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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><meta charset="UTF-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,height=device-height,initial-scale=1.0"><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"><style>.bespoke-marp-note,.bespoke-marp-osc,.bespoke-progress-parent{display:none;-webkit-transition:none;transition:none}@media screen{body[data-bespoke-view=""] .bespoke-marp-parent>.bespoke-marp-osc>button,body[data-bespoke-view=next] .bespoke-marp-parent>.bespoke-marp-osc>button,body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container button{-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;background-color:transparent;border:0;color:inherit;cursor:pointer;font-size:inherit;opacity:.8;outline:none;padding:0;-webkit-transition:opacity .2s linear;transition:opacity .2s 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<h1>Intro to terminal!</h1>
<h3>Sam Bail, Superconductive // @spbail</h3>
<p><a href="https://github.com/spbail/terminal-workshop">https://github.com/spbail/terminal-workshop</a></p>
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</section>
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<h2>Intro</h2>
<ul>
<li>Hello! I'm Sam!
<ul>
<li>I'm a data... person in New York City, and I run our Partnerships team at Superconductive</li>
<li>We are the team behind <a href="https://greatexpectations.io/"><strong>Great Expectations</strong></a>, an awesome open source tool for <strong>data quality!</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Plan for today:
<ul>
<li>Some background and terminology</li>
<li>Basic navigation, file manipulation, searching</li>
<li>Environment variables and shell profile</li>
<li>Shell scripting</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<h2>Workshop structure</h2>
<ul>
<li>I will mostly be showing slides and demo-ing in the terminal</li>
<li>There will be stops after each section for questions</li>
<li>We will have time for an FAQ at the end</li>
<li>The <strong>DIY</strong> blocks are mini-exercises you can try out after the workshop</li>
</ul>
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</section>
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<h1>Background & terminology</h1>
<footer>Sam Bail @spbail - Intro to terminal workshop</footer>
</section>
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<h2>What are all these words?</h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>Shell</strong>: user interface (command-line or graphical)
<ul>
<li>Usually shell = command-line user interface</li>
<li>The Wikipedia pages on "Unix shell" and "Bash (Unix shell)" are a good read if you're interested in some history!</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Bash</strong>: a type of shell (“Bourne-Again SHell”)*
<ul>
<li>There are others: zsh, ksh…</li>
<li>macOS switched from bash to zsh in 10.15</li>
<li>The basics are all the same :)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Terminal</strong>: the program than runs a shell</li>
</ul>
<footer>Sam Bail @spbail - Intro to terminal workshop</footer>
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<h2>Why use the terminal/shell?</h2>
<ul>
<li>It’s often faster or more flexible
<ul>
<li>Bulk operations on files</li>
<li>Searching for files/text in files</li>
<li>...</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Sometimes you have to
<ul>
<li>Connecting to a server via ssh</li>
<li>Setting aliases or environment variables</li>
<li>...</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<h2>Terminal recommendations</h2>
<ul>
<li>MacOS
<ul>
<li>The built-in Terminal app works well!</li>
<li>iTerm is a nice terminal with a few more customizable features</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Windows
<ul>
<li>The Windows command line is very different from the Unix shells</li>
<li>Git Bash is a bash-like wrapper around the command line, it comes with the <a href="https://gitforwindows.org/">git for Windows install</a></li>
<li>There is a feature called <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/wsl/install-win10">"Windows subsystem for Linux"</a> that gives you Unix features like a shell - I haven't tested this yet but it might be an option!</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<h1>Navigating the file system</h1>
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<h2>Let's get started</h2>
<ul>
<li>Some basics to navigate the file system:
<ul>
<li><code>pwd</code>: path of current working directory (usually your terminal will open a shell in your home directory, but you can change that in settings)</li>
<li><code>ls</code>: list files in the directory</li>
<li><code>ls -l</code>: add a “long format” flag</li>
<li><code>ls -la</code>: add long format + “all” flag</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>How do we know what flags are available?
<ul>
<li><code>man ls</code>: man(ual) pages</li>
<li><code><space bar></code>: navigate down</li>
<li><code>q</code>: get out of <code>man</code> (and lots of other shell programs)!</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>DIY:</strong> check man and try out different flags for <code>ls</code></li>
</ul>
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<h2>Some helpful terminal shortcuts</h2>
<ul>
<li><code>clear</code> or <code><CTRL+L></code>: refresh your terminal window</li>
<li><code><Up arrow></code>: cycle through previous commands</li>
<li><code><Tab></code>: bash will tab-complete file/dir paths</li>
<li><code><CTRL+c></code>: exit pretty much any process</li>
<li><code><CTRL+a>/<CTRL+e></code>: go to start/end of line</li>
<li><code><CTRL+w></code>: delete word before the cursor</li>
<li><code><CTRL+r></code>: incremental reverse search through previous commands, keep hitting <code><CTRL+r></code> to cycle</li>
<li><strong>DIY</strong>: use <code><CTRL+r></code> to find and run your first <code>pwd</code> command</li>
</ul>
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<h2>Navigating the file system</h2>
<ul>
<li><code>cd <directory></code>: go to <directory>
<ul>
<li>Use pwd, tab-complete and ls for orientation!</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Example:
<ul>
<li>Use <code>pwd</code> to see where you are, then <code>ls</code> to list contents of the directory</li>
<li>Change to the "code" subdir with <code>cd code</code> and list contents with <code>ls</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Some useful aliases for directories:
<ul>
<li><code>~</code>: alias for your home directory (/Users/<name>)</li>
<li><code>.</code>: alias for the current directory</li>
<li><code>..</code>: alias for the parent directory</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>DIY:</strong> Try out navigating your file system using names and aliases</li>
</ul>
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<h1>Basic file operations</h1>
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<h2>File operations (1)</h2>
<ul>
<li><code>mkdir <directory></code>: make a directory</li>
<li><code>touch <filename></code>: create an empty file called <filename></li>
<li><code>open (filename)</code>: open file in default text editor`</li>
<li>Example:
<ul>
<li><code>mkdir some_dir</code> and <code>cd some_dir</code></li>
<li><code>touch hello.txt</code> and <code>ls</code> to see that file was created</li>
<li><code>open hello.txt</code> to open the file in your system's default editor</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>DIY</strong>: Try out this workflow!</li>
</ul>
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<h2>File operations (2)</h2>
<ul>
<li><code>cp <file1> <file2></code>: copy file1 to file2
<ul>
<li><code>cp hello.txt hello2.txt</code></li>
<li><code>ls</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>mv <file1> <file2></code>: rename file1 to file2
<ul>
<li><code>mv hello2.txt hello3.txt</code></li>
<li><code>ls</code> - we now have only hello.txt and hello3.txt</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>rm <file></code>: remove file (irreversibly!)</li>
<li>Use wildcard <code>*</code> in file names for any operation
<ul>
<li><code>ls hello*</code> will show all files starting with "hello"</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<h2>Looking at file content (1)</h2>
<ul>
<li>I'm using a file (permits.csv) from NYC OpenData as an example</li>
<li><code>cat</code>: print content of file</li>
<li><code>head</code>: cat, but only show the top n rows of a file</li>
<li><code>tail</code>: like head, but shows bottom n rows</li>
<li>Example:
<ul>
<li><code>cat permits.csv</code></li>
<li><code>head permits.csv</code> and <code>head -n 2 permits.csv</code></li>
<li><code>tail permits.csv</code> and <code>tail -n 2 permits.csv</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<h2>Looking at file content (2)</h2>
<ul>
<li><code>less</code>: interactive text reader (a little fancier than <code>cat</code>)
<ul>
<li><code>less permits.csv</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Navigate with arrow keys, skip whole pages with <code><space bar></code></li>
<li>Lots of other functionality in <code>less</code>, but let's exit with <code>q</code>
<ul>
<li>(What does this remind you of?)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<h1>Finding text in files</h1>
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<h2>Finding text in files (1)</h2>
<ul>
<li>Option 1: <code>less</code> has a built-in search</li>
<li><code>less permits.csv</code>
<ul>
<li><code>/</code> (this gets you the search prompt)</li>
<li>type for example <code>film</code> and hit enter</li>
<li>This will say “Pattern not found” because the search is case sensitive</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Case insensitive search:
<ul>
<li>Type <code>-I</code> to make the search case insensitive</li>
<li>Try searching again!</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>p</code> and <code>n</code>: jump to previous/next occurrence of the search word</li>
</ul>
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<h2>Finding text in files (2)</h2>
<ul>
<li>Option 2: use <code>grep</code></li>
<li><code>grep <search word> <file></code>
<ul>
<li>Example: <code>grep film permits.csv</code></li>
<li>No results! grep is case sensitive, too</li>
<li>Try <code>grep -i film permits.csv</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>grep returns all lines containing the search word</li>
<li>Works best with line-based files, e.g. CSV</li>
<li><strong>DIY</strong>: grep for the word “theater”</li>
</ul>
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<h2>Chaining commands using a pipe</h2>
<ul>
<li>This is not file related, but I use it a lot in the way shown here!</li>
<li><code>|</code>: the pipe operator chains any two commands and "pipes" the output of command a into command b
<ul>
<li><code><command a> | <command b></code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Let's try this:
<ul>
<li><code>wc -l <file></code>: counts lines in a file, e.g. <code>wc -l permits.csv</code></li>
<li><code>grep -i film permits.csv | wc -l</code> pipes the result of the <code>grep</code> to <code>wc</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Pipes can be chained, e.g. <code><command a> | <command b> | <command c></code>
<ul>
<li>Output of a = input to b</li>
<li>Output of b = input to c</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<h2>DIY: Mini-project</h2>
<ul>
<li>Go to the directory with permits.csv</li>
<li>Look at the file using <code>head</code>, <code>tail</code>, and <code>less</code></li>
<li>Get some counts using <code>grep</code> and <code>wc</code>:
<ul>
<li>How many lines are in the file?</li>
<li>How many lines contain the word “Television”?</li>
<li>How many lines contain the word “Television” and your own ZIP code? (Hint: remember you can chain pipes!)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<h1>Finding files</h1>
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<h2>Finding files</h2>
<ul>
<li>The <code>find</code> command lets you find files based on search criteria</li>
<li><code>find <directory> -name "<search word>"</code></li>
<li>I mostly use it to find filenames, e.g.
<ul>
<li><code>find . -name "per*"</code>: find file starting with "per"</li>
<li><code>find . -iname "PER*"</code>: case insensitive version</li>
<li><code>find . -name "*.csv"</code>: find file type with extension ".csv"</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>You can also specify a directory to search in:
<ul>
<li><code>find ~/code -name "*.csv"</code></li>
<li><code>find</code> is recursive by default (yay)</li>
<li>I sometimes do stuff like <code>find ~/code -name "npi*.csv" | grep wc -l</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<h1>Environment variables and profile files</h1>
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<h2>Environment variables</h2>
<ul>
<li>Environment variables are system-wide global variables that your shell knows about</li>
<li><code>env</code>: show all environment variables</li>
<li>You can access any variable using the $ sign
<ul>
<li><code>echo $USER <your username></code></li>
<li><code>echo $HOME <your home directory></code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>We also just learned the <code>echo</code> command that prints text to the terminal
<ul>
<li><code>echo "hello"</code>: this just prints the "hello""</li>
<li><code>echo "hello $USER"</code>: variables are substituted in an <code>echo</code> statement</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<h2>Setting environment variables</h2>
<ul>
<li><code>export <varname>=<value></code> sets an environment var
<ul>
<li><code>export myvar=42</code> or <code>export myvar="some text"</code></li>
<li><code>echo $myvar</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Setting environment vars is often done for software to know where to find relevant libraries, e.g. <code>$PYTHONPATH</code></li>
<li><strong>Two important things to note</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Spaces and quote types matter in bash</li>
<li>Any environment variable you set in a shell will <strong>only</strong> be known to this instance of the shell, e.g. <code>echo $myvar</code> in a <strong>new</strong> terminal tab or window won't show anything</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<h2>Your shell profile - .bash_profile or .zsh_profile (1)</h2>
<ul>
<li>Every terminal window/tab only knows about its own environment variables</li>
<li>Variables that are needed everywhere need to be exported at startup</li>
<li>Your terminal reads a “profile” file at startup to "source" environment variables, functions, aliases, etc.
<ul>
<li>bash: ~/.bash_profile, ~/.profile, ~/.bashrc - feel free to read up on the differences!</li>
<li>zsh: ~/.zshrc</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<h2>Your shell profile (2)</h2>
<ul>
<li>Let’s export a new environment variable via the shell profile
<ul>
<li><code>open ~/.zshrc</code></li>
<li>Add this line: <code>export anothervar=”hello”</code></li>
<li>Save the file</li>
<li><code>echo $anothervar</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>My open shell doesn’t know about changes to .zshrc automatically, I need to:
<ul>
<li>Either: open a new terminal which will source the profile at startup</li>
<li>Or: run <code>source ~/.zshrc</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<h1>Shell scripting 101</h1>
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<h2>A simple shell script</h2>
<ul>
<li>Instead of typing commands, you can also add them to a file and execute the file</li>
<li>My script "<a href="http://samscript.sh">samscript.sh</a>" does a simple <code>echo</code></li>
<li>There are several options to execute a script:
<ul>
<li><code>./samscript.sh</code></li>
<li><code>bash samscript.sh</code></li>
<li><code>sh samscript.sh</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>DIY: create a new file <a href="http://myscript.sh">myscript.sh</a> and add a line to echo “Hello $USER!”, save the file, and execute
<ul>
<li>You’ll get a “permission denied” error</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<h2>File permissions 101</h2>
<ul>
<li>Files in your file system have permissions for who can do what
<ul>
<li><code>ls -l</code> shows <code>-rw-r--r--</code> for <a href="http://samscript.sh">samscript.sh</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The permissions are as follows:
<ul>
<li>The first bit is either <code>d</code> (directory) or <code>-</code> (file)</li>
<li>Then we have 3-letter-blocks each for owner/user, group, other</li>
<li><code>r</code>: read, <code>w</code>: write, <code>x</code>: execute, <code>-</code>: permission not set</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <code>chmod</code> command changes the “mode” (permissions) of a file
<ul>
<li><code>chmod u+x samscript.sh</code> to allow the user to execute the script</li>
<li><code>ls -l samscript.sh</code> to show the updated permissions</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>We can now run the script with <code>./samscript.sh</code>!</li>
</ul>
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<h2>DIY: Mini-project 2</h2>
<ul>
<li>Create a new bash script</li>
<li>Add at least 2 commands you’ve learned</li>
<li>Save the file</li>
<li>Set the right permissions</li>
<li>Execute the script</li>
</ul>
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<p><img src="img/cheers.gif" alt="width:1100px" style="width:1100px;" /></p>
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<h2>Wrapping up</h2>
<ul>
<li>We’ve covered:
<ul>
<li>Directory navigation and file manipulation</li>
<li>Searching for text and finding files</li>
<li>Environment variables and your shell profile</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Other important or fun shell things to look up (e.g. using <code>man</code>):
<ul>
<li>The <code>sudo</code> command</li>
<li>Setting an alias (shortcut) for shell commands</li>
<li>Using vim as text editor, <code>csvkit</code>, etc.</li>
<li>Other ways to exit and kill processes (CTRL+z, CTRL+d…)</li>
<li>Utilities like <code>cal</code>, <code>date</code>, disk space checking, <code>cowsay</code>...</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<h1>That's it!</h1>
<h3>Feel free to connect with me on Twitter @spbail!</h3>
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</section>
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