ;

        static final int COUNT = GET_AND_BITWISE_XOR_ACQUIRE.ordinal() + 1;
        static {
            assert (COUNT == values().length);
        }
        final String methodName;
        final AccessType at;

        AccessMode(final String methodName, AccessType at) {
            this.methodName = methodName;
            this.at = at;
        }

        /**
         * Returns the {@code VarHandle} signature-polymorphic method name
         * associated with this {@code AccessMode} value.
         *
         * @return the signature-polymorphic method name
         * @see #valueFromMethodName
         */
        public String methodName() {
            return methodName;
        }

        /**
         * Returns the {@code AccessMode} value associated with the specified
         * {@code VarHandle} signature-polymorphic method name.
         *
         * @param methodName the signature-polymorphic method name
         * @return the {@code AccessMode} value
         * @throws IllegalArgumentException if there is no {@code AccessMode}
         *         value associated with method name (indicating the method
         *         name does not correspond to a {@code VarHandle}
         *         signature-polymorphic method name).
         * @see #methodName()
         */
        public static AccessMode valueFromMethodName(String methodName) {
            return switch (methodName) {
                case "get" -> GET;
                case "set" -> SET;
                case "getVolatile" -> GET_VOLATILE;
                case "setVolatile" -> SET_VOLATILE;
                case "getAcquire" -> GET_ACQUIRE;
                case "setRelease" -> SET_RELEASE;
                case "getOpaque" -> GET_OPAQUE;
                case "setOpaque" -> SET_OPAQUE;
                case "compareAndSet" -> COMPARE_AND_SET;
                case "compareAndExchange" -> COMPARE_AND_EXCHANGE;
                case "compareAndExchangeAcquire" -> COMPARE_AND_EXCHANGE_ACQUIRE;
                case "compareAndExchangeRelease" -> COMPARE_AND_EXCHANGE_RELEASE;
                case "weakCompareAndSet" -> WEAK_COMPARE_AND_SET;
                case "weakCompareAndSetPlain" -> WEAK_COMPARE_AND_SET_PLAIN;
                case "weakCompareAndSetAcquire" -> WEAK_COMPARE_AND_SET_ACQUIRE;
                case "weakCompareAndSetRelease" -> WEAK_COMPARE_AND_SET_RELEASE;
                case "getAndSet" -> GET_AND_SET;
                case "getAndSetAcquire" -> GET_AND_SET_ACQUIRE;
                case "getAndSetRelease" -> GET_AND_SET_RELEASE;
                case "getAndAdd" -> GET_AND_ADD;
                case "getAndAddAcquire" -> GET_AND_ADD_ACQUIRE;
                case "getAndAddRelease" -> GET_AND_ADD_RELEASE;
                case "getAndBitwiseOr" -> GET_AND_BITWISE_OR;
                case "getAndBitwiseOrRelease" -> GET_AND_BITWISE_OR_RELEASE;
                case "getAndBitwiseOrAcquire" -> GET_AND_BITWISE_OR_ACQUIRE;
                case "getAndBitwiseAnd" -> GET_AND_BITWISE_AND;
                case "getAndBitwiseAndRelease" -> GET_AND_BITWISE_AND_RELEASE;
                case "getAndBitwiseAndAcquire" -> GET_AND_BITWISE_AND_ACQUIRE;
                case "getAndBitwiseXor" -> GET_AND_BITWISE_XOR;
                case "getAndBitwiseXorRelease" -> GET_AND_BITWISE_XOR_RELEASE;
                case "getAndBitwiseXorAcquire" -> GET_AND_BITWISE_XOR_ACQUIRE;
                default -> throw new IllegalArgumentException("No AccessMode value for method name " + methodName);
            };
        }

        private static final @Stable AccessMode[] VALUES = values();
        static AccessMode valueFromOrdinal(int mode) {
            return VALUES[mode];
        }
    }

    static final class AccessDescriptor {
        final MethodType symbolicMethodTypeExact;
        final MethodType symbolicMethodTypeErased;
        final MethodType symbolicMethodTypeInvoker;
        final Class<?> returnType;
        final int type;
        final int mode;

        public AccessDescriptor(MethodType symbolicMethodType, int type, int mode) {
            this.symbolicMethodTypeExact = symbolicMethodType;
            this.symbolicMethodTypeErased = symbolicMethodType.erase();
            this.symbolicMethodTypeInvoker = symbolicMethodType.insertParameterTypes(0, VarHandle.class);
            this.returnType = symbolicMethodType.returnType();
            this.type = type;
            this.mode = mode;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns a compact textual description of this {@linkplain VarHandle},
     * including the type of variable described, and a description of its coordinates.
     *
     * @return A compact textual description of this {@linkplain VarHandle}
     */
    @Override
    public final String toString() {
        return String.format("VarHandle[varType=%s, coord=%s]",
                             varType().getName(),
                             coordinateTypes());
    }

    /**
     * Returns the variable type of variables referenced by this VarHandle.
     *
     * @return the variable type of variables referenced by this VarHandle
     */
    public Class<?> varType() {
        MethodType typeSet = accessModeType(AccessMode.SET);
        return typeSet.parameterType(typeSet.parameterCount() - 1);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the coordinate types for this VarHandle.
     *
     * @return the coordinate types for this VarHandle. The returned
     * list is unmodifiable
     */
    public List<Class<?>> coordinateTypes() {
        MethodType typeGet = accessModeType(AccessMode.GET);
        return typeGet.parameterList();
    }

    /**
     * Obtains the access mode type for this VarHandle and a given access mode.
     *
     * <p>The access mode type's parameter types will consist of a prefix that
     * is the coordinate types of this VarHandle followed by further
     * types as defined by the access mode method.
     * The access mode type's return type is defined by the return type of the
     * access mode method.
     *
     * @param accessMode the access mode, corresponding to the
     * signature-polymorphic method of the same name
     * @return the access mode type for the given access mode
     */
    public final MethodType accessModeType(AccessMode accessMode) {
        return accessModeType(accessMode.at.ordinal());
    }

    /**
     * Validates that the given access descriptors method type matches up with
     * the access mode of this VarHandle, then returns if this is direct.
     * These operations were grouped together to slightly
     * improve efficiency during startup/warmup.
     *
     * A direct VarHandle's VarForm has implementation MemberNames that can
     * be linked directly. If a VarHandle is indirect, it must override
     * {@link #isAccessModeSupported} and {@link #getMethodHandleUncached}
     * which access MemberNames.
     *
     * @return true if this is a direct VarHandle, false if it's an indirect
     *         VarHandle.
     * @throws WrongMethodTypeException if there's an access type mismatch
     * @see #asDirect()
     */
    @ForceInline
    boolean checkAccessModeThenIsDirect(VarHandle.AccessDescriptor ad) {
        if (exact && accessModeType(ad.type) != ad.symbolicMethodTypeExact) {
            throwWrongMethodTypeException(ad);
        }
        // return true unless overridden in an IndirectVarHandle
        return true;
    }

    @DontInline
    private final void throwWrongMethodTypeException(VarHandle.AccessDescriptor ad) {
        throw new WrongMethodTypeException("handle's method type " + accessModeType(ad.type)
                + " but found " + ad.symbolicMethodTypeExact);
    }

    @ForceInline
    final MethodType accessModeType(int accessTypeOrdinal) {
        MethodType[] mtTable = methodTypeTable;
        if (mtTable == null) {
            mtTable = methodTypeTable = new MethodType[VarHandle.AccessType.COUNT];
        }
        MethodType mt = mtTable[accessTypeOrdinal];
        if (mt == null) {
            mt = mtTable[accessTypeOrdinal] =
                    accessModeTypeUncached(accessTypeOrdinal);
        }
        return mt;
    }

    final MethodType accessModeTypeUncached(int accessTypeOrdinal) {
        return accessModeTypeUncached(AccessType.values()[accessTypeOrdinal]);
    }

    abstract MethodType accessModeTypeUncached(AccessType accessMode);

    /**
     * Returns {@code true} if the given access mode is supported, otherwise
     * {@code false}.
     *
     * <p>The return of a {@code false} value for a given access mode indicates
     * that an {@code UnsupportedOperationException} is thrown on invocation
     * of the corresponding access mode method.
     *
     * @param accessMode the access mode, corresponding to the
     * signature-polymorphic method of the same name
     * @return {@code true} if the given access mode is supported, otherwise
     * {@code false}.
     */
    public boolean isAccessModeSupported(AccessMode accessMode) {
        return vform.getMemberNameOrNull(accessMode.ordinal()) != null;
    }

    /**
     * Obtains a method handle bound to this VarHandle and the given access
     * mode.
     *
     * @apiNote This method, for a VarHandle {@code vh} and access mode
     * {@code {access-mode}}, returns a method handle that is equivalent to
     * method handle {@code bmh} in the following code (though it may be more
     * efficient):
     * <pre>{@code
     * MethodHandle mh = MethodHandles.varHandleExactInvoker(
     *                       vh.accessModeType(VarHandle.AccessMode.{access-mode}));
     *
     * MethodHandle bmh = mh.bindTo(vh);
     * }</pre>
     *
     * @param accessMode the access mode, corresponding to the
     * signature-polymorphic method of the same name
     * @return a method handle bound to this VarHandle and the given access mode
     */
    public MethodHandle toMethodHandle(AccessMode accessMode) {
        if (isAccessModeSupported(accessMode)) {
            MethodHandle mh = getMethodHandle(accessMode.ordinal());
            return mh.bindTo(asDirect());
        }
        else {
            // Ensure an UnsupportedOperationException is thrown
            return MethodHandles.varHandleInvoker(accessMode, accessModeType(accessMode)).
                    bindTo(this);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Return a nominal descriptor for this instance, if one can be
     * constructed, or an empty {@link Optional} if one cannot be.
     *
     * @return An {@link Optional} containing the resulting nominal descriptor,
     * or an empty {@link Optional} if one cannot be constructed.
     * @since 12
     */
    @Override
    public Optional<VarHandleDesc> describeConstable() {
        // partial function for field and array only
        return Optional.empty();
    }

    @Stable
    MethodType[] methodTypeTable;

    @Stable
    MethodHandle[] methodHandleTable;

    @ForceInline
    final MethodHandle getMethodHandle(int mode) {
        MethodHandle[] mhTable = methodHandleTable;
        if (mhTable == null) {
            mhTable = methodHandleTable = new MethodHandle[AccessMode.COUNT];
        }
        MethodHandle mh = mhTable[mode];
        if (mh == null) {
            mh = mhTable[mode] = getMethodHandleUncached(mode);
        }
        return mh;
    }

    /**
     * Computes a method handle that can be passed the {@linkplain #asDirect() direct}
     * var handle of this var handle with the given access mode. Pre/postprocessing
     * such as argument or return value filtering should be done by the returned
     * method handle.
     *
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the access mode is not supported
     */
    MethodHandle getMethodHandleUncached(int mode) {
        MethodType mt = accessModeType(AccessMode.valueFromOrdinal(mode)).
                insertParameterTypes(0, VarHandle.class);
        MemberName mn = vform.getMemberName(mode);
        DirectMethodHandle dmh = DirectMethodHandle.make(mn);
        // Such a method handle must not be publicly exposed directly
        // otherwise it can be cracked, it must be transformed or rebound
        // before exposure
        MethodHandle mh = dmh.copyWith(mt, dmh.form);
        assert mh.type().erase() == mn.getMethodType().erase();
        return mh;
    }


    /*non-public*/
    final void updateVarForm(VarForm newVForm) {
        if (vform == newVForm) return;
        UNSAFE.putReference(this, VFORM_OFFSET, newVForm);
        UNSAFE.fullFence();
    }

    private static final long VFORM_OFFSET;

    static {
        VFORM_OFFSET = UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset(VarHandle.class, "vform");

        // The VarHandleGuards must be initialized to ensure correct
        // compilation of the guard methods
        UNSAFE.ensureClassInitialized(VarHandleGuards.class);
    }


    // Fence methods

    /**
     * Ensures that loads and stores before the fence will not be reordered
     * with
     * loads and stores after the fence.
     *
     * @apiNote Ignoring the many semantic differences from C and C++, this
     * method has memory ordering effects compatible with
     * {@code atomic_thread_fence(memory_order_seq_cst)}
     */
    @ForceInline
    public static void fullFence() {
        UNSAFE.fullFence();
    }

    /**
     * Ensures that loads before the fence will not be reordered with loads and
     * stores after the fence.
     *
     * @apiNote Ignoring the many semantic differences from C and C++, this
     * method has memory ordering effects compatible with
     * {@code atomic_thread_fence(memory_order_acquire)}
     */
    @ForceInline
    public static void acquireFence() {
        UNSAFE.loadFence();
    }

    /**
     * Ensures that loads and stores before the fence will not be
     * reordered with stores after the fence.
     *
     * @apiNote Ignoring the many semantic differences from C and C++, this
     * method has memory ordering effects compatible with
     * {@code atomic_thread_fence(memory_order_release)}
     */
    @ForceInline
    public static void releaseFence() {
        UNSAFE.storeFence();
    }

    /**
     * Ensures that loads before the fence will not be reordered with
     * loads after the fence.
     */
    @ForceInline
    public static void loadLoadFence() {
        UNSAFE.loadLoadFence();
    }

    /**
     * Ensures that stores before the fence will not be reordered with
     * stores after the fence.
     */
    @ForceInline
    public static void storeStoreFence() {
        UNSAFE.storeStoreFence();
    }

    /**
     * A <a href="{@docRoot}/java.base/java/lang/constant/package-summary.html#nominal">nominal descriptor</a> for a
     * {@link VarHandle} constant.
     *
     * @since 12
     */
    public static final class VarHandleDesc extends DynamicConstantDesc<VarHandle> {

        /**
         * Kinds of variable handle descs
         */
        private enum Kind {
            FIELD(ConstantDescs.BSM_VARHANDLE_FIELD),
            STATIC_FIELD(ConstantDescs.BSM_VARHANDLE_STATIC_FIELD),
            ARRAY(ConstantDescs.BSM_VARHANDLE_ARRAY);

            final DirectMethodHandleDesc bootstrapMethod;

            Kind(DirectMethodHandleDesc bootstrapMethod) {
                this.bootstrapMethod = bootstrapMethod;
            }

            ConstantDesc[] toBSMArgs(ClassDesc declaringClass, ClassDesc varType) {
                return switch (this) {
                    case FIELD, STATIC_FIELD -> new ConstantDesc[]{declaringClass, varType};
                    case ARRAY               -> new ConstantDesc[]{declaringClass};
                    default -> throw new InternalError("Cannot reach here");
                };
            }
        }

        private final Kind kind;
        private final ClassDesc declaringClass;
        private final ClassDesc varType;

        /**
         * Construct a {@linkplain VarHandleDesc} given a kind, name, and declaring
         * class.
         *
         * @param kind the kind of the var handle
         * @param name the unqualified name of the field, for field var handles; otherwise ignored
         * @param declaringClass a {@link ClassDesc} describing the declaring class,
         *                       for field var handles
         * @param varType a {@link ClassDesc} describing the type of the variable
         * @throws NullPointerException if any required argument is null
         * @jvms 4.2.2 Unqualified Names
         */
        private VarHandleDesc(Kind kind, String name, ClassDesc declaringClass, ClassDesc varType) {
            super(kind.bootstrapMethod, name,
                  ConstantDescs.CD_VarHandle,
                  kind.toBSMArgs(declaringClass, varType));
            this.kind = kind;
            this.declaringClass = declaringClass;
            this.varType = varType;
        }

        /**
         * Returns a {@linkplain VarHandleDesc} corresponding to a {@link VarHandle}
         * for an instance field.
         *
         * @param declaringClass a {@link ClassDesc} describing the declaring class,
         *                       for field var handles
         * @param name the unqualified name of the field
         * @param fieldType a {@link ClassDesc} describing the type of the field
         * @return the {@linkplain VarHandleDesc}
         * @throws NullPointerException if any of the arguments are null
         * @jvms 4.2.2 Unqualified Names
         */
        public static VarHandleDesc ofField(ClassDesc declaringClass, String name, ClassDesc fieldType) {
            Objects.requireNonNull(declaringClass);
            Objects.requireNonNull(name);
            Objects.requireNonNull(fieldType);
            return new VarHandleDesc(Kind.FIELD, name, declaringClass, fieldType);
        }

        /**
         * Returns a {@linkplain VarHandleDesc} corresponding to a {@link VarHandle}
         * for a static field.
         *
         * @param declaringClass a {@link ClassDesc} describing the declaring class,
         *                       for field var handles
         * @param name the unqualified name of the field
         * @param fieldType a {@link ClassDesc} describing the type of the field
         * @return the {@linkplain VarHandleDesc}
         * @throws NullPointerException if any of the arguments are null
         * @jvms 4.2.2 Unqualified Names
         */
        public static VarHandleDesc ofStaticField(ClassDesc declaringClass, String name, ClassDesc fieldType) {
            Objects.requireNonNull(declaringClass);
            Objects.requireNonNull(name);
            Objects.requireNonNull(fieldType);
            return new VarHandleDesc(Kind.STATIC_FIELD, name, declaringClass, fieldType);
        }

        /**
         * Returns a {@linkplain VarHandleDesc} corresponding to a {@link VarHandle}
         * for an array type.
         *
         * @param arrayClass a {@link ClassDesc} describing the type of the array
         * @return the {@linkplain VarHandleDesc}
         * @throws NullPointerException if any of the arguments are null
         */
        public static VarHandleDesc ofArray(ClassDesc arrayClass) {
            Objects.requireNonNull(arrayClass);
            if (!arrayClass.isArray())
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Array class argument not an array: " + arrayClass);
            return new VarHandleDesc(Kind.ARRAY, ConstantDescs.DEFAULT_NAME, arrayClass, arrayClass.componentType());
        }

        /**
         * Returns a {@link ClassDesc} describing the type of the variable described
         * by this descriptor.
         *
         * @return the variable type
         */
        public ClassDesc varType() {
            return varType;
        }

        @Override
        public VarHandle resolveConstantDesc(MethodHandles.Lookup lookup)
                throws ReflectiveOperationException {
            return switch (kind) {
                case FIELD        -> lookup.findVarHandle(declaringClass.resolveConstantDesc(lookup),
                                                          constantName(),
                                                          varType.resolveConstantDesc(lookup));
                case STATIC_FIELD -> lookup.findStaticVarHandle(declaringClass.resolveConstantDesc(lookup),
                                                          constantName(),
                                                          varType.resolveConstantDesc(lookup));
                case ARRAY        -> MethodHandles.arrayElementVarHandle(declaringClass.resolveConstantDesc(lookup));
                default -> throw new InternalError("Cannot reach here");
            };
        }

        /**
         * Returns a compact textual description of this constant description.
         * For a field {@linkplain VarHandle}, includes the owner, name, and type
         * of the field, and whether it is static; for an array {@linkplain VarHandle},
         * the name of the component type.
         *
         * @return A compact textual description of this descriptor
         */
        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return switch (kind) {
                case FIELD, STATIC_FIELD -> String.format("VarHandleDesc[%s%s.%s:%s]",
                                                           (kind == Kind.STATIC_FIELD) ? "static " : "",
                                                           declaringClass.displayName(), constantName(), varType.displayName());
                case ARRAY               -> String.format("VarHandleDesc[%s[]]", declaringClass.displayName());
                default -> throw new InternalError("Cannot reach here");
            };
        }
    }

}