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handy.h
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/* handy.h
*
* Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000,
* 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2012 by Larry Wall and others
*
* You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
* License or the Artistic License, as specified in the README file.
*
*/
/* IMPORTANT NOTE: Everything whose name begins with an underscore is for
* internal core Perl use only. */
#ifndef PERL_HANDY_H_ /* Guard against nested #inclusion */
#define PERL_HANDY_H_
#ifndef PERL_CORE
# define Null(type) ((type)NULL)
/*
=for apidoc_section String Handling
=for apidoc AmnU||Nullch
Null character pointer. (No longer available when C<PERL_CORE> is
defined.)
=for apidoc_section SV Handling
=for apidoc AmnU||Nullsv
Null SV pointer. (No longer available when C<PERL_CORE> is defined.)
=cut
Below are signatures of functions from config.h which can't easily be gleaned
from it, and are very unlikely to change
=for apidoc_section Signals
=for apidoc Am|int|Sigsetjmp|jmp_buf env|int savesigs
=for apidoc Am|void|Siglongjmp|jmp_buf env|int val
=for apidoc_section Filesystem configuration values
=for apidoc Am|void *|FILE_ptr|FILE * f
=for apidoc Am|Size_t|FILE_cnt|FILE * f
=for apidoc Am|void *|FILE_base|FILE * f
=for apidoc Am|Size_t|FILE_bufsiz|FILE *f
=for apidoc_section String Handling
=for apidoc Amu|token|CAT2|token x|token y
=for apidoc Amu|string|STRINGIFY|token x
=for apidoc_section Numeric Functions
=for apidoc Am|double|Drand01
=for apidoc Am|void|seedDrand01|Rand_seed_t x
=for apidoc Am|char *|Gconvert|double x|Size_t n|bool t|char * b
=cut
*/
# define Nullch Null(char*)
# define Nullfp Null(PerlIO*)
# define Nullsv Null(SV*)
#endif
#ifdef TRUE
#undef TRUE
#endif
#ifdef FALSE
#undef FALSE
#endif
#define TRUE (1)
#define FALSE (0)
/*
=for apidoc_section SV Handling
=for apidoc Am|void *|MUTABLE_PTR|void * p
=for apidoc_item |AV *|MUTABLE_AV|AV * p
=for apidoc_item |CV *|MUTABLE_CV|CV * p
=for apidoc_item |GV *|MUTABLE_GV|GV * p
=for apidoc_item |HV *|MUTABLE_HV|HV * p
=for apidoc_item |IO *|MUTABLE_IO|IO * p
=for apidoc_item |SV *|MUTABLE_SV|SV * p
The C<MUTABLE_I<*>>() macros cast pointers to the types shown, in such a way
(compiler permitting) that casting away const-ness will give a warning;
e.g.:
const SV *sv = ...;
AV *av1 = (AV*)sv; <== BAD: the const has been silently
cast away
AV *av2 = MUTABLE_AV(sv); <== GOOD: it may warn
C<MUTABLE_PTR> is the base macro used to derive new casts. The other
already-built-in ones return pointers to what their names indicate.
=cut
*/
#if defined(PERL_USE_GCC_BRACE_GROUPS)
# define MUTABLE_PTR(p) ({ void *p_ = (p); p_; })
#else
# define MUTABLE_PTR(p) ((void *) (p))
#endif
#define MUTABLE_AV(p) ((AV *)MUTABLE_PTR(p))
#define MUTABLE_CV(p) ((CV *)MUTABLE_PTR(p))
#define MUTABLE_GV(p) ((GV *)MUTABLE_PTR(p))
#define MUTABLE_HV(p) ((HV *)MUTABLE_PTR(p))
#define MUTABLE_IO(p) ((IO *)MUTABLE_PTR(p))
#define MUTABLE_SV(p) ((SV *)MUTABLE_PTR(p))
#if defined(I_STDBOOL) && !defined(PERL_BOOL_AS_CHAR)
# include <stdbool.h>
# ifndef HAS_BOOL
# define HAS_BOOL 1
# endif
#endif
/* bool is built-in for g++-2.6.3 and later, which might be used
for extensions. <_G_config.h> defines _G_HAVE_BOOL, but we can't
be sure _G_config.h will be included before this file. _G_config.h
also defines _G_HAVE_BOOL for both gcc and g++, but only g++
actually has bool. Hence, _G_HAVE_BOOL is pretty useless for us.
g++ can be identified by __GNUG__.
Andy Dougherty February 2000
*/
#ifdef __GNUG__ /* GNU g++ has bool built-in */
# ifndef PERL_BOOL_AS_CHAR
# ifndef HAS_BOOL
# define HAS_BOOL 1
# endif
# endif
#endif
#ifndef HAS_BOOL
# ifdef bool
# undef bool
# endif
# define bool char
# define HAS_BOOL 1
#endif
/*
=for apidoc_section Casting
=for apidoc Am|bool|cBOOL|bool expr
Cast-to-bool. A simple S<C<(bool) I<expr>>> cast may not do the right thing:
if C<bool> is defined as C<char>, for example, then the cast from C<int> is
implementation-defined.
C<(bool)!!(cbool)> in a ternary triggers a bug in xlc on AIX
=cut
*/
#define cBOOL(cbool) ((cbool) ? (bool)1 : (bool)0)
/* Try to figure out __func__ or __FUNCTION__ equivalent, if any.
* XXX Should really be a Configure probe, with HAS__FUNCTION__
* and FUNCTION__ as results.
* XXX Similarly, a Configure probe for __FILE__ and __LINE__ is needed. */
#if (defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L) || (defined(__SUNPRO_C)) /* C99 or close enough. */
# define FUNCTION__ __func__
#elif (defined(__DECC_VER)) /* Tru64 or VMS, and strict C89 being used, but not modern enough cc (in Tur64, -c99 not known, only -std1). */
# define FUNCTION__ ""
#else
# define FUNCTION__ __FUNCTION__ /* Common extension. */
#endif
/* XXX A note on the perl source internal type system. The
original intent was that I32 be *exactly* 32 bits.
Currently, we only guarantee that I32 is *at least* 32 bits.
Specifically, if int is 64 bits, then so is I32. (This is the case
for the Cray.) This has the advantage of meshing nicely with
standard library calls (where we pass an I32 and the library is
expecting an int), but the disadvantage that an I32 is not 32 bits.
Andy Dougherty August 1996
There is no guarantee that there is *any* integral type with
exactly 32 bits. It is perfectly legal for a system to have
sizeof(short) == sizeof(int) == sizeof(long) == 8.
Similarly, there is no guarantee that I16 and U16 have exactly 16
bits.
For dealing with issues that may arise from various 32/64-bit
systems, we will ask Configure to check out
SHORTSIZE == sizeof(short)
INTSIZE == sizeof(int)
LONGSIZE == sizeof(long)
LONGLONGSIZE == sizeof(long long) (if HAS_LONG_LONG)
PTRSIZE == sizeof(void *)
DOUBLESIZE == sizeof(double)
LONG_DOUBLESIZE == sizeof(long double) (if HAS_LONG_DOUBLE).
*/
#ifdef I_INTTYPES /* e.g. Linux has int64_t without <inttypes.h> */
# include <inttypes.h>
# ifdef INT32_MIN_BROKEN
# undef INT32_MIN
# define INT32_MIN (-2147483647-1)
# endif
# ifdef INT64_MIN_BROKEN
# undef INT64_MIN
# define INT64_MIN (-9223372036854775807LL-1)
# endif
#endif
typedef I8TYPE I8;
typedef U8TYPE U8;
typedef I16TYPE I16;
typedef U16TYPE U16;
typedef I32TYPE I32;
typedef U32TYPE U32;
#ifdef QUADKIND
typedef I64TYPE I64;
typedef U64TYPE U64;
#endif
#if defined(UINT8_MAX) && defined(INT16_MAX) && defined(INT32_MAX)
/* I8_MAX and I8_MIN constants are not defined, as I8 is an ambiguous type.
Please search CHAR_MAX in perl.h for further details. */
#define U8_MAX UINT8_MAX
#define U8_MIN UINT8_MIN
#define I16_MAX INT16_MAX
#define I16_MIN INT16_MIN
#define U16_MAX UINT16_MAX
#define U16_MIN UINT16_MIN
#define I32_MAX INT32_MAX
#define I32_MIN INT32_MIN
#ifndef UINT32_MAX_BROKEN /* e.g. HP-UX with gcc messes this up */
# define U32_MAX UINT32_MAX
#else
# define U32_MAX 4294967295U
#endif
#define U32_MIN UINT32_MIN
#else
/* I8_MAX and I8_MIN constants are not defined, as I8 is an ambiguous type.
Please search CHAR_MAX in perl.h for further details. */
#define U8_MAX PERL_UCHAR_MAX
#define U8_MIN PERL_UCHAR_MIN
#define I16_MAX PERL_SHORT_MAX
#define I16_MIN PERL_SHORT_MIN
#define U16_MAX PERL_USHORT_MAX
#define U16_MIN PERL_USHORT_MIN
#if LONGSIZE > 4
# define I32_MAX PERL_INT_MAX
# define I32_MIN PERL_INT_MIN
# define U32_MAX PERL_UINT_MAX
# define U32_MIN PERL_UINT_MIN
#else
# define I32_MAX PERL_LONG_MAX
# define I32_MIN PERL_LONG_MIN
# define U32_MAX PERL_ULONG_MAX
# define U32_MIN PERL_ULONG_MIN
#endif
#endif
/* These C99 typedefs are useful sometimes for, say, loop variables whose
* maximum values are small, but for which speed trumps size. If we have a C99
* compiler, use that. Otherwise, a plain 'int' should be good enough.
*
* Restrict these to core for now until we are more certain this is a good
* idea. */
#if defined(PERL_CORE) || defined(PERL_EXT)
# ifdef I_STDINT
typedef int_fast8_t PERL_INT_FAST8_T;
typedef uint_fast8_t PERL_UINT_FAST8_T;
typedef int_fast16_t PERL_INT_FAST16_T;
typedef uint_fast16_t PERL_UINT_FAST16_T;
# else
typedef int PERL_INT_FAST8_T;
typedef unsigned int PERL_UINT_FAST8_T;
typedef int PERL_INT_FAST16_T;
typedef unsigned int PERL_UINT_FAST16_T;
# endif
#endif
/* log(2) (i.e., log base 10 of 2) is pretty close to 0.30103, just in case
* anyone is grepping for it. So BIT_DIGITS gives the number of decimal digits
* required to represent any possible unsigned number containing N bits.
* TYPE_DIGITS gives the number of decimal digits required to represent any
* possible unsigned number of type T. */
#define BIT_DIGITS(N) (((N)*146)/485 + 1) /* log10(2) =~ 146/485 */
#define TYPE_DIGITS(T) BIT_DIGITS(sizeof(T) * 8)
#define TYPE_CHARS(T) (TYPE_DIGITS(T) + 2) /* sign, NUL */
/* Unused by core; should be deprecated */
#define Ctl(ch) ((ch) & 037)
#if defined(PERL_CORE) || defined(PERL_EXT)
# ifndef MIN
# define MIN(a,b) ((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b))
# endif
# ifndef MAX
# define MAX(a,b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b))
# endif
#endif
/* Returns a boolean as to whether the input unsigned number is a power of 2
* (2**0, 2**1, etc). In other words if it has just a single bit set.
* If not, subtracting 1 would leave the uppermost bit set, so the & would
* yield non-zero */
#if defined(PERL_CORE) || defined(PERL_EXT)
# define isPOWER_OF_2(n) ((n) && ((n) & ((n)-1)) == 0)
#endif
/* Returns a mask with the lowest n bits set */
#define nBIT_MASK(n) ((UINTMAX_C(1) << (n)) - 1)
/* The largest unsigned number that will fit into n bits */
#define nBIT_UMAX(n) nBIT_MASK(n)
/*
=for apidoc_section Compiler directives
=for apidoc Am||__ASSERT_|bool expr
This is a helper macro to avoid preprocessor issues, replaced by nothing
unless under DEBUGGING, where it expands to an assert of its argument,
followed by a comma (hence the comma operator). If we just used a straight
assert(), we would get a comma with nothing before it when not DEBUGGING.
=cut
We also use empty definition under Coverity since the __ASSERT__
checks often check for things that Really Cannot Happen, and Coverity
detects that and gets all excited. */
#if defined(DEBUGGING) && !defined(__COVERITY__) \
&& ! defined(PERL_SMALL_MACRO_BUFFER)
# define __ASSERT_(statement) assert(statement),
#else
# define __ASSERT_(statement)
#endif
/*
=for apidoc_section SV Handling
=for apidoc Ama|SV*|newSVpvs|"literal string"
Like C<newSVpvn>, but takes a literal string instead of a
string/length pair.
=for apidoc Ama|SV*|newSVpvs_flags|"literal string"|U32 flags
Like C<newSVpvn_flags>, but takes a literal string instead of
a string/length pair.
=for apidoc Ama|SV*|newSVpvs_share|"literal string"
Like C<newSVpvn_share>, but takes a literal string instead of
a string/length pair and omits the hash parameter.
=for apidoc Am|void|sv_catpvs_flags|SV* sv|"literal string"|I32 flags
Like C<sv_catpvn_flags>, but takes a literal string instead
of a string/length pair.
=for apidoc Am|void|sv_catpvs_nomg|SV* sv|"literal string"
Like C<sv_catpvn_nomg>, but takes a literal string instead of
a string/length pair.
=for apidoc Am|void|sv_catpvs|SV* sv|"literal string"
Like C<sv_catpvn>, but takes a literal string instead of a
string/length pair.
=for apidoc Am|void|sv_catpvs_mg|SV* sv|"literal string"
Like C<sv_catpvn_mg>, but takes a literal string instead of a
string/length pair.
=for apidoc Am|void|sv_setpvs|SV* sv|"literal string"
Like C<sv_setpvn>, but takes a literal string instead of a
string/length pair.
=for apidoc Am|void|sv_setpvs_mg|SV* sv|"literal string"
Like C<sv_setpvn_mg>, but takes a literal string instead of a
string/length pair.
=for apidoc Am|SV *|sv_setref_pvs|SV *const rv|const char *const classname|"literal string"
Like C<sv_setref_pvn>, but takes a literal string instead of
a string/length pair.
=for apidoc_section String Handling
=for apidoc Ama|char*|savepvs|"literal string"
Like C<savepvn>, but takes a literal string instead of a
string/length pair.
=for apidoc Ama|char*|savesharedpvs|"literal string"
A version of C<savepvs()> which allocates the duplicate string in memory
which is shared between threads.
=for apidoc_section GV Handling
=for apidoc Am|HV*|gv_stashpvs|"name"|I32 create
Like C<gv_stashpvn>, but takes a literal string instead of a
string/length pair.
=for apidoc_section HV Handling
=for apidoc Am|SV**|hv_fetchs|HV* tb|"key"|I32 lval
Like C<hv_fetch>, but takes a literal string instead of a
string/length pair.
=for apidoc Am|SV**|hv_stores|HV* tb|"key"|SV* val
Like C<hv_store>, but takes a literal string instead of a
string/length pair
and omits the hash parameter.
=for apidoc_section Lexer interface
=for apidoc Amx|void|lex_stuff_pvs|"pv"|U32 flags
Like L</lex_stuff_pvn>, but takes a literal string instead of
a string/length pair.
=cut
*/
/*
=for apidoc_section String Handling
=for apidoc Amu|pair|STR_WITH_LEN|"literal string"
Returns two comma separated tokens of the input literal string, and its length.
This is convenience macro which helps out in some API calls.
Note that it can't be used as an argument to macros or functions that under
some configurations might be macros, which means that it requires the full
Perl_xxx(aTHX_ ...) form for any API calls where it's used.
=cut
*/
#define STR_WITH_LEN(s) ("" s ""), (sizeof(s)-1)
/* STR_WITH_LEN() shortcuts */
#define newSVpvs(str) Perl_newSVpvn(aTHX_ STR_WITH_LEN(str))
#define newSVpvs_flags(str,flags) \
Perl_newSVpvn_flags(aTHX_ STR_WITH_LEN(str), flags)
#define newSVpvs_share(str) Perl_newSVpvn_share(aTHX_ STR_WITH_LEN(str), 0)
#define sv_catpvs_flags(sv, str, flags) \
Perl_sv_catpvn_flags(aTHX_ sv, STR_WITH_LEN(str), flags)
#define sv_catpvs_nomg(sv, str) \
Perl_sv_catpvn_flags(aTHX_ sv, STR_WITH_LEN(str), 0)
#define sv_catpvs(sv, str) \
Perl_sv_catpvn_flags(aTHX_ sv, STR_WITH_LEN(str), SV_GMAGIC)
#define sv_catpvs_mg(sv, str) \
Perl_sv_catpvn_flags(aTHX_ sv, STR_WITH_LEN(str), SV_GMAGIC|SV_SMAGIC)
#define sv_setpvs(sv, str) Perl_sv_setpvn(aTHX_ sv, STR_WITH_LEN(str))
#define sv_setpvs_mg(sv, str) Perl_sv_setpvn_mg(aTHX_ sv, STR_WITH_LEN(str))
#define sv_setref_pvs(rv, classname, str) \
Perl_sv_setref_pvn(aTHX_ rv, classname, STR_WITH_LEN(str))
#define savepvs(str) Perl_savepvn(aTHX_ STR_WITH_LEN(str))
#define savesharedpvs(str) Perl_savesharedpvn(aTHX_ STR_WITH_LEN(str))
#define gv_stashpvs(str, create) \
Perl_gv_stashpvn(aTHX_ STR_WITH_LEN(str), create)
#define gv_fetchpvs(namebeg, flags, sv_type) \
Perl_gv_fetchpvn_flags(aTHX_ STR_WITH_LEN(namebeg), flags, sv_type)
#define gv_fetchpvn gv_fetchpvn_flags
#define sv_catxmlpvs(dsv, str, utf8) \
Perl_sv_catxmlpvn(aTHX_ dsv, STR_WITH_LEN(str), utf8)
#define lex_stuff_pvs(pv,flags) Perl_lex_stuff_pvn(aTHX_ STR_WITH_LEN(pv), flags)
#define get_cvs(str, flags) \
Perl_get_cvn_flags(aTHX_ STR_WITH_LEN(str), (flags))
/* internal helpers */
/* Transitional */
#ifndef PERL_VERSION_MAJOR
# define PERL_VERSION_MAJOR PERL_REVISION
#else
# undef PERL_REVISION /* We don't want code to be using these */
#endif
#ifndef PERL_VERSION_MINOR
# define PERL_VERSION_MINOR PERL_VERSION
#else
# undef PERL_VERSION
#endif
#ifndef PERL_VERSION_PATCH
# define PERL_VERSION_PATCH PERL_SUBVERSION
#else
# undef PERL_SUBVERSION
#endif
#define PERL_JNP_TO_DECIMAL_(maJor,miNor,Patch) \
/* '10*' leaves room for things like alpha, beta, releases */ \
(10 * ((maJor) * 1000000) + ((miNor) * 1000) + (Patch))
#define PERL_DECIMAL_VERSION_ \
PERL_JNP_TO_DECIMAL_(PERL_VERSION_MAJOR, PERL_VERSION_MINOR, \
PERL_VERSION_PATCH)
/*
=for apidoc_section Versioning
=for apidoc AmR|bool|PERL_VERSION_EQ|const U8 major|const U8 minor|const U8 patch
=for apidoc_item PERL_VERSION_NE
=for apidoc_item PERL_VERSION_LT
=for apidoc_item PERL_VERSION_LE
=for apidoc_item PERL_VERSION_GT
=for apidoc_item PERL_VERSION_GE
Returns whether or not the perl currently being compiled has the specified
relationship to the perl given by the parameters. For example,
#if PERL_VERSION_GT(5,24,2)
code that will only be compiled on perls after v5.24.2
#else
fallback code
#endif
Note that this is usable in making compile-time decisions
You may use the special value '*' for the final number to mean ALL possible
values for it. Thus,
#if PERL_VERSION_EQ(5,31,'*')
means all perls in the 5.31 series. And
#if PERL_VERSION_NE(5,24,'*')
means all perls EXCEPT 5.24 ones. And
#if PERL_VERSION_LE(5,9,'*')
is effectively
#if PERL_VERSION_LT(5,10,0)
This means you don't have to think so much when converting from the existing
deprecated C<PERL_VERSION> to using this macro:
#if PERL_VERSION <= 9
becomes
#if PERL_VERSION_LE(5,9,'*')
=cut
*/
/* N.B. These don't work if the patch version is 42 or 92, as those are what
* '*' is in ASCII and EBCDIC respectively */
# define PERL_VERSION_EQ(j,n,p) \
(((p) == '*') \
? ( (j) == PERL_VERSION_MAJOR \
&& (n) == PERL_VERSION_MINOR) \
: (PERL_DECIMAL_VERSION_ == PERL_JNP_TO_DECIMAL_(j,n,p)))
# define PERL_VERSION_NE(j,n,p) (! PERL_VERSION_EQ(j,n,p))
# define PERL_VERSION_LT(j,n,p) /* < '*' effectively means < 0 */ \
(PERL_DECIMAL_VERSION_ < PERL_JNP_TO_DECIMAL_( (j), \
(n), \
(((p) == '*') ? 0 : p)))
# define PERL_VERSION_GE(j,n,p) (! PERL_VERSION_LT(j,n,p))
# define PERL_VERSION_LE(j,n,p) /* <= '*' effectively means < n+1 */ \
(PERL_DECIMAL_VERSION_ < PERL_JNP_TO_DECIMAL_( (j), \
(((p) == '*') ? ((n)+1) : (n)), \
(((p) == '*') ? 0 : p)))
# define PERL_VERSION_GT(j,n,p) (! PERL_VERSION_LE(j,n,p))
/*
=for apidoc_section String Handling
=for apidoc Am|bool|strNE|char* s1|char* s2
Test two C<NUL>-terminated strings to see if they are different. Returns true
or false.
=for apidoc Am|bool|strEQ|char* s1|char* s2
Test two C<NUL>-terminated strings to see if they are equal. Returns true or
false.
=for apidoc Am|bool|strLT|char* s1|char* s2
Test two C<NUL>-terminated strings to see if the first, C<s1>, is less than the
second, C<s2>. Returns true or false.
=for apidoc Am|bool|strLE|char* s1|char* s2
Test two C<NUL>-terminated strings to see if the first, C<s1>, is less than or
equal to the second, C<s2>. Returns true or false.
=for apidoc Am|bool|strGT|char* s1|char* s2
Test two C<NUL>-terminated strings to see if the first, C<s1>, is greater than
the second, C<s2>. Returns true or false.
=for apidoc Am|bool|strGE|char* s1|char* s2
Test two C<NUL>-terminated strings to see if the first, C<s1>, is greater than
or equal to the second, C<s2>. Returns true or false.
=for apidoc Am|bool|strnNE|char* s1|char* s2|STRLEN len
Test two C<NUL>-terminated strings to see if they are different. The C<len>
parameter indicates the number of bytes to compare. Returns true or false. (A
wrapper for C<strncmp>).
=for apidoc Am|bool|strnEQ|char* s1|char* s2|STRLEN len
Test two C<NUL>-terminated strings to see if they are equal. The C<len>
parameter indicates the number of bytes to compare. Returns true or false. (A
wrapper for C<strncmp>).
=for apidoc Am|bool|memEQ|char* s1|char* s2|STRLEN len
Test two buffers (which may contain embedded C<NUL> characters, to see if they
are equal. The C<len> parameter indicates the number of bytes to compare.
Returns zero if equal, or non-zero if non-equal.
=for apidoc Am|bool|memEQs|char* s1|STRLEN l1|"s2"
Like L</memEQ>, but the second string is a literal enclosed in double quotes,
C<l1> gives the number of bytes in C<s1>.
Returns zero if equal, or non-zero if non-equal.
=for apidoc Am|bool|memNE|char* s1|char* s2|STRLEN len
Test two buffers (which may contain embedded C<NUL> characters, to see if they
are not equal. The C<len> parameter indicates the number of bytes to compare.
Returns zero if non-equal, or non-zero if equal.
=for apidoc Am|bool|memNEs|char* s1|STRLEN l1|"s2"
Like L</memNE>, but the second string is a literal enclosed in double quotes,
C<l1> gives the number of bytes in C<s1>.
Returns zero if non-equal, or zero if non-equal.
=for apidoc Am|bool|memCHRs|"list"|char c
Returns the position of the first occurence of the byte C<c> in the literal
string C<"list">, or NULL if C<c> doesn't appear in C<"list">. All bytes are
treated as unsigned char. Thus this macro can be used to determine if C<c> is
in a set of particular characters. Unlike L<strchr(3)>, it works even if C<c>
is C<NUL> (and the set doesn't include C<NUL>).
=cut
New macros should use the following conventions for their names (which are
based on the underlying C library functions):
(mem | str n? ) (EQ | NE | LT | GT | GE | (( BEGIN | END ) P? )) l? s?
Each has two main parameters, string-like operands that are compared
against each other, as specified by the macro name. Some macros may
additionally have one or potentially even two length parameters. If a length
parameter applies to both string parameters, it will be positioned third;
otherwise any length parameter immediately follows the string parameter it
applies to.
If the prefix to the name is 'str', the string parameter is a pointer to a C
language string. Such a string does not contain embedded NUL bytes; its
length may be unknown, but can be calculated by C<strlen()>, since it is
terminated by a NUL, which isn't included in its length.
The optional 'n' following 'str' means that there is a third parameter,
giving the maximum number of bytes to look at in each string. Even if both
strings are longer than the length parameter, those extra bytes will be
unexamined.
The 's' suffix means that the 2nd byte string parameter is a literal C
double-quoted string. Its length will automatically be calculated by the
macro, so no length parameter will ever be needed for it.
If the prefix is 'mem', the string parameters don't have to be C strings;
they may contain embedded NUL bytes, do not necessarily have a terminating
NUL, and their lengths can be known only through other means, which in
practice are additional parameter(s) passed to the function. All 'mem'
functions have at least one length parameter. Barring any 'l' or 's' suffix,
there is a single length parameter, in position 3, which applies to both
string parameters. The 's' suffix means, as described above, that the 2nd
string is a literal double-quoted C string (hence its length is calculated by
the macro, and the length parameter to the function applies just to the first
string parameter, and hence is positioned just after it). An 'l' suffix
means that the 2nd string parameter has its own length parameter, and the
signature will look like memFOOl(s1, l1, s2, l2).
BEGIN (and END) are for testing if the 2nd string is an initial (or final)
substring of the 1st string. 'P' if present indicates that the substring
must be a "proper" one in tha mathematical sense that the first one must be
strictly larger than the 2nd.
*/
#define strNE(s1,s2) (strcmp(s1,s2) != 0)
#define strEQ(s1,s2) (strcmp(s1,s2) == 0)
#define strLT(s1,s2) (strcmp(s1,s2) < 0)
#define strLE(s1,s2) (strcmp(s1,s2) <= 0)
#define strGT(s1,s2) (strcmp(s1,s2) > 0)
#define strGE(s1,s2) (strcmp(s1,s2) >= 0)
#define strnNE(s1,s2,l) (strncmp(s1,s2,l) != 0)
#define strnEQ(s1,s2,l) (strncmp(s1,s2,l) == 0)
#define memEQ(s1,s2,l) (memcmp(((const void *) (s1)), ((const void *) (s2)), l) == 0)
#define memNE(s1,s2,l) (! memEQ(s1,s2,l))
/* memEQ and memNE where second comparand is a string constant */
#define memEQs(s1, l, s2) \
(((sizeof(s2)-1) == (l)) && memEQ((s1), ("" s2 ""), (sizeof(s2)-1)))
#define memNEs(s1, l, s2) (! memEQs(s1, l, s2))
/* Keep these private until we decide it was a good idea */
#if defined(PERL_CORE) || defined(PERL_EXT) || defined(PERL_EXT_POSIX)
#define strBEGINs(s1,s2) (strncmp(s1,"" s2 "", sizeof(s2)-1) == 0)
#define memBEGINs(s1, l, s2) \
( (Ptrdiff_t) (l) >= (Ptrdiff_t) sizeof(s2) - 1 \
&& memEQ(s1, "" s2 "", sizeof(s2)-1))
#define memBEGINPs(s1, l, s2) \
( (Ptrdiff_t) (l) > (Ptrdiff_t) sizeof(s2) - 1 \
&& memEQ(s1, "" s2 "", sizeof(s2)-1))
#define memENDs(s1, l, s2) \
( (Ptrdiff_t) (l) >= (Ptrdiff_t) sizeof(s2) - 1 \
&& memEQ(s1 + (l) - (sizeof(s2) - 1), "" s2 "", sizeof(s2)-1))
#define memENDPs(s1, l, s2) \
( (Ptrdiff_t) (l) > (Ptrdiff_t) sizeof(s2) \
&& memEQ(s1 + (l) - (sizeof(s2) - 1), "" s2 "", sizeof(s2)-1))
#endif /* End of making macros private */
#define memLT(s1,s2,l) (memcmp(s1,s2,l) < 0)
#define memLE(s1,s2,l) (memcmp(s1,s2,l) <= 0)
#define memGT(s1,s2,l) (memcmp(s1,s2,l) > 0)
#define memGE(s1,s2,l) (memcmp(s1,s2,l) >= 0)
#define memCHRs(s1,c) ((const char *) memchr("" s1 "" , c, sizeof(s1)-1))
/*
* Character classes.
*
* Unfortunately, the introduction of locales means that we
* can't trust isupper(), etc. to tell the truth. And when
* it comes to /\w+/ with tainting enabled, we *must* be able
* to trust our character classes.
*
* Therefore, the default tests in the text of Perl will be
* independent of locale. Any code that wants to depend on
* the current locale will use the tests that begin with "lc".
*/
#ifdef HAS_SETLOCALE /* XXX Is there a better test for this? */
# ifndef CTYPE256
# define CTYPE256
# endif
#endif
/*
=head1 Character classification
This section is about functions (really macros) that classify characters
into types, such as punctuation versus alphabetic, etc. Most of these are
analogous to regular expression character classes. (See
L<perlrecharclass/POSIX Character Classes>.) There are several variants for
each class. (Not all macros have all variants; each item below lists the
ones valid for it.) None are affected by C<use bytes>, and only the ones
with C<LC> in the name are affected by the current locale.
The base function, e.g., C<isALPHA()>, takes any signed or unsigned value,
treating it as a code point, and returns a boolean as to whether or not the
character represented by it is (or on non-ASCII platforms, corresponds to) an
ASCII character in the named class based on platform, Unicode, and Perl rules.
If the input is a number that doesn't fit in an octet, FALSE is returned.
Variant C<isI<FOO>_A> (e.g., C<isALPHA_A()>) is identical to the base function
with no suffix C<"_A">. This variant is used to emphasize by its name that
only ASCII-range characters can return TRUE.
Variant C<isI<FOO>_L1> imposes the Latin-1 (or EBCDIC equivalent) character set
onto the platform. That is, the code points that are ASCII are unaffected,
since ASCII is a subset of Latin-1. But the non-ASCII code points are treated
as if they are Latin-1 characters. For example, C<isWORDCHAR_L1()> will return
true when called with the code point 0xDF, which is a word character in both
ASCII and EBCDIC (though it represents different characters in each).
If the input is a number that doesn't fit in an octet, FALSE is returned.
(Perl's documentation uses a colloquial definition of Latin-1, to include all
code points below 256.)
Variant C<isI<FOO>_uvchr> is exactly like the C<isI<FOO>_L1> variant, for
inputs below 256, but if the code point is larger than 255, Unicode rules are
used to determine if it is in the character class. For example,
C<isWORDCHAR_uvchr(0x100)> returns TRUE, since 0x100 is LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A
WITH MACRON in Unicode, and is a word character.
Variants C<isI<FOO>_utf8> and C<isI<FOO>_utf8_safe> are like C<isI<FOO>_uvchr>,
but are used for UTF-8 encoded strings. The two forms are different names for
the same thing. Each call to one of these classifies the first character of
the string starting at C<p>. The second parameter, C<e>, points to anywhere in
the string beyond the first character, up to one byte past the end of the
entire string. Although both variants are identical, the suffix C<_safe> in
one name emphasizes that it will not attempt to read beyond S<C<e - 1>>,
provided that the constraint S<C<s E<lt> e>> is true (this is asserted for in
C<-DDEBUGGING> builds). If the UTF-8 for the input character is malformed in
some way, the program may croak, or the function may return FALSE, at the
discretion of the implementation, and subject to change in future releases.
Variant C<isI<FOO>_LC> is like the C<isI<FOO>_A> and C<isI<FOO>_L1> variants,
but the result is based on the current locale, which is what C<LC> in the name
stands for. If Perl can determine that the current locale is a UTF-8 locale,
it uses the published Unicode rules; otherwise, it uses the C library function
that gives the named classification. For example, C<isDIGIT_LC()> when not in
a UTF-8 locale returns the result of calling C<isdigit()>. FALSE is always
returned if the input won't fit into an octet. On some platforms where the C
library function is known to be defective, Perl changes its result to follow
the POSIX standard's rules.
Variant C<isI<FOO>_LC_uvchr> acts exactly like C<isI<FOO>_LC> for inputs less
than 256, but for larger ones it returns the Unicode classification of the code
point.
Variants C<isI<FOO>_LC_utf8> and C<isI<FOO>_LC_utf8_safe> are like
C<isI<FOO>_LC_uvchr>, but are used for UTF-8 encoded strings. The two forms
are different names for the same thing. Each call to one of these classifies
the first character of the string starting at C<p>. The second parameter,
C<e>, points to anywhere in the string beyond the first character, up to one
byte past the end of the entire string. Although both variants are identical,
the suffix C<_safe> in one name emphasizes that it will not attempt to read
beyond S<C<e - 1>>, provided that the constraint S<C<s E<lt> e>> is true (this
is asserted for in C<-DDEBUGGING> builds). If the UTF-8 for the input
character is malformed in some way, the program may croak, or the function may
return FALSE, at the discretion of the implementation, and subject to change in
future releases.
=for apidoc Am|bool|isALPHA|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isALPHA_A|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isALPHA_L1|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isALPHA_uvchr|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isALPHA_utf8_safe|U8 * s|U8 * end
=for apidoc_item ||isALPHA_utf8|U8 * s|U8 * end
=for apidoc_item ||isALPHA_LC|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isALPHA_LC_uvchr|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isALPHA_LC_utf8_safe|U8 * s| U8 *end
Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified input is one of C<[A-Za-z]>,
analogous to C<m/[[:alpha:]]/>.
See the L<top of this section|/Character classification> for an explanation of
the variants.
=cut
Here and below, we add the prototypes of these macros for downstream programs
that would be interested in them, such as Devel::PPPort
=for apidoc Am|bool|isALPHANUMERIC|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isALPHANUMERIC_A|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isALPHANUMERIC_L1|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isALPHANUMERIC_uvchr|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isALPHANUMERIC_utf8_safe|U8 * s|U8 * end
=for apidoc_item ||isALPHANUMERIC_utf8|U8 * s|U8 * end
=for apidoc_item ||isALPHANUMERIC_LC|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isALPHANUMERIC_LC_uvchr|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isALPHANUMERIC_LC_utf8_safe|U8 * s| U8 *end
=for apidoc_item ||isALNUMC|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isALNUMC_A|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isALNUMC_L1|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isALNUMC_LC|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isALNUMC_LC_uvchr|UV ch
Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified character is one of
C<[A-Za-z0-9]>, analogous to C<m/[[:alnum:]]/>.
See the L<top of this section|/Character classification> for an explanation of
the variants.
A (discouraged from use) synonym is C<isALNUMC> (where the C<C> suffix means
this corresponds to the C language alphanumeric definition). Also
there are the variants
C<isALNUMC_A>, C<isALNUMC_L1>
C<isALNUMC_LC>, and C<isALNUMC_LC_uvchr>.
=for apidoc Am|bool|isASCII|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isASCII_A|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isASCII_L1|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isASCII_uvchr|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isASCII_utf8_safe|U8 * s|U8 * end
=for apidoc_item ||isASCII_utf8|U8 * s|U8 * end
=for apidoc_item ||isASCII_LC|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isASCII_LC_uvchr|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isASCII_LC_utf8_safe|U8 * s| U8 *end
Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified character is one of the 128
characters in the ASCII character set, analogous to C<m/[[:ascii:]]/>.
On non-ASCII platforms, it returns TRUE iff this
character corresponds to an ASCII character. Variants C<isASCII_A()> and
C<isASCII_L1()> are identical to C<isASCII()>.
See the L<top of this section|/Character classification> for an explanation of
the variants.
Note, however, that some platforms do not have the C library routine
C<isascii()>. In these cases, the variants whose names contain C<LC> are the
same as the corresponding ones without.
Also note, that because all ASCII characters are UTF-8 invariant (meaning they
have the exact same representation (always a single byte) whether encoded in
UTF-8 or not), C<isASCII> will give the correct results when called with any
byte in any string encoded or not in UTF-8. And similarly C<isASCII_utf8> and
C<isASCII_utf8_safe> will work properly on any string encoded or not in UTF-8.
=for apidoc Am|bool|isBLANK|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isBLANK_A|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isBLANK_L1|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isBLANK_uvchr|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isBLANK_utf8_safe|U8 * s|U8 * end
=for apidoc_item ||isBLANK_utf8|U8 * s|U8 * end
=for apidoc_item ||isBLANK_LC|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isBLANK_LC_uvchr|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isBLANK_LC_utf8_safe|U8 * s| U8 *end
Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified character is a
character considered to be a blank, analogous to C<m/[[:blank:]]/>.
See the L<top of this section|/Character classification> for an explanation of
the variants.
Note,
however, that some platforms do not have the C library routine
C<isblank()>. In these cases, the variants whose names contain C<LC> are
the same as the corresponding ones without.
=for apidoc Am|bool|isCNTRL|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isCNTRL_A|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isCNTRL_L1|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isCNTRL_uvchr|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isCNTRL_utf8_safe|U8 * s|U8 * end
=for apidoc_item ||isCNTRL_utf8|U8 * s|U8 * end
=for apidoc_item ||isCNTRL_LC|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isCNTRL_LC_uvchr|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isCNTRL_LC_utf8_safe|U8 * s| U8 *end
Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified character is a
control character, analogous to C<m/[[:cntrl:]]/>.
See the L<top of this section|/Character classification> for an explanation of
the variants.
On EBCDIC platforms, you almost always want to use the C<isCNTRL_L1> variant.
=for apidoc Am|bool|isDIGIT|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isDIGIT_A|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isDIGIT_L1|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isDIGIT_uvchr|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isDIGIT_utf8_safe|U8 * s|U8 * end
=for apidoc_item ||isDIGIT_utf8|U8 * s|U8 * end
=for apidoc_item ||isDIGIT_LC|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isDIGIT_LC_uvchr|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isDIGIT_LC_utf8_safe|U8 * s| U8 *end
Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified character is a
digit, analogous to C<m/[[:digit:]]/>.
Variants C<isDIGIT_A> and C<isDIGIT_L1> are identical to C<isDIGIT>.
See the L<top of this section|/Character classification> for an explanation of
the variants.
=for apidoc Am|bool|isGRAPH|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isGRAPH_A|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isGRAPH_L1|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isGRAPH_uvchr|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isGRAPH_utf8_safe|U8 * s|U8 * end
=for apidoc_item ||isGRAPH_utf8|U8 * s|U8 * end
=for apidoc_item ||isGRAPH_LC|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isGRAPH_LC_uvchr|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isGRAPH_LC_utf8_safe|U8 * s| U8 *end
Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified character is a
graphic character, analogous to C<m/[[:graph:]]/>.
See the L<top of this section|/Character classification> for an explanation of
the variants.
=for apidoc Am|bool|isLOWER|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isLOWER_A|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isLOWER_L1|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isLOWER_uvchr|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isLOWER_utf8_safe|U8 * s|U8 * end
=for apidoc_item ||isLOWER_utf8|U8 * s|U8 * end
=for apidoc_item ||isLOWER_LC|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isLOWER_LC_uvchr|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isLOWER_LC_utf8_safe|U8 * s| U8 *end
Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified character is a
lowercase character, analogous to C<m/[[:lower:]]/>.
See the L<top of this section|/Character classification> for an explanation of
the variants
=for apidoc Am|bool|isOCTAL|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isOCTAL_A|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isOCTAL_L1|UV ch
Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified character is an
octal digit, [0-7].
The only two variants are C<isOCTAL_A> and C<isOCTAL_L1>; each is identical to
C<isOCTAL>.
=for apidoc Am|bool|isPUNCT|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isPUNCT_A|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isPUNCT_L1|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isPUNCT_uvchr|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isPUNCT_utf8_safe|U8 * s|U8 * end
=for apidoc_item ||isPUNCT_utf8|U8 * s|U8 * end
=for apidoc_item ||isPUNCT_LC|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isPUNCT_LC_uvchr|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isPUNCT_LC_utf8_safe|U8 * s| U8 *end
Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified character is a
punctuation character, analogous to C<m/[[:punct:]]/>.
Note that the definition of what is punctuation isn't as
straightforward as one might desire. See L<perlrecharclass/POSIX Character
Classes> for details.
See the L<top of this section|/Character classification> for an explanation of
the variants.
=for apidoc Am|bool|isSPACE|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isSPACE_A|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isSPACE_L1|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isSPACE_uvchr|UV ch
=for apidoc_item ||isSPACE_utf8_safe|U8 * s|U8 * end
=for apidoc_item ||isSPACE_utf8|U8 * s|U8 * end
=for apidoc_item ||isSPACE_LC|UV ch