apacheGH-45050: [CI][Dev] Apply ShellCheck lint to c_glib/test/run-test.sh (apache#45052)

### Rationale for this change

```bash
❯ pre-commit run --show-diff-on-failure --color=always --all-files shellcheck
ShellCheck v0.10.0.......................................................Failed

- hook id: shellcheck
- exit code: 1

In c_glib/test/run-test.sh line 20:
test_dir="$(cd $(dirname $0); pwd)"
            ^--------------^ SC2164 (warning): Use 'cd ... || exit' or 'cd ... || return' in case cd fails.
               ^-----------^ SC2046 (warning): Quote this to prevent word splitting.
                         ^-- SC2086 (info): Double quote to prevent globbing and word splitting.

Did you mean:
test_dir="$(cd $(dirname "$0") || exit; pwd)"

In c_glib/test/run-test.sh line 50:
  MODULE_TYPELIB_DIR_VAR_NAME="$(echo ${module} | tr a-z- A-Z_)_TYPELIB_DIR"
                                      ^-------^ SC2086 (info): Double quote to prevent globbing and word splitting.

Did you mean:
  MODULE_TYPELIB_DIR_VAR_NAME="$(echo "${module}" | tr a-z- A-Z_)_TYPELIB_DIR"

In c_glib/test/run-test.sh line 77:
${DEBUGGER} "${DEBUGGER_ARGS[@]}" "${RUBY}" ${test_dir}/run-test.rb "$@"
                                            ^---------^ SC2086 (info): Double quote to prevent globbing and word splitting.

Did you mean:
${DEBUGGER} "${DEBUGGER_ARGS[@]}" "${RUBY}" "${test_dir}"/run-test.rb "$@"

For more information:
  <https://www.shellcheck.net/wiki/SC2046> -- Quote this to prevent word splitt...
  <https://www.shellcheck.net/wiki/SC2164> -- Use 'cd ... || exit' or 'cd ... |...
  <https://www.shellcheck.net/wiki/SC2086> -- Double quote to prevent globbing ...

```

### What changes are included in this PR?
- add missing double quotes(SC2046,SC2086)
- Use cd ... || exit in case cd fails.(SC2164)

### Are these changes tested?
yes

### Are there any user-facing changes?
no

* GitHub Issue: apache#45050

Lead-authored-by: takaaki.koike <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Takaaki Koike <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <[email protected]>

Author: tks1197

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -182,4 +182,5 @@ repos:
           (
           ?^ci/scripts/c_glib_build\.sh$|
           ?^ci/scripts/c_glib_test\.sh$|
+          ?^c_glib/test/run-test\.sh$|
           )

c_glib/test/run-test.sh

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
 
-test_dir="$(cd $(dirname $0); pwd)"
+test_dir="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd)"
 build_dir="$(cd .; pwd)"
 
 modules=(
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ if [ "${BUILD}" != "no" ]; then
 fi
 
 for module in "${modules[@]}"; do
-  MODULE_TYPELIB_DIR_VAR_NAME="$(echo ${module} | tr a-z- A-Z_)_TYPELIB_DIR"
+  MODULE_TYPELIB_DIR_VAR_NAME="$(echo "${module}" | tr a-z- A-Z_)_TYPELIB_DIR"
   module_typelib_dir=$(eval "echo \${${MODULE_TYPELIB_DIR_VAR_NAME}}")
   if [ -z "${module_typelib_dir}" ]; then
     module_typelib_dir="${build_dir}/${module}"
@@ -74,4 +74,4 @@ case "${DEBUGGER}" in
     DEBUGGER_ARGS+=(--)
     ;;
 esac
-${DEBUGGER} "${DEBUGGER_ARGS[@]}" "${RUBY}" ${test_dir}/run-test.rb "$@"
+${DEBUGGER} "${DEBUGGER_ARGS[@]}" "${RUBY}" "${test_dir}"/run-test.rb "$@"