How can I fake /proc/net/dev ? #27568

54145a · 2025-12-08T11:30:02Z

54145a
Dec 8, 2025

Hi everyone, I'm trying to fake /proc/net/dev, so I modified my proot-distro, but bindings faking entries in the /proc/net/ doesn't seem to work. When I try cat /proc/net/dev, it still says "Permission denied".

My code

#!/data/data/com.termux/files/usr/bin/bash
# shellcheck disable=SC2239
##
## Proot-Distro is a script for managing proot containers on Termux.
##
## !!!        THIS IS NOT A REPLACEMENT FOR PROOT UTILITY        !!!
##
## Originally created by Sylirre <[email protected]> for Termux project.
##
## This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
## it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
## the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
## (at your option) any later version.
##
## This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
## but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
## MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
## GNU General Public License for more details.
##
## You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
## along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
##

PROGRAM_VERSION="4.34.2"

#############################################################################
#
# GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT AND INSTALLATION-SPECIFIC CONFIGURATION
#

set -e -u

# Keep LD_PRELOAD value for restoring after unset.
TERMUX_LDPRELOAD="${LD_PRELOAD-}"

# Override user-defined PATH.
export PATH="/data/data/com.termux/files/usr/bin"

# Reference this where need to retrieve program name.
PROGRAM_NAME=$(basename "$(realpath "$0")")

# Where distribution plug-ins are stored.
DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR="/data/data/com.termux/files/usr/etc/proot-distro"

# Base directory where script keeps runtime data.
RUNTIME_DIR="/data/data/com.termux/files/usr/var/lib/proot-distro"

# Where rootfs archives are downloaded.
DOWNLOAD_CACHE_DIR="${RUNTIME_DIR}/dlcache"

# Where extracted rootfs are stored.
INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR="${RUNTIME_DIR}/installed-rootfs"

# Default name servers.
DEFAULT_PRIMARY_NAMESERVER="8.8.8.8"
DEFAULT_SECONDARY_NAMESERVER="8.8.4.4"

# PATH environment variable for distributions.
DEFAULT_PATH_ENV="/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/local/games:/usr/games:/data/data/com.termux/files/usr/bin:/system/bin:/system/xbin"

# Default fake kernel version.
# Note: faking kernel version is required when using PRoot-Distro on
# old devices that are not compatible with up-to-date versions of GNU libc.
DEFAULT_FAKE_KERNEL_RELEASE="6.17.0-PRoot-Distro"
DEFAULT_FAKE_KERNEL_VERSION="#1 SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Fri, 10 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000"

# Emulator type for x86_64 systems.
# Can be either BLINK or QEMU.
: "${PROOT_DISTRO_X64_EMULATOR:=QEMU}"

# Colors.
if [ -n "$(command -v tput)" ] && [ "$(tput colors 2>/dev/null || echo 0)" -ge 8 ] && [ -z "${PROOT_DISTRO_FORCE_NO_COLORS-}" ]; then
	RST="$(tput sgr0)"
	RED="${RST}$(tput setaf 1)"
	BRED="${RST}$(tput bold)$(tput setaf 1)"
	GREEN="${RST}$(tput setaf 2)"
	YELLOW="${RST}$(tput setaf 3)"
	BYELLOW="${RST}$(tput bold)$(tput setaf 3)"
	IYELLOW="${RST}$(tput sitm)$(tput setaf 3)"
	BLUE="${RST}$(tput setaf 4)"
	MAGENTA="${RST}$(tput setaf 5)"
	CYAN="${RST}$(tput setaf 6)"
	BCYAN="${RST}$(tput bold)$(tput setaf 6)"
	ICYAN="${RST}$(tput sitm)$(tput setaf 6)"
else
	RED=""
	BRED=""
	GREEN=""
	YELLOW=""
	BYELLOW=""
	IYELLOW=""
	BLUE=""
	MAGENTA=""
	CYAN=""
	BCYAN=""
	ICYAN=""
	RST=""
fi

# Override umask
umask 0022

#############################################################################
#
# FUNCTION TO PRINT A MESSAGE TO CONSOLE
#
# Prints a given text string to stderr. Supports escape sequences.
#
#############################################################################

msg() {
	echo -e "$@" >&2
}

#############################################################################
#
# DEPENDENCY CHECK
#
# Make sure all needed utilities are available in PATH before continuing.
#
#############################################################################

for i in awk basename bzip2 cat chmod cp curl cut du file find grep gzip \
	head id lscpu mkdir proot rm sed tar unzip xargs xz; do
	if [ -z "$(command -v "$i")" ]; then
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Utility '${i}' is not installed. Cannot continue.${RST}"
		msg
		exit 1
	fi
done
unset i

# Notify user if bin/bash is not a GNU Bash.
if ! grep -q '^GNU bash' <(bash --version 2>/dev/null | head -n 1); then
	msg
	msg "${BRED}Warning: bash binary that is available in PATH appears to be not a GNU bash. You may experience issues during installation, backup and restore operations.${RST}"
	msg
fi

# Notify user if tar available in PATH is not GNU tar.
if ! grep -q '^tar (GNU tar)' <(tar --version 2>/dev/null | head -n 1); then
	msg
	msg "${BRED}Warning: tar binary that is available in PATH appears to be not a GNU tar. You may experience issues during installation, backup and restore operations.${RST}"
	msg
fi

#############################################################################
#
# ANTI ROOT FUSE
#
# This script should never be executed as root as can mess up the ownership,
# and SELinux labels in $PREFIX.
#
#############################################################################

if [ "$(id -u)" = "0" ]; then
	msg
	msg "${BRED}Warning: ${PROGRAM_NAME} should not be executed as root user. Do not send bug reports about messed up Termux environment, lost data and bricked devices.${RST}"
	msg
fi

#############################################################################
#
# ANTI NESTED PROOT FUSE
#
# Nested PRoot usage leads to performance degradation and other issues.
#
#############################################################################

TRACER_PID=$(grep TracerPid "/proc/$$/status" | cut -d $'\t' -f 2)
if [ "$TRACER_PID" != 0 ]; then
	TRACER_NAME=$(grep Name "/proc/${TRACER_PID}/status" | cut -d $'\t' -f 2)
	if [ "$TRACER_NAME" = "proot" ]; then
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Error: ${PROGRAM_NAME} should not be executed under PRoot.${RST}"
		msg
		exit 1
	fi
	unset TRACER_NAME
fi
unset TRACER_PID

#############################################################################
#
# FUNCTION TO DETECT CPU ARCHITECTURE IN GIVEN DISTRIBUTION
#
# Check known executable(s) and return CPU architecture.
#
#############################################################################

detect_cpu_arch() {
	local dist_path="${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${1}"
	local cpu_arch

	local i
	for i in /bin/bash /bin/sh /bin/su /bin/busybox /data/data/com.termux/files/usr/bin/bash; do
		if [ "$(dd if="${dist_path}${i}" bs=1 skip=1 count=3 2>/dev/null)" = "ELF" ]; then
			cpu_arch=$(file -L "${dist_path}${i}" | cut -d':' -f2- | cut -d',' -f2 | cut -d' ' -f2-)
			[ -n "$cpu_arch" ] && break
		fi
	done

	case "$cpu_arch" in
		"ARM aarch64") cpu_arch="aarch64";;
		"ARM") cpu_arch="arm";;
		"UCB RISC-V") cpu_arch="riscv64";;
		"Intel 80386") cpu_arch="i686";;
		"x86-64") cpu_arch="x86_64";;
		*) cpu_arch="unknown";;
	esac

	echo "$cpu_arch"
}

#############################################################################
#
# FUNCTION TO INSTALL THE SPECIFIED DISTRIBUTION
#
# Brief algorithm how it works:
#
#  1. Process arguments supplied to 'install' command.
#  2. Ensure that requested distribution is supported and is not installed.
#  3. Source the distribution configuration plug-in.
#  4. Download the archive of rootfs for requested distribution unless found
#     in cache.
#  5. Verify SHA-256 checksum of the rootfs archive.
#  6. Extract the rootfs under PRoot with link2symlink extension enabled for
#     normal distributions and custom method for others.
#  7. Perform post-installation actions on distribution to make it ready.
#
#############################################################################

command_install() {
	local distro_name
	local override_alias
	local distro_plugin_script

	while (($# >= 1)); do
		case "$1" in
			--)
				shift 1
				break
				;;
			-h|--help)
				command_install_help
				return 0
				;;
			--override-alias)
				if [ $# -ge 2 ]; then
					shift 1

					if [ -z "$1" ]; then
						msg
						msg "${BRED}Error: argument to option '${YELLOW}--override-alias${BRED}' should not be empty.${RST}"
						command_install_help
						return 1
					fi

					if ! grep -qP '^[a-z0-9][a-z0-9_.+\-]*$' <<< "$1"; then
						msg
						msg "${BRED}Error: argument to option '${YELLOW}--override-alias${BRED}' should start only with an alphanumeric character and consist of alphanumeric characters including symbols '_.+-'."
						msg
						return 1
					fi

					if grep -qP '^.*\.sh$' <<< "$1"; then
						msg
						msg "${BRED}Error: argument to option '${YELLOW}--override-alias${BRED}' should not end with '.sh'.${RST}"
						msg
						return 1
					fi

					override_alias="$1"
				else
					msg
					msg "${BRED}Error: option '${YELLOW}--override-alias${BRED}' requires an argument.${RST}"
					command_install_help
					return 1
				fi
				;;
			-*)
				msg
				msg "${BRED}Error: got unknown option '${YELLOW}${1}${BRED}'.${RST}"
				command_install_help
				return 1
				;;
			*)
				if [ -z "${distro_name-}" ]; then
					if [ -z "$1" ]; then
						msg
						msg "${BRED}Error: distribution alias argument should not be empty.${RST}"
						command_install_help
						return 1
					fi
					distro_name="$1"
				else
					msg
					msg "${BRED}Error: got excessive positional argument '${YELLOW}${1}${BRED}'. Note that distribution can be specified only once.${RST}"
					command_install_help
					return 1
				fi
				;;
		esac
		shift 1
	done

	if [ -z "${distro_name-}" ]; then
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Error: distribution alias is not specified.${RST}"
		command_install_help
		return 1
	fi

	if [ -z "${SUPPORTED_DISTRIBUTIONS["$distro_name"]+x}" ]; then
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Error: unknown distribution '${YELLOW}${distro_name}${BRED}' was requested to be installed.${RST}"
		msg
		msg "${CYAN}View supported distributions by: ${GREEN}${PROGRAM_NAME} list${RST}"
		msg
		return 1
	fi

	if [ -n "${override_alias-}" ]; then
		if [ ! -e "${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${override_alias}.sh" ] && [ ! -e "${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${override_alias}.override.sh" ]; then
			msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Creating file '${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${override_alias}.override.sh'...${RST}"
			distro_plugin_script="${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${override_alias}.override.sh"
			cp "${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${distro_name}.sh" "${distro_plugin_script}"
			sed -i "s/^\(DISTRO_NAME=\)\(.*\)\$/\1\"${SUPPORTED_DISTRIBUTIONS["$distro_name"]} - ${override_alias}\"/g" "${distro_plugin_script}"
			SUPPORTED_DISTRIBUTIONS["${override_alias}"]="${SUPPORTED_DISTRIBUTIONS["$distro_name"]}"
			distro_name="${override_alias}"
		else
			msg
			msg "${BRED}Error: distribution with alias '${YELLOW}${override_alias}${BRED}' already exists.${RST}"
			msg
			return 1
		fi
	else
		distro_plugin_script="${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${distro_name}.sh"

		# Try an alternate distribution name.
		if [ ! -f "${distro_plugin_script}" ]; then
			distro_plugin_script="${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${distro_name}.override.sh"
		fi
	fi

	if [ -d "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}" ]; then
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Error: distribution '${YELLOW}${distro_name}${BRED}' is already installed.${RST}"
		msg
		msg "${CYAN}Log in:     ${GREEN}${PROGRAM_NAME} login ${distro_name}${RST}"
		msg "${CYAN}Reinstall:  ${GREEN}${PROGRAM_NAME} reset ${distro_name}${RST}"
		msg "${CYAN}Uninstall:  ${GREEN}${PROGRAM_NAME} remove ${distro_name}${RST}"
		msg
		return 1
	fi

	if [ -f "${distro_plugin_script}" ]; then
		msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Installing ${YELLOW}${SUPPORTED_DISTRIBUTIONS["$distro_name"]}${CYAN}...${RST}"

		# Make sure things are cleared up on failure or user requested exit.
		# shellcheck disable=SC2064 # variables must expand here
		trap "echo -e \"\\r\\e[2K${BLUE}[${RED}!${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Exiting due to failure.${RST}\"; chmod -R u+rwx \"${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR:?}/${distro_name:?}\"; rm -rf \"${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR:?}/${distro_name:?}\"; [ -e \"${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${distro_name}.override.sh\" ] && rm -f \"${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${distro_name}.override.sh\"; exit 1;" EXIT
		# shellcheck disable=SC2064 # variables must expand here
		trap "trap - EXIT; echo -e \"\\r\\e[2K${BLUE}[${RED}!${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Exiting immediately as requested.${RST}\"; chmod -R u+rwx \"${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR:?}/${distro_name:?}\"; rm -rf \"${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR:?}/${distro_name:?}\"; [ -e \"${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${distro_name}.override.sh\" ] && rm -f \"${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${distro_name}.override.sh\"; exit 1;" HUP INT TERM

		msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Creating directory '${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}'...${RST}"
		mkdir -p "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}"

		export PROOT_L2S_DIR="${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/.l2s"
		if [ ! -d "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/.l2s" ]; then
			echo -e "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Creating directory '${PROOT_L2S_DIR}'...${RST}"
			mkdir -p "$PROOT_L2S_DIR"
		fi

		# This will define logic for handling the distribution.
		# Possible values for now: normal, termux.
		DISTRO_TYPE="normal"

		# This should be overridden in distro plug-in with valid URL for
		# each architecture where possible.
		TARBALL_URL["aarch64"]=""
		TARBALL_URL["arm"]=""
		TARBALL_URL["i686"]=""
		TARBALL_URL["riscv64"]=""
		TARBALL_URL["x86_64"]=""

		# This should be overridden in distro plug-in with valid SHA-256
		# for corresponding archives.
		TARBALL_SHA256["aarch64"]=""
		TARBALL_SHA256["arm"]=""
		TARBALL_SHA256["i686"]=""
		TARBALL_SHA256["riscv64"]=""
		TARBALL_SHA256["x86_64"]=""

		# If your content inside archive isn't stored in subdirectory,
		# you can override this variable in distro plug-in with 0.
		TARBALL_STRIP_OPT=1

		# Distribution plug-in contains steps on how to get download URL
		# and further post-installation configuration.
		# shellcheck disable=SC1090
		source "${distro_plugin_script}"

		# Exit with error if specified distribution type is unknown
		case "${DISTRO_TYPE}" in
			normal|termux);;
			*)
				msg "${BLUE}[${RED}!${BLUE}] ${CYAN}The distribution has unsupported type '${DISTRO_TYPE}'.${RST}"
				return 1
				;;
		esac

		# If user wants custom download URL
		if [ -n "${PD_OVERRIDE_TARBALL_URL-}" ]; then
			TARBALL_URL["$DISTRO_ARCH"]="${PD_OVERRIDE_TARBALL_URL}"
			TARBALL_SHA256["$DISTRO_ARCH"]="${PD_OVERRIDE_TARBALL_SHA256}"
		fi
		if [ -n "${PD_OVERRIDE_TARBALL_STRIP_OPT-}" ]; then
			TARBALL_STRIP_OPT="${PD_OVERRIDE_TARBALL_STRIP_OPT}"
		fi

		# Cannot proceed without URL and SHA-256.
		if [ -z "${TARBALL_URL["$DISTRO_ARCH"]}" ]; then
			msg "${BLUE}[${RED}!${BLUE}] ${CYAN}The distribution download URL is not defined for CPU architecture '${DISTRO_ARCH}'.${RST}"
			return 1
		fi
		# But SHA-256 should be ignored for custom URLs if another SHA-256 is not given.
		if [ -z "${PD_OVERRIDE_TARBALL_URL-}" ] && [ -n "${PD_OVERRIDE_TARBALL_SHA256-}" ]; then
			if ! grep -qP '^[0-9a-fA-F]{64}$' <<< "${TARBALL_SHA256["$DISTRO_ARCH"]}"; then
				msg
				msg "${BRED}Error: got malformed SHA-256 from plug-in script '${distro_plugin_script}'.${RST}"
				msg
				return 1
			fi
		fi

		if [ ! -d "$DOWNLOAD_CACHE_DIR" ]; then
			msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Creating directory '$DOWNLOAD_CACHE_DIR'...${RST}"
			mkdir -p "$DOWNLOAD_CACHE_DIR"
		fi

		local archive_name
		archive_name=$(basename "${TARBALL_URL["$DISTRO_ARCH"]}")

		if [ ! -f "${DOWNLOAD_CACHE_DIR}/${archive_name}" ]; then
			msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Downloading rootfs archive...${RST}"
			msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}URL: ${TARBALL_URL["$DISTRO_ARCH"]}${RST}"

			# Using temporary file as script can't distinguish the partially
			# downloaded file from the complete. Useful in case if curl will
			# fail for some reason.
			msg
			rm -f "${DOWNLOAD_CACHE_DIR}/${archive_name}.tmp"
			if ! curl --disable --fail --retry 5 --retry-connrefused --retry-delay 5 --location \
				--output "${DOWNLOAD_CACHE_DIR}/${archive_name}.tmp" "${TARBALL_URL["$DISTRO_ARCH"]}"; then
				msg
				msg "${BLUE}[${RED}!${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Download failure, please check your network connection.${RST}"
				rm -f "${DOWNLOAD_CACHE_DIR}/${archive_name}.tmp"
				return 1
			fi
			msg

			# If curl finished successfully, rename file to original.
			mv -f "${DOWNLOAD_CACHE_DIR}/${archive_name}.tmp" "${DOWNLOAD_CACHE_DIR}/${archive_name}"
		else
			msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Using cached rootfs archive...${RST}"
		fi

		if [ -n "${TARBALL_SHA256["$DISTRO_ARCH"]}" ]; then
			msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Checking integrity, please wait...${RST}"
			local actual_sha256
			actual_sha256=$(sha256sum "${DOWNLOAD_CACHE_DIR}/${archive_name}" | awk '{ print $1}')

			if [ "${TARBALL_SHA256["$DISTRO_ARCH"]}" != "${actual_sha256}" ]; then
				msg "${BLUE}[${RED}!${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Integrity checking failed. Try to redo installation again.${RST}"
				rm -f "${DOWNLOAD_CACHE_DIR}/${archive_name}"
				return 1
			fi
		else
			msg "${BLUE}[${RED}!${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Integrity checking of downloaded rootfs has been disabled.${RST}"
		fi

		msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Extracting rootfs, please wait...${RST}"

		if [ "${DISTRO_TYPE}" = "termux" ]; then
			mkdir -p "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/data/data/com.termux/files/home"
			if [ "$(file --brief --mime-type "${DOWNLOAD_CACHE_DIR}/${archive_name}")" = "application/zip" ]; then
				# Termux uses plain ZIP archive to deliver bootstrap environment.
				# It contains only directories and files. Access modes typically
				# recorded within the archive too.
				unzip -q -d "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/data/data/com.termux/files/usr" \
					"${DOWNLOAD_CACHE_DIR}/${archive_name}"
			else
				# Fall back to tar if format isn't zip.
				mkdir -p "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/data/data/com.termux/files/usr"
				tar -C "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/data/data/com.termux/files/usr" \
					--warning=no-unknown-keyword --delay-directory-restore \
					--preserve-permissions --strip="${TARBALL_STRIP_OPT}" \
					-xf "${DOWNLOAD_CACHE_DIR}/${archive_name}"
			fi

			local cur_wd=$(pwd)
			cd "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/data/data/com.termux/files/usr"

			# Symlinks must be manually restored using instructions from
			# file 'SYMLINKS.txt'.
			if [ -f "./SYMLINKS.txt" ]; then
				msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Creating symlinks, please wait...${RST}"
				cat SYMLINKS.txt | while IFS='←' read -r src dst; do
					ln -s "$src" "$dst"
				done
				rm -f "./SYMLINKS.txt"
			fi

			cd "$cur_wd"

			if [ -f "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/data/data/com.termux/files/usr/etc/bash.bashrc" ]; then
				msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Updating PS1 in bash.bashrc...${RST}"
				echo '# Added by proot-distro:' >> \
					"${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/data/data/com.termux/files/usr/etc/bash.bashrc"
				echo 'PS1="\\[\\e[0;35m\\]\\\PD\\\\\[\\e[0m\\] ${PS1}"' >> \
					"${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/data/data/com.termux/files/usr/etc/bash.bashrc"
			fi
		else
			# Prevent possible conflicts with proot.
			unset LD_PRELOAD

			# --exclude='dev' - need to exclude /dev directory which may contain device files.
			# --delay-directory-restore - set directory permissions only when files were extracted
			#                             to avoid issues with Arch Linux bootstrap archives.
			set +e
			proot --link2symlink \
				tar -C "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}" --warning=no-unknown-keyword \
				--delay-directory-restore --preserve-permissions --strip="${TARBALL_STRIP_OPT}" \
				-xf "${DOWNLOAD_CACHE_DIR}/${archive_name}" --exclude='dev' |& grep -v "/linkerconfig/" >&2
			set -e

			# Restore LD_PRELOAD after proot.
			[ -n "$TERMUX_LDPRELOAD" ] && export LD_PRELOAD="$TERMUX_LDPRELOAD"

			# If no /etc in rootfs, terminate installation.
			# This usually indicates that downloaded distribution archive doesn't contain
			# actual rootfs, wrong tar strip option was specified or the distribution has
			# high grade of customization and doesn't respect FHS standard.
			if [ ! -e "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/etc" ]; then
				msg
				msg "${BRED}Error: the rootfs of distribution '${YELLOW}${distro_name}${BRED}' has unexpected structure (no /etc directory). Make sure that variable TARBALL_STRIP_OPT specified in distribution plug-in is correct.${RST}"
				msg
				return 1
			fi

			# Write important environment variables to /etc/environment.
			chmod u+rw "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/etc/environment" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
			msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Writing file '${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/etc/environment'...${RST}"
			for var in ANDROID_ART_ROOT ANDROID_DATA ANDROID_I18N_ROOT ANDROID_ROOT \
				ANDROID_RUNTIME_ROOT ANDROID_TZDATA_ROOT BOOTCLASSPATH COLORTERM \
				DEX2OATBOOTCLASSPATH EXTERNAL_STORAGE; do
				set +u
				if [ -n "${!var}" ]; then
					echo "${var}=${!var}" >> "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/etc/environment"
				fi
				set -u
			done
			unset var
			# Don't touch these variables.
			# TERM is being inherited from currect environment. Otherwise it is being
			# set to xterm-256color (Termux app default).
			cat <<- EOF >> "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/etc/environment"
			LANG=en_US.UTF-8
			MOZ_FAKE_NO_SANDBOX=1
			PATH=${DEFAULT_PATH_ENV}
			PULSE_SERVER=127.0.0.1
			TERM=${TERM-xterm-256color}
			TMPDIR=/tmp
			EOF

			# Fix PATH in some configuration files.
			for f in /etc/bash.bashrc /etc/profile /etc/login.defs; do
				[ ! -e "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}${f}" ] && continue
				msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Updating PATH in '${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}${f}' if needed...${RST}"
				sed -i -E "s@\<(PATH=)(\"?[^\"[:space:]]+(\"|\$|\>))@\1\"${DEFAULT_PATH_ENV}\"@g" \
					"${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}${f}"
			done
			unset f

			# Default /etc/resolv.conf may be empty or unsuitable for use.
			msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Creating file '${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/etc/resolv.conf'...${RST}"
			rm -f "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/etc/resolv.conf"
			cat <<- EOF > "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/etc/resolv.conf"
			nameserver ${DEFAULT_PRIMARY_NAMESERVER}
			nameserver ${DEFAULT_SECONDARY_NAMESERVER}
			EOF

			# Default /etc/hosts may be empty or incomplete.
			msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Creating file '${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/etc/hosts'...${RST}"
			chmod u+rw "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/etc/hosts" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
			cat <<- EOF > "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/etc/hosts"
			# IPv4.
			127.0.0.1   localhost.localdomain localhost

			# IPv6.
			::1         localhost.localdomain localhost ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
			fe00::0     ip6-localnet
			ff00::0     ip6-mcastprefix
			ff02::1     ip6-allnodes
			ff02::2     ip6-allrouters
			ff02::3     ip6-allhosts
			EOF

			# Add Android-specific UIDs/GIDs to /etc/group and /etc/gshadow.
			msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Registering Android-specific UIDs and GIDs...${RST}"
			chmod u+rw "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/etc/passwd" \
				"${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/etc/shadow" \
				"${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/etc/group" \
				"${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/etc/gshadow" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
			echo "aid_$(id -un):x:$(id -u):$(id -g):Termux:/:/sbin/nologin" >> \
				"${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/etc/passwd"
			echo "aid_$(id -un):*:18446:0:99999:7:::" >> \
				"${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/etc/shadow"
			local group_name group_id
			while read -r group_name group_id; do
				echo "aid_${group_name}:x:${group_id}:root,aid_$(id -un)" \
					>> "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/etc/group"
				if [ -f "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/etc/gshadow" ]; then
					echo "aid_${group_name}:*::root,aid_$(id -un)" \
						>> "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/etc/gshadow"
				fi
			done < <(paste <(id -Gn | tr ' ' '\n') <(id -G | tr ' ' '\n'))

			# Ensure that proot will be able to bind fake /proc and /sys entries.
			setup_fake_sysdata
		fi

		# Run optional distro-specific hook.
		if declare -f -F distro_setup >/dev/null 2>&1; then
			msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Running distribution-specific configuration steps...${RST}"
			(cd "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}"
				distro_setup
			)
		fi

		# Reset trap for HUP/INT/TERM.
		trap - EXIT
		trap 'echo -e "\\r\\e[2K${BLUE}[${RED}!${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Exiting immediately as requested.${RST}"; exit 1;' HUP INT TERM

		msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Finished.${RST}"
		msg
		msg "${CYAN}Log in with: ${GREEN}${PROGRAM_NAME} login ${distro_name}${CYAN}${RST}"
		msg
		return 0
	else
		# Reset trap for HUP/INT/TERM.
		trap - EXIT
		trap 'echo -e "\\r\\e[2K${BLUE}[${RED}!${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Exiting immediately as requested.${RST}"; exit 1;' HUP INT TERM

		msg "${BLUE}[${RED}!${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Cannot find '${distro_plugin_script}' which is used to define a distribution properties.${RST}"
		return 1
	fi
}

# Special function for executing a command inside rootfs.
# Intended to be used inside plug-in distro_setup() function.
# shellcheck disable=SC2317 # run_proot_cmd called indirectly
run_proot_cmd() {
	if [ -z "${distro_name-}" ]; then
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Error: called run_proot_cmd() but \${distro_name} is not set. Make sure that run_proot_cmd() is used inside distro_setup() function.${RST}"
		msg
		return 1
	fi

	if [ -z "${DISTRO_ARCH-}" ]; then
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Error: called run_proot_cmd() but \${DISTRO_ARCH} is not set.${RST}"
		msg
		return 1
	fi

	local cpu_emulator_arg=""
	if [ "$DISTRO_ARCH" != "$DEVICE_CPU_ARCH" ]; then
		local cpu_emulator_path=""

		# If CPU and host OS are 64bit, we can run 32bit guest OS without emulation.
		# Everything else requires emulator (QEMU).
		case "$DISTRO_ARCH" in
			aarch64) cpu_emulator_path="/data/data/com.termux/files/usr/bin/qemu-aarch64";;
			arm)
				if [ "$DEVICE_CPU_ARCH" != "aarch64" ] || ! $SUPPORT_32BIT; then
					cpu_emulator_path="/data/data/com.termux/files/usr/bin/qemu-arm"
				fi
				;;
			i686)
				if [ "$DEVICE_CPU_ARCH" != "x86_64" ]; then
					cpu_emulator_path="/data/data/com.termux/files/usr/bin/qemu-i386"
				fi
				;;
			riscv64) cpu_emulator_path="/data/data/com.termux/files/usr/bin/qemu-riscv64";;
			x86_64)
				if [ "$PROOT_DISTRO_X64_EMULATOR" = "QEMU" ]; then
					cpu_emulator_path="/data/data/com.termux/files/usr/bin/qemu-x86_64"
				elif [ "$PROOT_DISTRO_X64_EMULATOR" = "BLINK" ]; then
					cpu_emulator_path="/data/data/com.termux/files/usr/bin/blink"
				else
					msg
					msg "${BRED}Error: PROOT_DISTRO_X64_EMULATOR has unknown value '$PROOT_DISTRO_X64_EMULATOR'. Valid values are: BLINK, QEMU."
					msg
				fi
				;;
			*)
				msg
				msg "${BRED}Error: DISTRO_ARCH has unknown value '$DISTRO_ARCH'. Valid values are: aarch64, arm, i686, riscv64, x86_64."
				msg
				return 1
			;;
		esac

		if [ -n "$cpu_emulator_path" ]; then
			if [ -x "$cpu_emulator_path" ]; then
				cpu_emulator_arg="-q ${cpu_emulator_path}"
			else
				local cpu_emulator_pkg=""
				case "$DISTRO_ARCH" in
					aarch64) cpu_emulator_pkg="qemu-user-aarch64";;
					arm) cpu_emulator_pkg="qemu-user-arm";;
					i686) cpu_emulator_pkg="qemu-user-i386";;
					riscv64) cpu_emulator_pkg="qemu-user-riscv64";;
					x86_64)
						if [ "$PROOT_DISTRO_X64_EMULATOR" = "QEMU" ]; then
							cpu_emulator_pkg="qemu-user-x86-64"
						elif [ "$PROOT_DISTRO_X64_EMULATOR" = "BLINK" ]; then
							cpu_emulator_pkg="blink"
						else
							msg
							msg "${BRED}Error: PROOT_DISTRO_X64_EMULATOR has unknown value '$PROOT_DISTRO_X64_EMULATOR'. Valid values are: BLINK, QEMU."
							msg
						fi
						;;
					*) cpu_emulator_pkg="qemu-user-${DISTRO_ARCH}";;
				esac
				msg
				msg "${BRED}Error: package '${cpu_emulator_pkg}' is not installed.${RST}"
				msg
				return 1
			fi
		fi
	else
		# Warn about CPU not supporting 32-bit instructions
		if ! $SUPPORT_32BIT; then
			msg "${BRED}Warning: CPU doesn't support 32-bit instructions, some software may not work.${RST}"
		fi
	fi

	if [ -n "$cpu_emulator_arg" ]; then
		if [ -d "/apex" ]; then
			cpu_emulator_arg="${cpu_emulator_arg} --bind=/apex"
		fi
		if [ -e "/linkerconfig/ld.config.txt" ]; then
			cpu_emulator_arg="${cpu_emulator_arg} --bind=/linkerconfig/ld.config.txt"
		fi
		cpu_emulator_arg="${cpu_emulator_arg} --bind=/data/data/com.termux/files/usr"
		cpu_emulator_arg="${cpu_emulator_arg} --bind=/system"
		cpu_emulator_arg="${cpu_emulator_arg} --bind=/vendor"
		if [ -f "/plat_property_contexts" ]; then
			cpu_emulator_arg="${cpu_emulator_arg} --bind=/plat_property_contexts"
		fi
		if [ -f "/property_contexts" ]; then
			cpu_emulator_arg="${cpu_emulator_arg} --bind=/property_contexts"
		fi
	fi

	if [ "${DISTRO_TYPE-normal}" = "termux" ]; then
		local -a extra_binds
		local system_mnt
		for system_mnt in /apex /odm /product /system /system_ext /vendor \
			/linkerconfig/ld.config.txt \
			/linkerconfig/com.android.art/ld.config.txt \
			/plat_property_contexts /property_contexts; do

			if [ -e "$system_mnt" ]; then
				system_mnt=$(realpath "$system_mnt")
			else
				continue
			fi

			if [ -d "$system_mnt" ]; then
				local dir_mode
				dir_mode=$(stat --format='%a' "$system_mnt")
				if [[ ${dir_mode:2} =~ ^[157]$ ]]; then
					extra_binds+=("--bind=${system_mnt}")
				fi
			elif [ -f "$system_mnt" ]; then
				if head -c 1 "$system_mnt" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
					extra_binds+=("--bind=${system_mnt}")
				fi
			else
				continue
			fi
		done

		# Prevent possible conflicts with proot.
		unset LD_PRELOAD

		# shellcheck disable=SC2086 # ${cpu_emulator_arg} should expand into nothing rather than into ''.
		proot ${cpu_emulator_arg} \
			-L \
			--kill-on-exit \
			--rootfs="${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}" \
			--cwd=/ \
			--bind=/dev \
			--bind=/proc \
			--bind=/sys \
			"${extra_binds[@]}" \
			/data/data/com.termux/files/usr/bin/env \
			HOME="/data/data/com.termux/files/home" \
			PATH="/data/data/com.termux/files/usr/bin" \
			PREFIX="/data/data/com.termux/files/usr" \
			TMPDIR="/data/data/com.termux/files/usr/tmp" \
			"$@"

		# Restore LD_PRELOAD after proot.
		[ -n "$TERMUX_LDPRELOAD" ] && export LD_PRELOAD="$TERMUX_LDPRELOAD"
	else
		# Ensure that proot will be able to bind fake /proc and /sys entries.
		setup_fake_sysdata

		# With this tools should assume that no SELinux present.
		set -- "--bind=${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/sys/.empty:/sys/fs/selinux" "$@"

		# Prevent possible conflicts with proot.
		unset LD_PRELOAD

		# shellcheck disable=SC2086 # ${cpu_emulator_arg} should expand into nothing rather than into ''.
		proot ${cpu_emulator_arg} \
			-L \
			--kernel-release="${DEFAULT_FAKE_KERNEL_RELEASE}" \
			--link2symlink \
			--kill-on-exit \
			--rootfs="${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}" \
			--root-id \
			--cwd=/root \
			--bind=/dev \
			--bind="/dev/urandom:/dev/random" \
			--bind=/proc \
			--bind="/proc/self/fd:/dev/fd" \
			--bind="/proc/self/fd/0:/dev/stdin" \
			--bind="/proc/self/fd/1:/dev/stdout" \
			--bind="/proc/self/fd/2:/dev/stderr" \
			--bind=/sys \
			--bind="${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/proc/.loadavg:/proc/loadavg" \
			--bind="${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/proc/.stat:/proc/stat" \
			--bind="${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/proc/.uptime:/proc/uptime" \
			--bind="${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/proc/.version:/proc/version" \
			--bind="${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/proc/.vmstat:/proc/vmstat" \
			--bind="${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/proc/.sysctl_entry_cap_last_cap:/proc/sys/kernel/cap_last_cap" \
			--bind="${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/proc/.sysctl_inotify_max_user_watches:/proc/sys/fs/inotify/max_user_watches" \
			--bind="${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/proc/.net_dev:/proc/net/dev" \
			--bind="${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/sys/.empty:/sys/fs/selinux" \
			/usr/bin/env -i \
				"HOME=/root" \
				"LANG=C.UTF-8" \
				"PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin" \
				"TERM=${TERM-xterm-256color}" \
				"TMPDIR=/tmp" \
				"$@"

		# Restore LD_PRELOAD after proot.
		[ -n "$TERMUX_LDPRELOAD" ] && export LD_PRELOAD="$TERMUX_LDPRELOAD"
	fi
}

# A function for preparing fake content for certain system data interfaces
# which known to be restricted on Android OS.
#
# All /proc entries are based on values retrieved from Arch Linux (x86_64)
# running on a VM with 8 CPUs and 8 GiB of memory. Date 2023.03.28, Linux 6.2.1.
# Some values edited to fit the PRoot-Distro.
setup_fake_sysdata() {
	local d
	for d in proc sys sys/.empty; do
		if [ ! -e "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/${d}" ]; then
			mkdir -p "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/${d}"
		fi
		chmod 700 "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/${d}"
	done
	unset d

	if [ ! -f "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/proc/.loadavg" ]; then
		cat <<- EOF > "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/proc/.loadavg"
		0.12 0.07 0.02 2/165 765
		EOF
	fi

	if [ ! -f "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/proc/.stat" ]; then
		cat <<- EOF > "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/proc/.@stat"
		cpu  1957 0 2877 93280 262 342 254 87 0 0
		cpu0 31 0 226 12027 82 10 4 9 0 0
		cpu1 45 0 664 11144 21 263 233 12 0 0
		cpu2 494 0 537 11283 27 10 3 8 0 0
		cpu3 359 0 234 11723 24 26 5 7 0 0
		cpu4 295 0 268 11772 10 12 2 12 0 0
		cpu5 270 0 251 11833 15 3 1 10 0 0
		cpu6 430 0 520 11386 30 8 1 12 0 0
		cpu7 30 0 172 12108 50 8 1 13 0 0
		intr 127541 38 290 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 0 0 25329 258 0 5777 277 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
		ctxt 140223
		btime 1680020856
		processes 772
		procs_running 2
		procs_blocked 0
		softirq 75663 0 5903 6 25375 10774 0 243 11685 0 21677
		EOF
	fi

	if [ ! -f "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/proc/.uptime" ]; then
		cat <<- EOF > "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/proc/.uptime"
		124.08 932.80
		EOF
	fi

	if [ ! -f "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/proc/.version" ]; then
		cat <<- EOF > "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/proc/.version"
		Linux version ${DEFAULT_FAKE_KERNEL_RELEASE} (proot@termux) (gcc (GCC) 13.3.0, GNU ld (GNU Binutils) 2.42) ${DEFAULT_FAKE_KERNEL_VERSION}
		EOF
	fi

	if [ ! -f "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/proc/.vmstat" ]; then
		cat <<- EOF > "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/proc/.vmstat"
		nr_free_pages 1743136
		nr_zone_inactive_anon 179281
		nr_zone_active_anon 7183
		nr_zone_inactive_file 22858
		nr_zone_active_file 51328
		nr_zone_unevictable 642
		nr_zone_write_pending 0
		nr_mlock 0
		nr_bounce 0
		nr_zspages 0
		nr_free_cma 0
		numa_hit 1259626
		numa_miss 0
		numa_foreign 0
		numa_interleave 720
		numa_local 1259626
		numa_other 0
		nr_inactive_anon 179281
		nr_active_anon 7183
		nr_inactive_file 22858
		nr_active_file 51328
		nr_unevictable 642
		nr_slab_reclaimable 8091
		nr_slab_unreclaimable 7804
		nr_isolated_anon 0
		nr_isolated_file 0
		workingset_nodes 0
		workingset_refault_anon 0
		workingset_refault_file 0
		workingset_activate_anon 0
		workingset_activate_file 0
		workingset_restore_anon 0
		workingset_restore_file 0
		workingset_nodereclaim 0
		nr_anon_pages 7723
		nr_mapped 8905
		nr_file_pages 253569
		nr_dirty 0
		nr_writeback 0
		nr_writeback_temp 0
		nr_shmem 1787@41
		nr_shmem_hugepages 0
		nr_shmem_pmdmapped 0
		nr_file_hugepages 0
		nr_file_pmdmapped 0
		nr_anon_transparent_hugepages 1
		nr_vmscan_write 0
		nr_vmscan_immediate_reclaim 0
		nr_dirtied 0
		nr_written 0
		nr_throttled_written 0
		nr_kernel_misc_reclaimable 0
		nr_foll_pin_acquired 0
		nr_foll_pin_released 0
		nr_kernel_stack 2780
		nr_page_table_pages 344
		nr_sec_page_table_pages 0
		nr_swapcached 0
		pgpromote_success 0
		pgpromote_candidate 0
		nr_dirty_threshold 356564
		nr_dirty_background_threshold 178064
		pgpgin 890508
		pgpgout 0
		pswpin 0
		pswpout 0
		pgalloc_dma 272
		pgalloc_dma32 261
		pgalloc_normal 1328079
		pgalloc_movable 0
		pgalloc_device 0
		allocstall_dma 0
		allocstall_dma32 0
		allocstall_normal 0
		allocstall_movable 0
		allocstall_device 0
		pgskip_dma 0
		pgskip_dma32 0
		pgskip_normal 0
		pgskip_movable 0
		pgskip_device 0
		pgfree 3077011
		pgactivate 0
		pgdeactivate 0
		pglazyfree 0
		pgfault 176973
		pgmajfault 488
		pglazyfreed 0
		pgrefill 0
		pgreuse 19230
		pgsteal_kswapd 0
		pgsteal_direct 0
		pgsteal_khugepaged 0
		pgdemote_kswapd 0
		pgdemote_direct 0
		pgdemote_khugepaged 0
		pgscan_kswapd 0
		pgscan_direct 0
		pgscan_khugepaged 0
		pgscan_direct_throttle 0
		pgscan_anon 0
		pgscan_file 0
		pgsteal_anon 0
		pgsteal_file 0
		zone_reclaim_failed 0
		pginodesteal 0
		slabs_scanned 0
		kswapd_inodesteal 0
		kswapd_low_wmark_hit_quickly 0
		kswapd_high_wmark_hit_quickly 0
		pageoutrun 0
		pgrotated 0
		drop_pagecache 0
		drop_slab 0
		oom_kill 0
		numa_pte_updates 0
		numa_huge_pte_updates 0
		numa_hint_faults 0
		numa_hint_faults_local 0
		numa_pages_migrated 0
		pgmigrate_success 0
		pgmigrate_fail 0
		thp_migration_success 0
		thp_migration_fail 0
		thp_migration_split 0
		compact_migrate_scanned 0
		compact_free_scanned 0
		compact_isolated 0
		compact_stall 0
		compact_fail 0
		compact_success 0
		compact_daemon_wake 0
		compact_daemon_migrate_scanned 0
		compact_daemon_free_scanned 0
		htlb_buddy_alloc_success 0
		htlb_buddy_alloc_fail 0
		cma_alloc_success 0
		cma_alloc_fail 0
		unevictable_pgs_culled 27002
		unevictable_pgs_scanned 0
		unevictable_pgs_rescued 744
		unevictable_pgs_mlocked 744
		unevictable_pgs_munlocked 744
		unevictable_pgs_cleared 0
		unevictable_pgs_stranded 0
		thp_fault_alloc 13
		thp_fault_fallback 0
		thp_fault_fallback_charge 0
		thp_collapse_alloc 4
		thp_collapse_alloc_failed 0
		thp_file_alloc 0
		thp_file_fallback 0
		thp_file_fallback_charge 0
		thp_file_mapped 0
		thp_split_page 0
		thp_split_page_failed 0
		thp_deferred_split_page 1
		thp_split_pmd 1
		thp_scan_exceed_none_pte 0
		thp_scan_exceed_swap_pte 0
		thp_scan_exceed_share_pte 0
		thp_split_pud 0
		thp_zero_page_alloc 0
		thp_zero_page_alloc_failed 0
		thp_swpout 0
		thp_swpout_fallback 0
		balloon_inflate 0
		balloon_deflate 0
		balloon_migrate 0
		swap_ra 0
		swap_ra_hit 0
		ksm_swpin_copy 0
		cow_ksm 0
		zswpin 0
		zswpout 0
		direct_map_level2_splits 29
		direct_map_level3_splits 0
		nr_unstable 0
		EOF
	fi

	if [ ! -f "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/proc/.sysctl_entry_cap_last_cap" ]; then
		cat <<- EOF > "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/proc/.sysctl_entry_cap_last_cap"
		40
		EOF
	fi

	if [ ! -f "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/proc/.sysctl_inotify_max_user_watches" ]; then
		cat <<- EOF > "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/proc/.sysctl_inotify_max_user_watches"
		4096
		EOF
	fi

	if [ ! -f "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/proc/.net_dev" ]; then
		cat <<- EOF > "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/proc/.net_dev"
        Inter-|   Receive                                                |  Transmit
    	 face |bytes    packets errs drop fifo frame compressed multicast|bytes     pa
    	   lo: 2048000   10240    0    0    0     0          0         0  2048000   10240    0
    	wlan0: 1024000    4096    0    0    0     0          0         0  1024000
    	wlan1: 1024000    4096    0    0    0     0          0         0  1024000
    	
		EOF
	fi

}

command_install_help() {
	msg
	msg "${BYELLOW}Usage: ${BCYAN}${PROGRAM_NAME} ${GREEN}install ${CYAN}[${GREEN}OPTIONS${CYAN}] [${GREEN}DISTRIBUTION ALIAS${CYAN}]${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Command aliases: ${GREEN}add${CYAN}, ${GREEN}i${CYAN}, ${GREEN}in${CYAN}, ${GREEN}ins${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Install a specified Linux distribution.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Options:${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}--help                         ${CYAN}- Show this help information.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}--override-alias [new alias]   ${CYAN}- Set a custom alias for installed${RST}"
	msg "                                   ${CYAN}distribution.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}In case you want to use a custom rootfs download source (mirror),${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}specify environment variable '${GREEN}PD_OVERRIDE_TARBALL_URL${CYAN}' as below:${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}export PD_OVERRIDE_TARBALL_URL=\"http://localhost:8080/dist.tar.gz\"${RST}"
	msg "  ${GREEN}proot-distro install <alias>${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Optionally specify '${GREEN}PD_OVERRIDE_TARBALL_STRIP_OPT${CYAN}' to define how${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}many path components need to be stripped while extracting rootfs.${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}Default is 1. Specify 0 if rootfs was not stored in a sub directory.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Selected distribution should be referenced by alias which can be${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}obtained by this command: ${GREEN}${PROGRAM_NAME} list${RST}"
	msg
	show_version
	msg
}

#############################################################################
#
# FUNCTION TO UNINSTALL SPECIFIED DISTRIBUTION
#
# Delete the rootfs of given distribution. If the associated plug-in has
# extension '.override.sh', it will be deleted as well.
#
#############################################################################

command_remove() {
	local distro_name

	while (($# >= 1)); do
		case "$1" in
			-h|--help)
				command_remove_help
				return 0
				;;
			-*)
				msg
				msg "${BRED}Error: got unknown option '${YELLOW}${1}${BRED}'.${RST}"
				command_remove_help
				return 1
				;;
			*)
				if [ -z "${distro_name-}" ]; then
					if [ -z "$1" ]; then
						msg
						msg "${BRED}Error: distribution alias argument should not be empty.${RST}"
						command_remove_help
						return 1
					fi
					distro_name="$1"
				else
					msg
					msg "${BRED}Error: got excessive positional argument '${YELLOW}${1}${BRED}'. Note that distribution can be specified only once.${RST}"
					command_remove_help
					return 1
				fi
				;;
		esac
		shift 1
	done

	if [ -z "${distro_name-}" ]; then
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Error: distribution alias is not specified.${RST}"
		command_remove_help
		return 1
	fi

	if [ -z "${SUPPORTED_DISTRIBUTIONS["$distro_name"]+x}" ]; then
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Error: unknown distribution '${YELLOW}${distro_name}${BRED}' was requested to be removed.${RST}"
		msg
		msg "${CYAN}View supported distributions by: ${GREEN}${PROGRAM_NAME} list${RST}"
		msg
		return 1
	fi

	if [ ! -d "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}" ]; then
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Error: distribution '${YELLOW}${distro_name}${BRED}' is not installed.${RST}"
		msg
		return 1
	fi

	# The plug-ins created during renaming the distribution are considered
	# as generated content and should be deleted with rootfs.
	if [ "${CMD_REMOVE_REQUESTED_RESET-false}" = "false" ] && [ -e "${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${distro_name}.override.sh" ]; then
		msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Deleting file '${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${distro_name}.override.sh'...${RST}"
		rm -f "${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${distro_name}.override.sh"
	fi

	msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Wiping the rootfs of ${YELLOW}${SUPPORTED_DISTRIBUTIONS["$distro_name"]}${CYAN}...${RST}"
	# Attempt to restore permissions so directory can be removed without issues.
	chmod u+rwx -R "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}" > /dev/null 2>&1 || true
	# There is still chance for failure.
	if rm -rf "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR:?}/${distro_name:?}"; then
		msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Finished.${RST}"
	else
		msg "${BLUE}[${RED}!${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Finished with errors. Some files probably were not deleted.${RST}"
		return 1
	fi
}

command_remove_help() {
	msg
	msg "${BYELLOW}Usage: ${BCYAN}${PROGRAM_NAME} ${GREEN}remove ${CYAN}[${GREEN}DISTRIBUTION ALIAS${CYAN}]${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Command aliases: ${GREEN}rm${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Remove a specified Linux distribution.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Options:${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}--help               ${CYAN}- Show this help information.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Be careful when using it because you will not be prompted for${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}confirmation and all data saved within the distribution will${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}instantly gone.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Selected distribution should be referenced by alias which can be${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}obtained by this command: ${GREEN}${PROGRAM_NAME} list${RST}"
	msg
	show_version
	msg
}

#############################################################################
#
# FUNCTION TO RENAME A DISTRIBUTION
#
# Change the name of installed distribution by moving its rootfs directory
# and creating copy of original distrubution plug-in. The new plug-in will
# have an extension '.override.sh'.
#
#############################################################################

command_rename() {
	local orig_distro_name
	local new_distro_name

	while (($# >= 1)); do
		case "$1" in
			-h|--help)
				command_rename_help
				return 0
				;;
			-*)
				msg
				msg "${BRED}Error: got unknown option '${YELLOW}${1}${BRED}'.${RST}"
				command_rename_help
				return 1
				;;
			*)
				if [ -z "${orig_distro_name-}" ]; then
					if [ -z "$1" ]; then
						msg
						msg "${BRED}Error: original distribution alias argument should not be empty.${RST}"
						command_rename_help
						return 1
					fi
					orig_distro_name="$1"
				elif [ -z "${new_distro_name-}" ]; then
					if [ -z "$1" ]; then
						msg
						msg "${BRED}Error: new distribution alias argument should not be empty.${RST}"
						command_rename_help
						return 1
					fi
					new_distro_name="$1"
				else
					msg
					msg "${BRED}Error: got excessive positional argument '${YELLOW}${1}${BRED}'.${RST}"
					command_rename_help
					return 1
				fi
				;;
		esac
		shift 1
	done

	if [ -z "${orig_distro_name-}" ]; then
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Error: the original alias of distribution is not specified.${RST}"
		command_rename_help
		return 1
	fi

	if [ -z "${new_distro_name-}" ]; then
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Error: the new alias of distribution is not specified.${RST}"
		command_rename_help
		return 1
	fi

	if [ "${orig_distro_name}" = "${new_distro_name}" ]; then
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Error: the original and new distribution aliases should not be same.${RST}"
		command_rename_help
		return 1
	fi

	# Put a restriction on characters in distribution name.
	# Same as for --override-alias option of command_install().
	if ! grep -qP '^[a-z0-9][a-z0-9_.+\-]*$' <<< "${new_distro_name}"; then
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Error: the new alias of distribution should start only with an alphanumeric character and consist of alphanumeric characters including symbols '_.+-'.${RST}"
		command_rename_help
		return 1
	fi

	if grep -qP '^.*\.sh$' <<< "${new_distro_name}"; then
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Error: the new alias of distribution should not end with '.sh'.${RST}"
		msg
		return 1
	fi

	if [ -z "${SUPPORTED_DISTRIBUTIONS["$orig_distro_name"]+x}" ]; then
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Error: unknown distribution '${YELLOW}${orig_distro_name}${BRED}' was requested to be renamed.${RST}"
		msg
		msg "${CYAN}View supported distributions by: ${GREEN}${PROGRAM_NAME} list${RST}"
		msg
		return 1
	fi

	if [ ! -d "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${orig_distro_name}" ]; then
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Error: cannot rename because the distribution '${YELLOW}${orig_distro_name}${BRED}' is not installed.${RST}"
		msg
		return 1
	fi

	if [ -d "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${new_distro_name}" ]; then
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Error: cannot rename because the rootfs directory for distribution '${YELLOW}${new_distro_name}${BRED}' already exists.${RST}"
		msg
		return 1
	fi

	if [ -e "${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${new_distro_name}.sh" ] || [ -e "${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${new_distro_name}.override.sh" ]; then
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Error: distribution with alias '${YELLOW}${new_distro_name}${BRED}' already exists.${RST}"
		msg
		return 1
	fi

	if [ -e "${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${orig_distro_name}.override.sh" ]; then
		msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Renaming '${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${orig_distro_name}.override.sh' to '${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${new_distro_name}.override.sh'...${RST}"
		mv "${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${orig_distro_name}.override.sh" "${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${new_distro_name}.override.sh"
		sed -i "s/^\(DISTRO_NAME=\)\"\(.*\) - ${orig_distro_name}\"\$/\1\"\2 - ${new_distro_name}\"/g" "${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${new_distro_name}.override.sh"
	elif [ -e "${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${orig_distro_name}.sh" ]; then
		msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Creating file '${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${new_distro_name}.override.sh'...${RST}"
		cp "${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${orig_distro_name}.sh" "${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${new_distro_name}.override.sh"
		sed -i "s/^\(DISTRO_NAME=\)\(.*\)\$/\1\"${SUPPORTED_DISTRIBUTIONS["$orig_distro_name"]} - ${new_distro_name}\"/g" "${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${new_distro_name}.override.sh"
	else
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Error: could not find a plug-in for distribution '${YELLOW}${orig_distro_name}${BRED}'.${RST}"
		msg
		return 1
	fi

	msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Renaming '${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${orig_distro_name}' to '${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${new_distro_name}'...${RST}"
	mv "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${orig_distro_name}" "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${new_distro_name}"

	msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Updating PRoot link2symlink extension files (may take long time)...${RST}"
	local symlink_file_name
	find "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${new_distro_name}" -type l | while read -r symlink_file_name; do
		local symlink_current_target
		symlink_current_target=$(readlink "$symlink_file_name")
		if [ "${symlink_current_target:0:${#INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}}" != "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}" ]; then
			# Skip non-l2s symlinks.
			continue
		fi
		local symlink_new_target
		symlink_new_target=$(sed -E "s@(${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR})/([^/]+)/(.*)@\1/${new_distro_name}/\3@g" <<< "$symlink_current_target")
		ln -sf "$symlink_new_target" "$symlink_file_name"
	done

	msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Finished.${RST}"
}

command_rename_help() {
	msg
	msg "${BYELLOW}Usage: ${BCYAN}${PROGRAM_NAME} ${GREEN}rename ${CYAN}[${GREEN}ORIG ALIAS${CYAN}] [${GREEN}NEW ALIAS${CYAN}]${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Command aliases: ${GREEN}mv${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Rename a specified Linux distribution.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Note that renaming default distribution will take a while${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}as PRoot-Distro has to update symlinks. If user renames a${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}default distribution, the plug-in copy will be created.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Options:${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}--help               ${CYAN}- Show this help information.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Selected distribution should be referenced by alias which can be${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}obtained by this command: ${GREEN}${PROGRAM_NAME} list${RST}"
	msg
	show_version
	msg
}

#############################################################################
#
# FUNCTION TO REINSTALL THE GIVEN DISTRIBUTION
#
# A wrapper unifying functions command_remove && command_install.
#
#############################################################################

command_reset() {
	local distro_name

	while (($# >= 1)); do
		case "$1" in
			-h|--help)
				command_reset_help
				return 0
				;;
			-*)
				msg
				msg "${BRED}Error: got unknown option '${YELLOW}${1}${BRED}'.${RST}"
				command_reset_help
				return 1
				;;
			*)
				if [ -z "${distro_name-}" ]; then
					if [ -z "$1" ]; then
						msg
						msg "${BRED}Error: distribution alias argument should not be empty.${RST}"
						command_reset_help
						return 1
					fi
					distro_name="$1"
				else
					msg
					msg "${BRED}Error: got excessive positional argument '${YELLOW}${1}${BRED}'. Note that distribution can be specified only once.${RST}"
					command_reset_help
					return 1
				fi
				;;
		esac
		shift 1
	done

	if [ -z "${distro_name-}" ]; then
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Error: distribution alias is not specified.${RST}"
		command_reset_help
		return 1
	fi

	if [ -z "${SUPPORTED_DISTRIBUTIONS["$distro_name"]+x}" ]; then
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Error: unknown distribution '${YELLOW}${distro_name}${BRED}' was requested to be reset.${RST}"
		msg
		msg "${CYAN}View supported distributions by: ${GREEN}${PROGRAM_NAME} list${RST}"
		msg
		return 1
	fi

	if [ ! -d "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}" ]; then
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Error: distribution '${YELLOW}${distro_name}${BRED}' is not installed.${RST}"
		msg
		return 1
	fi

	CMD_REMOVE_REQUESTED_RESET="true" command_remove "$distro_name"
	command_install "$distro_name"
}

command_reset_help() {
	msg
	msg "${BYELLOW}Usage: ${BCYAN}${PROGRAM_NAME} ${GREEN}reset ${CYAN}[${GREEN}DISTRIBUTION ALIAS${CYAN}]${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Reinstall the specified Linux distribution.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Options:${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}--help               ${CYAN}- Show this help information.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Be careful when using it because you will not be prompted for${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}confirmation and all data saved within the distribution will${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}instantly gone.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Selected distribution should be referenced by alias which can be${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}obtained by this command: ${GREEN}${PROGRAM_NAME} list${RST}"
	msg
	show_version
	msg
}

#############################################################################
#
# FUNCTION TO START SHELL OR EXECUTE COMMAND
#
# Starts root shell inside the rootfs of specified Linux distribution.
#
# If '--' with further arguments was specified, then execute command line
# given after '--' as root user without starting interactive shell.
#
#############################################################################

command_login() {
	local fix_low_ports=false
	local isolated_environment=false
	local use_termux_home=false
	local make_host_tmp_shared=false
	local -a custom_fs_bindings
	local no_link2symlink=false
	local no_sysvipc=false
	local no_kill_on_exit=false
	local no_arch_warning=false
	local login_user="root"
	local login_wd=""
	local -a login_env_vars
	login_env_vars=("PATH=${DEFAULT_PATH_ENV}")
	local kernel_release="${DEFAULT_FAKE_KERNEL_RELEASE}"
	local hostname="localhost"
	local distro_name

	while (($# >= 1)); do
		case "$1" in
			--)
				shift 1
				break
				;;
			--help)
				command_login_help
				return 0
				;;
			--fix-low-ports)
				fix_low_ports=true
				;;
			--isolated)
				isolated_environment=true
				;;
			--termux-home)
				use_termux_home=true
				;;
			--shared-tmp)
				make_host_tmp_shared=true
				;;
			--bind)
				if [ $# -ge 2 ]; then
					shift 1

					if [ -z "$1" ]; then
						msg
						msg "${BRED}Error: argument to option '${YELLOW}--bind${BRED}' should not be empty.${RST}"
						command_login_help
						return 1
					fi

					custom_fs_bindings+=("$1")
				else
					msg
					msg "${BRED}Error: option '${YELLOW}--bind${BRED}' requires an argument.${RST}"
					command_login_help
					return 1
				fi
				;;
			--no-link2symlink)
				no_link2symlink=true
				;;
			--no-sysvipc)
				no_sysvipc=true
				;;
			--no-kill-on-exit)
				no_kill_on_exit=true
				;;
			--no-arch-warning)
				no_arch_warning=true
				;;
			--user)
				if [ $# -ge 2 ]; then
					shift 1

					if [ -z "$1" ]; then
						msg
						msg "${BRED}Error: argument to option '${YELLOW}--user${BRED}' should not be empty.${RST}"
						command_login_help
						return 1
					fi

					login_user="$1"
				else
					msg
					msg "${BRED}Error: option '${YELLOW}--user${BRED}' requires an argument.${RST}"
					command_login_help
					return 1
				fi
				;;
			--kernel)
				if [ $# -ge 2 ]; then
					shift 1

					if [ -z "$1" ]; then
						msg
						msg "${BRED}Error: argument to option '${YELLOW}--kernel${BRED}' should not be empty.${RST}"
						command_login_help
						return 1
					fi

					kernel_release="$1"
				else
					msg
					msg "${BRED}Error: option '${YELLOW}$1${BRED}' requires an argument.${RST}"
					command_login_help
					return 1
				fi
				;;
			--hostname)
				if [ $# -ge 2 ]; then
					shift 1

					if [ -z "$1" ]; then
						msg
						msg "${BRED}Error: argument to option '${YELLOW}--hostname${BRED}' should not be empty.${RST}"
						command_login_help
						return 1
					fi

					hostname="$1"
				else
					msg
					msg "${BRED}Error: option '${YELLOW}$1${BRED}' requires an argument.${RST}"
					command_login_help
					return 1
				fi
				;;
			--work-dir)
				if [ $# -ge 2 ]; then
					shift 1

					if [ -z "$1" ]; then
						msg
						msg "${BRED}Error: argument to option '${YELLOW}--work-dir${BRED}' should not be empty.${RST}"
						command_login_help
						return 1
					fi

					login_wd="$1"
				else
					msg
					msg "${BRED}Error: option '${YELLOW}--work-dir${BRED}' requires an argument.${RST}"
					command_login_help
					return 1
				fi
				;;
			--env)
				if [ $# -ge 2 ]; then
					shift 1

					if [ -z "$1" ]; then
						msg
						msg "${BRED}Error: argument to option '${YELLOW}--env${BRED}' should not be empty.${RST}"
						command_login_help
						return 1
					fi

					login_env_vars+=("$1")
				else
					msg
					msg "${BRED}Error: option '${YELLOW}--env${BRED}' requires an argument.${RST}"
					command_login_help
					return 1
				fi
				;;
			-*)
				msg
				msg "${BRED}Error: got unknown option '${YELLOW}${1}${BRED}'.${RST}"
				command_login_help
				return 1
				;;
			*)
				if [ -z "${distro_name-}" ]; then
					if [ -z "$1" ]; then
						msg
						msg "${BRED}Error: distribution alias argument should not be empty.${RST}"
						command_login_help
						return 1
					fi
					distro_name="$1"
				else
					msg
					msg "${BRED}Error: got excessive positional argument '${YELLOW}${1}${BRED}'. Note that distribution can be specified only once.${RST}"
					command_login_help
					return 1
				fi
				;;
		esac
		shift 1
	done

	if [ -z "${distro_name-}" ]; then
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Error: distribution alias is not specified.${RST}"
		command_login_help
		return 1
	fi

	if [ -z "${SUPPORTED_DISTRIBUTIONS["$distro_name"]+x}" ]; then
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Error: unknown distribution '${YELLOW}${distro_name}${BRED}' was requested for logging in.${RST}"
		msg
		msg "${CYAN}View supported distributions by: ${GREEN}${PROGRAM_NAME} list${RST}"
		msg
		return 1
	fi

	if [ ! -d "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}" ]; then
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Error: distribution '${YELLOW}${distro_name}${BRED}' is not installed.${RST}"
		msg
		return 1
	fi

	local target_arch dist_type
	target_arch=$(detect_cpu_arch "${distro_name}")
	if [ -f "${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${distro_name}.sh" ]; then
		# shellcheck disable=SC1090
		[ "$target_arch" = "unknown" ] && target_arch=$(. "${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${distro_name}.sh"; echo "${DISTRO_ARCH}")
		dist_type=$(. "${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${distro_name}.sh"; echo "${DISTRO_TYPE-normal}")
	elif [ -f "${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${distro_name}.override.sh" ]; then
		# shellcheck disable=SC1090
		[ "$target_arch" = "unknown" ] && target_arch=$(. "${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${distro_name}.override.sh"; echo "${DISTRO_ARCH}")
		dist_type=$(. "${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${distro_name}.override.sh"; echo "${DISTRO_TYPE-normal}")
	else
		# This should never happen.
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Error: missing plugin for distribution '${YELLOW}${distro_name}${BRED}'.${RST}"
		msg
		return 1
	fi

	# Initialize proot command line arguments array.
	if [ $# -ge 1 ]; then
		# Escape each argument to prevent word splitting.
		set -- "-c" "$(printf " %q" "$@")"
	else
		set --
	fi

	local login_home login_shell
	if [ "${dist_type-normal}" = "termux" ]; then
		if [ -z "${login_wd}" ]; then
			login_wd="/data/data/com.termux/files/home"
		fi
		login_shell="/data/data/com.termux/files/usr/bin/login"
		set -- "/data/data/com.termux/files/usr/bin/env" \
			"HOME=/data/data/com.termux/files/home" \
			"PATH=/data/data/com.termux/files/usr/bin" \
			"PREFIX=/data/data/com.termux/files/usr" \
			"TMPDIR=/data/data/com.termux/files/usr/tmp" \
			"${login_shell}" \
			"$@"
	else
		if [ -d "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/.l2s" ]; then
			export PROOT_L2S_DIR="${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/.l2s"
		fi

		# It's hard to work without /etc/passwd.
		if [ ! -e "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/etc/passwd" ]; then
			msg "${BRED}Error: the selected distribution doesn't have /etc/passwd.${RST}"
			return 1
		fi

		# Catch invalid specified user before login command will be executed.
		if ! grep -q "${login_user}:" "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/etc/passwd" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
			msg "${BRED}Error: no user '${YELLOW}${login_user}${BRED}' defined in /etc/passwd of distribution.${RST}"
			return 1
		fi

		local login_uid login_gid
		login_uid=$(grep "^${login_user}:" "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/etc/passwd" | cut -d ':' -f 3)
		if [ -z "${login_uid}" ]; then
			msg "${BRED}Error: failed to retrieve the id of user '${YELLOW}${login_user}${BRED}' from /etc/passwd of distribution.${RST}"
			return 1
		fi
		login_gid=$(grep "^${login_user}:" "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/etc/passwd" | cut -d ':' -f 4)
		if [ -z "${login_gid}" ]; then
			msg "${BRED}Error: failed to retrieve the primary group id of user '${YELLOW}${login_user}${BRED}' from /etc/passwd of distribution.${RST}"
			return 1
		fi
		login_home=$(grep "^${login_user}:" "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/etc/passwd" | cut -d ':' -f 6)
		if [ -z "${login_home}" ]; then
			msg "${BRED}Error: failed to retrieve the home of user '${YELLOW}${login_user}${BRED}' from /etc/passwd of distribution.${RST}"
			return 1
		fi
		if [ -z "${login_wd}" ]; then
			login_wd="${login_home}"
		fi
		#if [ ! -d "$(realpath "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/${login_wd}")" ]; then
		#	msg "${BRED}Warning: cannot use path '${YELLOW}${login_wd}${BRED}' as working directory.${RST}"
		#fi
		login_shell=$(grep "^${login_user}:" "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/etc/passwd" | cut -d ':' -f 7)
		if [ -z "${login_shell}" ]; then
			msg "${BRED}Error: failed to retrieve the shell of user '${YELLOW}${login_user}${BRED}' from /etc/passwd of distribution.${RST}"
			return 1
		fi

		# Update Android-specific variables in /etc/environment.
		# Needed to handle changes after Android OS was upgraded.
		chmod u+rw "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/etc/environment" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
		for var in ANDROID_ART_ROOT ANDROID_DATA ANDROID_I18N_ROOT ANDROID_ROOT \
			ANDROID_RUNTIME_ROOT ANDROID_TZDATA_ROOT BOOTCLASSPATH \
			DEX2OATBOOTCLASSPATH; do
			set +u
			if [ -n "${!var}" ]; then
				# Create new variable entry instead of editing as variable may
				# not exist in the file.
				sed -i "/^${var}=/d" "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/etc/environment"
				echo "${var}=${!var}" >> "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/etc/environment"
			fi
			set -u
		done
		unset var

		for var in ANDROID_ART_ROOT ANDROID_DATA ANDROID_I18N_ROOT ANDROID_ROOT \
			ANDROID_RUNTIME_ROOT ANDROID_TZDATA_ROOT BOOTCLASSPATH \
			DEX2OATBOOTCLASSPATH EXTERNAL_STORAGE; do
			set +u
			if [ -n "${!var}" ]; then
				login_env_vars+=("${var}=${!var}")
			fi
			set -u
		done
		unset var

		# Handle /etc/environment.
		if [ -e "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/etc/environment" ]; then
			mapfile -t -O "${#login_env_vars[@]}" login_env_vars < <(
				grep -P '^[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]+=.+' "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/etc/environment" | \
					sed -E \
						-e "s/^([^=]+=)['\"]/\1/g" \
						-e "s/['\"]\$//g" \
						-e "/^[^=]+\$/d"
			)
		fi

		# Using '-i' to ensure that we can fully control which
		# environment variables will be inherited by shell.
		set -- "/usr/bin/env" "-i" \
			"${login_env_vars[@]}" \
			"COLORTERM=${COLORTERM-}" \
			"HOME=${login_home}" \
			"USER=${login_user}" \
			"TERM=${TERM-xterm-256color}" \
			"${login_shell}" \
			"-l" \
			"$@"

		set -- "--change-id=${login_uid}:${login_gid}" "$@"
	fi

	set -- "--rootfs=${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}" "$@"
	set -- "--cwd=${login_wd}" "$@"

	local need_cpu_emulator=false
	if [ "$target_arch" != "$DEVICE_CPU_ARCH" ]; then
		local cpu_emulator_path=""
		need_cpu_emulator=true

		# If CPU and host OS are 64bit, we can run 32bit guest OS without emulation.
		# Everything else requires emulator (QEMU).
		case "$target_arch" in
			aarch64) cpu_emulator_path="/data/data/com.termux/files/usr/bin/qemu-aarch64";;
			arm)
				if [ "$DEVICE_CPU_ARCH" != "aarch64" ] || ! $SUPPORT_32BIT; then
					cpu_emulator_path="/data/data/com.termux/files/usr/bin/qemu-arm"
				else
					need_cpu_emulator=false
				fi
				;;
			i686)
				if [ "$DEVICE_CPU_ARCH" != "x86_64" ]; then
					cpu_emulator_path="/data/data/com.termux/files/usr/bin/qemu-i386"
				else
					need_cpu_emulator=false
				fi
				;;
			riscv64) cpu_emulator_path="/data/data/com.termux/files/usr/bin/qemu-riscv64";;
			x86_64)
				if [ "$PROOT_DISTRO_X64_EMULATOR" = "QEMU" ]; then
					cpu_emulator_path="/data/data/com.termux/files/usr/bin/qemu-x86_64"
				elif [ "$PROOT_DISTRO_X64_EMULATOR" = "BLINK" ]; then
					cpu_emulator_path="/data/data/com.termux/files/usr/bin/blink"
				else
					msg
					msg "${BRED}Error: PROOT_DISTRO_X64_EMULATOR has unknown value '${YELLOW}${PROOT_DISTRO_X64_EMULATOR}${BRED}'. Valid values are: BLINK, QEMU."
					msg
				fi
				;;
			*)
				msg
				msg "${BRED}Error: DISTRO_ARCH has unknown value '${YELLOW}${target_arch}${BRED}'. Valid values are: aarch64, arm, i686, riscv64, x86_64."
				msg
				return 1
			;;
		esac

		if [ -n "$cpu_emulator_path" ]; then
			if [ -x "$cpu_emulator_path" ]; then
				set -- "-q" "$cpu_emulator_path" "$@"
			else
				local cpu_emulator_pkg=""
				case "$target_arch" in
					aarch64) cpu_emulator_pkg="qemu-user-aarch64";;
					arm) cpu_emulator_pkg="qemu-user-arm";;
					i686) cpu_emulator_pkg="qemu-user-i386";;
					riscv64) cpu_emulator_pkg="qemu-user-riscv64";;
					x86_64)
						if [ "$PROOT_DISTRO_X64_EMULATOR" = "QEMU" ]; then
							cpu_emulator_pkg="qemu-user-x86-64"
						elif [ "$PROOT_DISTRO_X64_EMULATOR" = "BLINK" ]; then
							cpu_emulator_pkg="blink"
						else
							msg
							msg "${BRED}Error: PROOT_DISTRO_X64_EMULATOR has unknown value '${YELLOW}${PROOT_DISTRO_X64_EMULATOR}${BRED}'. Valid values are: BLINK, QEMU."
							msg
						fi
						;;
					*) cpu_emulator_pkg="qemu-user-$target_arch";;
				esac

				msg
				msg "${BRED}Error: package '${YELLOW}${cpu_emulator_pkg}${BRED}' is not installed.${RST}"
				msg
				return 1
			fi
		fi
	else
		# Warn about CPU not supporting 32-bit instructions
		if ! $no_arch_warning && ! $SUPPORT_32BIT; then
			msg "${BRED}Warning: CPU doesn't support 32-bit instructions, some software may not work.${RST}"
		fi
	fi

	if ! $no_kill_on_exit; then
		# This option terminates all background processes on exit, so
		# proot can terminate freely.
		set -- "--kill-on-exit" "$@"
	else
		msg "${BRED}Warning: option '${YELLOW}--no-kill-on-exit${BRED}' is enabled. When exiting, your session will be blocked until all processes are terminated.${RST}"
	fi

	if [ "${dist_type-normal}" != "termux" ] && ! $no_link2symlink; then
		# Support hardlinks.
		set -- "--link2symlink" "$@"
	fi

	if ! $no_sysvipc; then
		# Support System V IPC.
		set -- "--sysvipc" "$@"
	fi

	# Some devices have old kernels and GNU libc refuses to work on them.
	# Fix this behavior by reporting a fake up-to-date kernel version.
	set -- "--kernel-release=\\Linux\\${hostname}\\${kernel_release}\\${DEFAULT_FAKE_KERNEL_VERSION}\\$(uname -m)\\localdomain\\-1\\" "$@"

	# Fix lstat to prevent dpkg symlink size warnings
	set -- "-L" "$@"

	# Core file systems that should always be present.
	set -- "--bind=/dev" "$@"
	set -- "--bind=/proc" "$@"
	set -- "--bind=/sys" "$@"

	if [ "${dist_type-normal}" != "termux" ]; then
		set -- "--bind=/dev/urandom:/dev/random" "$@"
		set -- "--bind=/proc/self/fd:/dev/fd" "$@"

		# Bind /proc/self/fd/{0,1,2} only if not launched under pipe
		local i fds
		fds=(stdin stdout stderr)
		for i in "${!fds[@]}"; do
			realpath -qe "/proc/self/fd/$i" >/dev/null && set -- "--bind=/proc/self/fd/$i:/dev/${fds[i]}" "$@"
		done
		unset i fds

		# Ensure that we can bind fake /proc and /sys entries.
		setup_fake_sysdata

		# With this tools should assume that no SELinux present.
		set -- "--bind=${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/sys/.empty:/sys/fs/selinux" "$@"

		# Fake various /proc entries commonly used by programs unless read access
		# available.
		if ! cat /proc/loadavg > /dev/null 2>&1; then
			set -- "--bind=${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/proc/.loadavg:/proc/loadavg" "$@"
		fi
		if ! cat /proc/stat > /dev/null 2>&1; then
			set -- "--bind=${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/proc/.stat:/proc/stat" "$@"
		fi
		if ! cat /proc/uptime > /dev/null 2>&1; then
			set -- "--bind=${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/proc/.uptime:/proc/uptime" "$@"
		fi
		if ! cat /proc/version > /dev/null 2>&1; then
			set -- "--bind=${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/proc/.version:/proc/version" "$@"
		fi
		if ! cat /proc/vmstat > /dev/null 2>&1; then
			set -- "--bind=${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/proc/.vmstat:/proc/vmstat" "$@"
		fi
		if ! cat /proc/sys/kernel/cap_last_cap > /dev/null 2>&1; then
			set -- "--bind=${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/proc/.sysctl_entry_cap_last_cap:/proc/sys/kernel/cap_last_cap" "$@"
		fi
		if ! cat /proc/sys/fs/inotify/max_user_watches > /dev/null 2>&1; then
			set -- "--bind=${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/proc/.sysctl_inotify_max_user_watches:/proc/sys/fs/inotify/max_user_watches" "$@"
		fi
		if ! cat /proc/net/dev > /dev/null 2>&1; then
			set -- "--bind=${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/proc/.net_dev:/proc/net/dev" "$@"
		fi

		# Bind /tmp to /dev/shm.
		if [ ! -d "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/tmp" ]; then
			mkdir -p "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/tmp"
			chmod 1777 "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/tmp"
		fi
		set -- "--bind=${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/tmp:/dev/shm" "$@"
	fi

	# When running in non-isolated mode, provide some bindings specific
	# to Android and Termux so user can interact with host file system.
	if ! $isolated_environment; then
		for data_dir in /data/app /data/dalvik-cache \
			/data/misc/apexdata/com.android.art/dalvik-cache; do
			[ ! -d "$data_dir" ] && continue
			local dir_mode
			dir_mode=$(stat --format='%a' "$data_dir")
			if [[ ${dir_mode:2} =~ ^[157]$ ]]; then
				set -- "--bind=${data_dir}" "$@"
			fi
		done
		unset data_dir

		if [ -d "/data/data/com.termux/files/apps" ]; then
			set -- "--bind=/data/data/com.termux/files/apps" "$@"
		fi

		# These bindings not available by default when running Termux distro.
		if [ "${dist_type-normal}" != "termux" ]; then
			set -- "--bind=/data/data/com.termux/cache" "$@"
			set -- "--bind=/data/data/com.termux/files/home" "$@"
		else
			# For package manager in 'termux' distribution.
			mkdir -p "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/data/data/com.termux/cache"
		fi

		# Bind whole /storage directory when it is readable. This gives
		# access to shared storage and on some Android versions to external
		# disks such as SD cards. On failure try binding only shared
		# storage.
		if ls -1U /storage > /dev/null 2>&1; then
			set -- "--bind=/storage" "$@"
			set -- "--bind=/storage/emulated/0:/sdcard" "$@"
		else
			# We want to use the primary shared storage mount point
			# there with avoiding secondary and legacy mount points. As
			# Android OS versions are different, some directories may
			#be unavailable and we need to try them all.
			local storage_path
			if ls -1U /storage/self/primary/ > /dev/null 2>&1; then
				storage_path="/storage/self/primary"
			elif ls -1U /storage/emulated/0/ > /dev/null 2>&1; then
				storage_path="/storage/emulated/0"
			elif ls -1U /sdcard/ > /dev/null 2>&1; then
				storage_path="/sdcard"
			else
				# Shared storage is not accessible.
				storage_path=""
			fi

			if [ -n "$storage_path" ]; then
				set -- "--bind=${storage_path}:/sdcard" "$@"
				set -- "--bind=${storage_path}:/storage/emulated/0" "$@"
				set -- "--bind=${storage_path}:/storage/self/primary" "$@"
			fi
		fi
	fi

	# When using QEMU, we need some host files even in isolated mode.
	# Force enabled for Termux distribution.
	if ! $isolated_environment || [ "${dist_type-normal}" = "termux" ] || $need_cpu_emulator; then
		local system_mnt
		for system_mnt in /apex /odm /product /system /system_ext /vendor \
			/linkerconfig/ld.config.txt \
			/linkerconfig/com.android.art/ld.config.txt \
			/plat_property_contexts /property_contexts; do

			if [ -e "$system_mnt" ]; then
				system_mnt=$(realpath "$system_mnt")
			else
				continue
			fi

			if [ -d "$system_mnt" ]; then
				local dir_mode
				dir_mode=$(stat --format='%a' "$system_mnt")
				if [[ ${dir_mode:2} =~ ^[157]$ ]]; then
					set -- "--bind=${system_mnt}" "$@"
				fi
			elif [ -f "$system_mnt" ]; then
				if head -c 1 "$system_mnt" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
					set -- "--bind=${system_mnt}" "$@"
				fi
			else
				continue
			fi
		done

		# Termux prefix can be bound only for non-Termux distributions.
		if [ "${dist_type-normal}" != "termux" ]; then
			set -- "--bind=/data/data/com.termux/files/usr" "$@"
		fi
	fi

	# Use Termux home directory if requested.
	# Ignores --isolated.
	if $use_termux_home; then
		if [ "${dist_type-normal}" = "termux" ]; then
			set -- "--bind=/data/data/com.termux/files/home:/data/data/com.termux/files/home" "$@"
		else
			if [ "$login_user" = "root" ]; then
				set -- "--bind=/data/data/com.termux/files/home:/root" "$@"
			else
				if [ -f "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/etc/passwd" ]; then
					local user_home
					user_home=$(grep -P "^${login_user}:" "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}/etc/passwd" | cut -d: -f 6)

					if [ -z "$user_home" ]; then
						user_home="/home/${login_user}"
					fi

					set -- "--bind=/data/data/com.termux/files/home:${user_home}" "$@"
				else
					set -- "--bind=/data/data/com.termux/files/home:/home/${login_user}" "$@"
				fi
			fi
		fi
	fi

	# Bind the tmp folder from the host system to the guest system
	# Ignores --isolated.
	if $make_host_tmp_shared; then
		set -- "--bind=/data/data/com.termux/files/usr/tmp:/tmp" "$@"
	fi

	# Bind custom file systems.
	local bnd
	for bnd in "${custom_fs_bindings[@]}"; do
		set -- "--bind=${bnd}" "$@"
	done

	# Modify bindings to protected ports to use a higher port number.
	if $fix_low_ports; then
		set -- "-p" "$@"
	fi

	# Prevent possible conflicts with proot.
	unset LD_PRELOAD

	exec proot "$@"
}

command_login_help() {
	msg
	msg "${BYELLOW}Usage: ${BCYAN}${PROGRAM_NAME} ${GREEN}login ${CYAN}[${GREEN}OPTIONS${CYAN}] [${GREEN}DISTRO ALIAS${CYAN}] [${GREEN}-- ${CYAN}[${GREEN}COMMAND${CYAN}]]${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Command aliases: ${GREEN}sh${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Launch a login shell for the specified distribution if no${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}additional arguments were given. Otherwise execute the${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}given command and exit.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Options:${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}--help               ${CYAN}- Show this help information.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}--user [user]        ${CYAN}- Login as specified user instead of 'root'.${RST}"
	msg "                         ${CYAN}Not applicable for distribution 'termux'.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}--fix-low-ports      ${CYAN}- Modify bindings to protected ports to use${RST}"
	msg "                         ${CYAN}a higher port number.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}--isolated           ${CYAN}- Run isolated environment without access${RST}"
	msg "                         ${CYAN}to host file system.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}--termux-home        ${CYAN}- Mount Termux home directory to /root.${RST}"
	msg "                         ${CYAN}Takes priority over '${GREEN}--isolated${CYAN}' option.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}--shared-tmp         ${CYAN}- Mount Termux temp directory to /tmp.${RST}"
	msg "                         ${CYAN}Takes priority over '${GREEN}--isolated${CYAN}' option.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}--bind [path:path]   ${CYAN}- Custom file system binding. Can be specified${RST}"
	msg "                         ${CYAN}multiple times.${RST}"
	msg "                         ${CYAN}Takes priority over '${GREEN}--isolated${CYAN}' option.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}--no-link2symlink    ${CYAN}- Disable hardlink emulation by proot.${RST}"
	msg "                         ${CYAN}Adviseable only on devices with SELinux${RST}"
	msg "                         ${CYAN}in permissive mode. Not applicable for${RST}"
	msg "                         ${CYAN}distribution 'termux'.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}--no-sysvipc         ${CYAN}- Disable System V IPC emulation by proot.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}--no-kill-on-exit    ${CYAN}- Wait until all running processes will finish${RST}"
	msg "                         ${CYAN}before exiting. This will cause proot to${RST}"
	msg "                         ${CYAN}freeze if you are running daemons.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}--no-arch-warning    ${CYAN}- Suppress warning about CPU not supporting 32-bit${RST}"
	msg "                         ${CYAN}instructions.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}--kernel [string]    ${CYAN}- Customize Linux kernel release string shown by${RST}"
	msg "                         ${CYAN}uname command.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}--hostname [string]  ${CYAN}- Customize system host name.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}--work-dir [path]    ${CYAN}- Set the working directory.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}--env ENV=val        ${CYAN}- Set environment variable. Can be specified${RST}"
	msg "                         ${CYAN}multiple times.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Put '${GREEN}--${CYAN}' if you wish to stop command line processing and pass${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}options as shell arguments.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}If no '${GREEN}--isolated${CYAN}' option given, the following host directories${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}will be available:${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${CYAN}* ${YELLOW}/apex ${CYAN}(only Android 10+)${RST}"
	msg "  ${CYAN}* ${YELLOW}/data/dalvik-cache${RST}"
	msg "  ${CYAN}* ${YELLOW}/data/data/com.termux${RST}"
	msg "  ${CYAN}* ${YELLOW}/sdcard${RST}"
	msg "  ${CYAN}* ${YELLOW}/storage${RST}"
	msg "  ${CYAN}* ${YELLOW}/system${RST}"
	msg "  ${CYAN}* ${YELLOW}/vendor${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}This should be enough to get Termux utilities like termux-api or${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}termux-open get working. If they do not work for some reason,${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}make sure they are properly set in ${YELLOW}/etc/environment${CYAN}.${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}Also check whether they define variables like ANDROID_DATA,${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}ANDROID_ROOT, BOOTCLASSPATH and others which are usually set${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}in Termux sessions.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}If issue occurs only after su/sudo use, then likely your PAM${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}configuration doesn't load ${YELLOW}/etc/environment${CYAN} and you need to fix${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}it by enabling pam_env.so in /etc/pam.d configuration.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Example PAM configuration line:${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}session  required  pam_env.so readenv=1${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}You need to append it to ${YELLOW}/etc/pam.d/su${CYAN}, ${YELLOW}/etc/pam.d/sudo${CYAN} or other${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}file depending on distribution.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}When using distribution 'termux' some of mentioned directories${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}such as /system are always mounted to satisfy requirements.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Selected distribution should be referenced by alias which can be${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}obtained by this command: ${GREEN}${PROGRAM_NAME} list${RST}"
	msg
	show_version
	msg
}

#############################################################################
#
# FUNCTION TO LIST THE SUPPORTED DISTRIBUTIONS
#
# Print the summary of available distributions and their installation
# status. The information about distributions is read from plug-in files.
#
#############################################################################

command_list() {
	local verbose=false

	while (($# >= 1)); do
		case "$1" in
			-h|--help)
				command_list_help
				return 0
				;;
			-v|--verbose)
				verbose=true
				;;
			-*)
				msg
				msg "${BRED}Error: got unknown option '${YELLOW}${1}${BRED}'.${RST}"
				command_list_help
				return 1
				;;
			*)
				msg
				msg "${BRED}Error: got excessive positional argument '${YELLOW}${1}${BRED}'.${RST}"
				command_list_help
				return 1
				;;
		esac
		shift 1
	done

	msg
	if [ -z "${!SUPPORTED_DISTRIBUTIONS[*]}" ]; then
		msg "${YELLOW}No distribution plug-ins found.${RST}"
		msg
		msg "${YELLOW}Please check the directory '${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}' and create at least one distribution plug-in.${RST}"
	else
		if $verbose; then
			msg "${CYAN}Supported distributions:${RST}"
		else
			msg "${CYAN}Supported distributions (format: name < alias >):${RST}"
			msg
		fi

		local i
		for i in $(echo "${!SUPPORTED_DISTRIBUTIONS[@]}" | tr ' ' '\n' | sort -d); do
			if $verbose; then
				msg
				msg "  ${CYAN}* ${YELLOW}${SUPPORTED_DISTRIBUTIONS[$i]}${RST}"
				msg
				msg "    ${CYAN}Alias: ${GREEN}${i}${RST}"
				if [ -d "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${i}" ]; then
					msg "    ${CYAN}Installed: ${GREEN}yes${RST}"
				else
					msg "    ${CYAN}Installed: ${RED}no${RST}"
				fi
				if [ -n "${SUPPORTED_DISTRIBUTIONS_COMMENTS["${i}"]+x}" ]; then
					msg "    ${CYAN}Comment: ${SUPPORTED_DISTRIBUTIONS_COMMENTS["${i}"]}${RST}"
				fi

				local supported_cpus
				if [ -f "${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${i}.sh" ]; then
					supported_cpus=$(source "${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${i}.sh"; echo "${!TARBALL_URL[@]}")
				elif [ -f "${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${i}.override.sh" ]; then
					supported_cpus=$(source "${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${i}.override.sh"; echo "${!TARBALL_URL[@]}")
				else
					supported_cpus="no data"
				fi

				msg "    ${CYAN}Architectures: ${supported_cpus// /, }${RST}"
			else
				msg "  ${CYAN}* ${YELLOW}${SUPPORTED_DISTRIBUTIONS[$i]} ${GREEN}< $i >${RST}"
			fi
		done

		msg
		msg "${CYAN}Install selected one with: ${GREEN}${PROGRAM_NAME} install <alias>${RST}"
	fi
	msg
}

command_list_help() {
	msg
	msg "${BYELLOW}Usage: ${BCYAN}${PROGRAM_NAME} ${GREEN}list${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Command aliases: ${GREEN}ls${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}List distributions and their properties.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Options:${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}--help               ${CYAN}- Show this help information.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}--verbose            ${CYAN}- Detailed output.${RST}"
	msg
	show_version
	msg
}

#############################################################################
#
# FUNCTION TO BACKUP A SPECIFIED DISTRIBUTION
#
# Backup a specified distribution installation by making a tarball that
# contains distribution rootfs and a corresponding plug-in file.
#
#############################################################################

command_backup() {
	local distro_name
	local tarball_file_path

	while (($# >= 1)); do
		case "$1" in
			-h|--help)
				command_backup_help
				return 0
				;;
			--output)
				if [ $# -ge 2 ]; then
					shift 1

					if [ -z "$1" ]; then
						msg
						msg "${BRED}Error: argument to option '${YELLOW}--output${BRED}' should not be empty.${RST}"
						command_backup_help
						return 1
					fi

					tarball_file_path="$1"
				else
					msg
					msg "${BRED}Error: option '${YELLOW}--output${BRED}' requires an argument.${RST}"
					command_backup_help
					return 1
				fi
				;;
			-*)
				msg
				msg "${BRED}Error: got unknown option '${YELLOW}${1}${BRED}'.${RST}"
				command_backup_help
				return 1
				;;
			*)
				if [ -z "${distro_name-}" ]; then
					if [ -z "$1" ]; then
						msg
						msg "${BRED}Error: distribution alias argument should not be empty.${RST}"
						command_backup_help
						return 1
					fi
					distro_name="$1"
				else
					msg
					msg "${BRED}Error: got excessive positional argument '${YELLOW}${1}${BRED}'. Note that distribution can be specified only once.${RST}"
					command_backup_help
					return 1
				fi
				;;
		esac
		shift 1
	done

	if [ -z "${distro_name-}" ]; then
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Error: distribution alias is not specified.${RST}"
		command_backup_help
		return 1
	fi

	if [ -z "${SUPPORTED_DISTRIBUTIONS["$distro_name"]+x}" ]; then
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Error: unknown distribution '${YELLOW}${distro_name}${BRED}' was requested for backup.${RST}"
		msg
		msg "${CYAN}View supported distributions by: ${GREEN}${PROGRAM_NAME} list${RST}"
		msg
		return 1
	fi

	if [ ! -d "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}" ]; then
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Error: distribution '${YELLOW}${distro_name}${BRED}' is not installed.${RST}"
		msg
		return 1
	fi

	# Notify user if tar available in PATH is not GNU tar.
	if ! grep -q 'tar (GNU tar)' <(tar --version 2>/dev/null | head -n 1); then
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Warning: tar binary that is available in PATH appears to be not a GNU tar. You may experience issues during installation, backup and restore operations.${RST}"
		msg
	fi

	msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Backing up ${YELLOW}${SUPPORTED_DISTRIBUTIONS["$distro_name"]}${CYAN}...${RST}"

	if [ -z "${tarball_file_path-}" ]; then
		msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Tarball will be written to stdout.${RST}"

		if [ -t 1 ]; then
			msg
			msg "${BRED}Error: tarball cannot be printed to console. Please use option '${YELLOW}--output${BRED}' to specify a file or use pipe for sending the output to another program.${RST}"
			msg
			return 1
		fi
	else
		msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Tarball will be written to '${tarball_file_path}'.${RST}"

		if [ -d "$tarball_file_path" ]; then
			msg
			msg "${BRED}Error: cannot write to '${YELLOW}${tarball_file_path}${YELLOW}' because this path is a directory.${RST}"
			command_backup_help
			return 1
		fi

		if [ -f "$tarball_file_path" ]; then
			msg
			msg "${BRED}Error: file '${YELLOW}${tarball_file_path}${YELLOW}' already exists. Please specify a different name.${RST}"
			command_backup_help
			return 1
		fi
	fi

	msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Fixing file permissions in rootfs...${RST}"
	# Ensure we can read all files.
	find "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}" -type d -print0 | xargs -0 -r chmod u+rx
	find "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}" -type f -executable -print0 | xargs -0 -r chmod u+rx
	find "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${distro_name}" -type f ! -executable -print0 | xargs -0 -r chmod u+r

	local distro_plugin_script="${distro_name}.sh"
	if [ ! -f "${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${distro_plugin_script}" ]; then
		# Alt name.
		distro_plugin_script="${distro_name}.override.sh"

		# We already passed check for supported distributions but doing
		# this check anyway. Above step with fixing permissions takes enough
		# time to let significant changes on file system happen.
		if [ ! -f "${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/${distro_plugin_script}" ]; then
			msg
			msg "${BRED}Error: neither '${distro_name}.sh' nor '${distro_name}.override.sh' are available in directory '${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}'.${RST}"
			msg
			return 1
		fi
	fi

	msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Archiving the rootfs and plug-in...${RST}"
	if [ -n "${tarball_file_path-}" ]; then
		# shellcheck disable=SC2064 # variables must expand here
		trap "echo -e \"\\r\\e[2K${BLUE}[${RED}!${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Exiting due to failure.${RST}\"; rm -f \"${tarball_file_path:?}\"; exit 1;" EXIT
		# shellcheck disable=SC2064 # variables must expand here
		trap "trap - EXIT; echo -e \"\\r\\e[2K${BLUE}[${RED}!${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Exiting immediately as requested.${RST}\"; rm -f \"${tarball_file_path:?}\"; exit 1;" HUP INT TERM
		tar -c --auto-compress \
			--warning=no-file-ignored \
			-f "$tarball_file_path" \
			-C "${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/../" "$(basename "$DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR")/${distro_plugin_script}" \
			-C "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/../" "$(basename "$INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR")/${distro_name}"
		trap - EXIT
		trap 'echo -e "\\r\\e[2K${BLUE}[${RED}!${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Exiting immediately as requested.${RST}"; exit 1;' HUP INT TERM
	else
		tar -c \
			--warning=no-file-ignored \
			-C "${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/../" "$(basename "$DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR")/${distro_plugin_script}" \
			-C "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/../" "$(basename "$INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR")/${distro_name}"
	fi
	msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Finished.${RST}"
}

command_backup_help() {
	msg
	msg "${BYELLOW}Usage: ${BCYAN}${PROGRAM_NAME} ${GREEN}backup ${CYAN}[${GREEN}DISTRIBUTION ALIAS${CYAN}]${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Command aliases: ${GREEN}bak${CYAN}, ${GREEN}bkp${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Back up a specified distribution installation into tarball.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Options:${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}--help               ${CYAN}- Show this help information.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}--output [path]      ${CYAN}- Write tarball to specified file.${RST}"
	msg "                         ${CYAN}If not specified, the tarball will be${RST}"
	msg "                         ${CYAN}printed to stdout. File extension affects${RST}"
	msg "                         ${CYAN}used compression (e.g. gz, bz2, xz).${RST}"
	msg "                         ${CYAN}Backup sent to stdout is not compressed.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Selected distribution should be referenced by alias which can be${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}obtained by this command: ${GREEN}${PROGRAM_NAME} list${RST}"
	msg
	show_version
	msg
}

#############################################################################
#
# FUNCTION TO RESTORE A SPECIFIED DISTRIBUTION
#
# Restore a specified distribution installation from the backup (tarball).
# The supplied tarball should be one made by PRoot-Distro as it has a proper
# structure. Regular rootfs tarball will not work here.
#
#############################################################################

command_restore() {
	local tarball_file_path

	while (($# >= 1)); do
		case "$1" in
			-h|--help)
				command_restore_help
				return 0
				;;
			-*)
				msg
				msg "${BRED}Error: got unknown option '${YELLOW}${1}${BRED}'.${RST}"
				command_restore_help
				return 1
				;;
			*)
				if [ -z "${tarball_file_path-}" ]; then
					if [ -z "$1" ]; then
						msg
						msg "${BRED}Error: tarball file path argument should not be empty.${RST}"
						command_restore_help
						return 1
					fi
					tarball_file_path="$1"
				else
					msg
					msg "${BRED}Error: got excessive positional argument '${YELLOW}${1}${BRED}'. Note that tarball file path can be specified only once.${RST}"
					command_restore_help
					return 1
				fi
				;;
		esac
		shift 1
	done

	if [ -n "${tarball_file_path-}" ]; then
		if [ ! -e "$tarball_file_path" ]; then
			msg
			msg "${BRED}Error: file '${YELLOW}${tarball_file_path}${YELLOW}' does not exist.${RST}"
			command_restore_help
			return 1
		fi

		if [ -d "$tarball_file_path" ]; then
			msg
			msg "${BRED}Error: path '${YELLOW}${tarball_file_path}${YELLOW}' is a directory.${RST}"
			command_restore_help
			return 1
		fi
	else
		if [ -t 0 ]; then
			msg
			msg "${BRED}Error: tarball file path is not specified and it looks like nothing is being piped via stdin either.${RST}"
			command_restore_help
			return 1
		fi
	fi

	# Notify user if tar available in PATH is not GNU tar.
	if ! grep -q 'tar (GNU tar)' <(tar --version 2>/dev/null | head -n 1); then
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Warning: tar binary that is available in PATH appears to be not a GNU tar. You may experience issues during installation, backup and restore operations.${RST}"
		msg
	fi

	local success
	msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Extracting distribution plug-in and rootfs from the tarball...${RST}"
	if [ -n "${tarball_file_path-}" ]; then
		if mkdir -p "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}" && tar -x --auto-compress -f "$tarball_file_path" \
			--recursive-unlink --preserve-permissions \
			-C "${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/../" "$(basename "${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}")/" \
			-C "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/../" "$(basename "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}")/"; then
			success=true
		else
			success=false
		fi
	else
		if mkdir -p "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}" && tar -x --recursive-unlink --preserve-permissions \
			-C "${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}/../" "$(basename "${DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR}")/" \
			-C "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/../" "$(basename "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}")/"; then
			success=true
		else
			success=false
		fi
	fi

	if $success; then
		msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Finished.${RST}"
	else
		msg "${BLUE}[${RED}!${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Failure.${RST}"
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Failed to restore distribution from the given tarball.${RST}"
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Possibly that tarball was corrupted or not made by PRoot-Distro. Note that tarball piped to stdin must be decompressed.${RST}"
		msg
	fi
}

command_restore_help() {
	msg
	msg "${BYELLOW}Usage: ${BCYAN}${PROGRAM_NAME} ${GREEN}restore ${CYAN}[${GREEN}FILENAME.TAR${CYAN}]${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Restore distribution installation from a specified tarball. If${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}file name is not specified, it will be assumed that tarball is${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}being piped from stdin.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Options:${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}--help               ${CYAN}- Show this help information.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Archive compression is determined automatically from the file${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}extension. When archive content is piped it is expected that${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}data is not compressed.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Important note: there are no any sanity check being performed${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}on the supplied tarballs. Be careful when using this command as${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}data loss may happen when the wrong tarball was used.${RST}"
	msg
	show_version
	msg
}

#############################################################################
#
# FUNCTION TO CLEAR DOWNLOAD CACHE
#
# Delete all cached rootfs archives.
#
#############################################################################

command_clear_cache() {
	while (($# >= 1)); do
		case "$1" in
			-h|--help)
				command_clear_cache_help
				return 0
				;;
			-*)
				msg
				msg "${BRED}Error: got unknown option '${YELLOW}${1}${BRED}'.${RST}"
				command_clear_cache_help
				return 1
				;;
			*)
				msg
				msg "${BRED}Error: got excessive positional argument '${YELLOW}${1}${BRED}'.${RST}"
				command_clear_cache_help
				return 1
				;;
		esac
	done

	if ! ls -la "${DOWNLOAD_CACHE_DIR}"/* > /dev/null 2>&1; then
		msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Download cache is empty.${RST}"
	else
		local size_of_cache
		size_of_cache="$(du -d 0 -h -a ${DOWNLOAD_CACHE_DIR} | awk '{$2=$2};1' | cut -d " " -f 1)"

		msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Clearing cache files...${RST}"

		local filename
		while read -r filename; do
			msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Deleting ${CYAN}'${filename}'${RST}"
			rm -f "${filename}"
		done < <(find "${DOWNLOAD_CACHE_DIR}" -type f)

		msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Reclaimed ${size_of_cache} of disk space.${RST}"
	fi

	msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Finished.${RST}"
}

command_clear_cache_help() {
	msg
	msg "${BYELLOW}Usage: ${BCYAN}${PROGRAM_NAME} ${GREEN}clear-cache${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Command aliases: ${GREEN}clear${CYAN}, ${GREEN}cl${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Remove all cached rootfs archives to reclaim disk space.${RST}"
	msg
	show_version
	msg
}


#############################################################################
#
# FUNCTION TO COPY FILES FROM/TO DISTRIBUTION
#
# A wrapper for "cp" ("mv") coreutils command replacing distribution reference
# with a real path.
#
# Distribution reference format is: <dist-alias>:/absolute/path/to/file
#
#############################################################################

command_copy() {
	local source destination
	local src_path dest_path
	local src_distribution dest_distribution
	local verbose=false
	local mv_mode=false

	while (($# >= 1)); do
		case "$1" in
			-h|--help)
				command_copy_help
				return 0
				;;
			-v|--verbose)
				verbose=true
				;;
			-m|--move)
				mv_mode=true
				;;
			-*)
				msg
				msg "${BRED}Error: got unknown option '${YELLOW}${1}${BRED}'.${RST}"
				command_copy_help
				return 1
				;;
			*)
				if [ -z "${source-}" ]; then
					if [ -z "$1" ]; then
						msg
						msg "${BRED}Error: source file argument should not be empty.${RST}"
						command_copy_help
						return 1
					fi
					source="$1"
				elif [ -z "${destination-}" ]; then
					if [ -z "$1" ]; then
						msg
						msg "${BRED}Error: destination file argument should not be empty.${RST}"
						command_copy_help
						return 1
					fi
					destination="$1"
				else
					msg
					msg "${BRED}Error: got excessive positional argument '${YELLOW}${1}${BRED}'.${RST}"
					command_copy_help
					return 1
				fi
				;;
		esac
		shift 1
	done

	if [ -z "${source-}" ]; then
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Error: missing source file path argument.${RST}"
		command_copy_help
		return 1
	fi

	if [ -z "${destination-}" ]; then
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Error: missing destination file path argument.${RST}"
		command_copy_help
		return 1
	fi

	# Evaluate source path.
	src_distribution=$(grep -qP ':' <<< "${source}" && cut -d':' -f1 <<< "${source}" || true)
	src_path=$(cut -d':' -f2- <<< "${source}")
	if [ -n "${src_distribution}" ]; then
		if [ -d "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${src_distribution}" ]; then
			src_path=$(realpath -m "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${src_distribution}/${src_path}")
		else
			msg
			msg "${BRED}Error: distribution '${YELLOW}${src_distribution}${BRED}' is not installed.${RST}"
			msg
			return 1
		fi
	else
		src_path=$(realpath -m "${src_path}")
	fi
	if [ ! -e "${src_path}" ]; then
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Error: can't copy '${YELLOW}${source}${BRED}' because file does not exist.${RST}"
		msg
		return 1
	fi

	# Evaluate destination path.
	dest_distribution=$(grep -qP ':' <<< "${destination}" && cut -d':' -f1 <<< "${destination}" || true)
	dest_path=$(cut -d':' -f2- <<< "${destination}")
	if [ -n "${dest_distribution}" ]; then
		if [ -d "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${dest_distribution}" ]; then
			dest_path=$(realpath -m "${INSTALLED_ROOTFS_DIR}/${dest_distribution}/${dest_path}")
		else
			msg
			msg "${BRED}Error: distribution '${YELLOW}${dest_distribution}${BRED}' is not installed.${RST}"
			msg
			return 1
		fi
	else
		dest_path=$(realpath -m "${dest_path}")
	fi
	#if [ -e "${dest_path}" ]; then
	#	msg
	#	msg "${BRED}Error: destination file '${YELLOW}${destination}${BRED}' already exist, refusing to overwrite.${RST}"
	#	msg
	#	return 1
	#fi

	msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Source: '${src_path}'${RST}"
	msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Destination: '${dest_path}'${RST}"

	if [ ! -e "$(dirname "${dest_path}")" ]; then
		msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Creating directory '$(dirname "${dest_path}")'...${RST}"
		if ! mkdir -p "$(dirname "${dest_path}")"; then
			msg "${BLUE}[${RED}!${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Failure.${RST}"
			msg
			msg "${BRED}Error: unable to create directory at '${YELLOW}$(dirname "${dest_path}")${BRED}'.${RST}"
			msg
			return 1
		fi
	fi

	if ${mv_mode}; then
		msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Moving files...${RST}"

		if ! mv "${src_path}" "${dest_path}"; then
			msg "${BLUE}[${RED}!${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Failure.${RST}"
			msg
			msg "${BRED}Error: unable to move file into '${YELLOW}${dest_path}${BRED}'.${RST}"
			msg
			return 1
		fi
	else
		msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Copying files, this may take a while...${RST}"
		local extra_cp_flags=""
		${verbose} && extra_cp_flags="-v"
		${verbose} && msg

		# Always use archive mode as argument allowed to be either a file or directory.
		if ! cp -a ${extra_cp_flags} "${src_path}" "${dest_path}"; then
			${verbose} && msg
			msg "${BLUE}[${RED}!${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Failure.${RST}"
			msg
			msg "${BRED}Error: unable to copy file into '${YELLOW}${dest_path}${BRED}'.${RST}"
			msg
			return 1
		fi

		${verbose} && msg
	fi

	msg "${BLUE}[${GREEN}*${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Finished.${RST}"
}

command_copy_help() {
	msg
	msg "${BYELLOW}Usage: ${BCYAN}${PROGRAM_NAME} ${GREEN}copy ${CYAN}[${GREEN}OPTIONS] ${CYAN}[${GREEN}DIST-ALIAS:${CYAN}]${GREEN}SRC ${CYAN}[${GREEN}DIST-ALIAS:${CYAN}]${GREEN}DEST${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Command aliases: ${GREEN}cp${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Copy files from/to distribution.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Both source and destination arguments may be either as a local${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}path or path of file inside distribution container.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Options:${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}--help               ${CYAN}- Show this help information.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}--move               ${CYAN}- Move instead of copying.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}--verbose            ${CYAN}- Show the log of copied files.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Glob is not supported. Only one file or directory can be copied${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}at a time.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Example how to copy local file to distribution:${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}${PROGRAM_NAME} copy ./file.txt ubuntu:/root/file.txt${RST}"
	msg
	show_version
	msg
}

#############################################################################
#
# FUNCTION TO PRINT UTILITY USAGE INFORMATION
#
# Prints a description of PRoot-Distro utility and list of the available
# commands.
#
#############################################################################

command_help() {
	msg
	msg "${BYELLOW}Usage: ${BCYAN}${PROGRAM_NAME}${CYAN} [${GREEN}COMMAND${CYAN}] [${GREEN}ARGUMENTS${CYAN}]${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}PRoot-Distro is a Bash script wrapper for PRoot. It provides${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}a set of functions with standardized command line interface${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}to let user easily manage Linux PRoot containers. By default${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}it supports a number of well known Linux distributions such${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}Alpine Linux, Debian or openSUSE. However it is possible to${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}add others with a help of plug-ins.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}List of the available commands:${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}help         ${CYAN}- Show this help information.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}backup       ${CYAN}- Backup a specified distribution.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}install      ${CYAN}- Install a specified distribution.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}list         ${CYAN}- List supported distributions and their${RST}"
	msg "                 ${CYAN}installation status.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}login        ${CYAN}- Start login shell for the specified distribution.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}remove       ${CYAN}- Delete a specified distribution.${RST}"
	msg "                 ${RED}WARNING: this command destroys data!${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}rename       ${CYAN}- Rename installed distribution.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}reset        ${CYAN}- Reinstall from scratch a specified distribution.${RST}"
	msg "                 ${RED}WARNING: this command destroys data!${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}restore      ${CYAN}- Restore a specified distribution.${RST}"
	msg "                 ${RED}WARNING: this command destroys data!${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}clear-cache  ${CYAN}- Clear cache of downloaded files. ${RST}"
	msg
	msg "  ${GREEN}copy         ${CYAN}- Copy files from/to distribution. ${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Each of commands has its own help information. To view it, just${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}supply a '${GREEN}--help${CYAN}' argument to chosen command.${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Hint: type command '${GREEN}${PROGRAM_NAME} list${CYAN}' to get a list of the${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}supported distributions. Pick a distro alias and run the next${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}command to install it: ${GREEN}${PROGRAM_NAME} install <alias>${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}Runtime data is stored at this location:${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${YELLOW}  ${RUNTIME_DIR}${RST}"
	msg
	msg "${CYAN}If you have issues with proot during installation or login, try${RST}"
	msg "${CYAN}to set '${GREEN}PROOT_NO_SECCOMP=1${CYAN}' environment variable.${RST}"
	msg
	show_version
	msg
}

#############################################################################
#
# FUNCTION TO PRINT VERSION STRING
#
# Prints version & author information. Used in functions for displaying
# usage info.
#
#############################################################################

show_version() {
	msg "${ICYAN}Proot-Distro v${PROGRAM_VERSION} by Termux (@sylirre).${RST}"
}

#############################################################################
#
# ENTRY POINT
#
# 1. Determine device properties such as CPU architecture.
# 2. Check all available distribution plug-ins.
# 3. Handle the requested commands or show help when '-h/--help/help' were
#    given. Further command line processing is offloaded to requested command.
#
#############################################################################

# This will be executed when signal HUP/INT/TERM is received.
trap 'echo -e "\\r${BLUE}[${RED}!${BLUE}] ${CYAN}Exiting immediately as requested.${RST}"; exit 1;' HUP INT TERM

# Determine a CPU architecture of device.
case "$(uname -m)" in
	# Note: armv8l means that device is running 32bit OS on 64bit CPU.
	armv7l|armv8l) DEVICE_CPU_ARCH="arm";;
	*) DEVICE_CPU_ARCH=$(uname -m);;
esac
DISTRO_ARCH=${DISTRO_ARCH:-}
if [ -z "$DISTRO_ARCH" ]; then DISTRO_ARCH="${DEVICE_CPU_ARCH}"; fi

# Verify architecture if possible - avoid running under linux32 or similar.
if [ -x "/data/data/com.termux/files/usr/bin/dpkg" ]; then
	if [ "$DEVICE_CPU_ARCH" != "$("/data/data/com.termux/files/usr"/bin/dpkg --print-architecture)" ]; then
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Error: the CPU architecture reported by system does not match the architecture of Termux packages. Do not attempt to hijack system properties by using 'linux32' or similar utilities.${RST}"
		msg
		exit 1
	fi
fi

# Check if architecture supports 32-bit instructions.
SUPPORT_32BIT=true
if grep -q "CPU op-mode" <(lscpu) 2>/dev/null && ! grep -qE 'CPU op-mode\(s\):.*32-bit' <(lscpu) 2>/dev/null; then
	SUPPORT_32BIT=false
fi

declare -A TARBALL_URL TARBALL_SHA256
declare -A SUPPORTED_DISTRIBUTIONS
declare -A SUPPORTED_DISTRIBUTIONS_COMMENTS
while read -r filename; do
	# shellcheck disable=SC1090
	distro_name=$(. "$filename"; echo "${DISTRO_NAME-}")
	# shellcheck disable=SC1090
	distro_comment=$(. "$filename"; echo "${DISTRO_COMMENT-}")
	# May have 2 name formats:
	# * alias.override.sh
	# * alias.sh
	# but we need to treat both as 'alias'.
	distro_alias=${filename%%.override.sh}
	distro_alias=${distro_alias%%.sh}
	distro_alias=$(basename "$distro_alias")

	# We getting distribution name from $DISTRO_NAME which
	# should be set in plug-in.
	if [ -z "$distro_name" ]; then
		msg
		msg "${BRED}Error: no DISTRO_NAME defined in '${YELLOW}${filename}${BRED}'.${RST}"
		msg
		exit 1
	fi

	SUPPORTED_DISTRIBUTIONS["$distro_alias"]="$distro_name"
	[ -n "$distro_comment" ] && SUPPORTED_DISTRIBUTIONS_COMMENTS["$distro_alias"]="$distro_comment"
done < <(find "$DISTRO_PLUGINS_DIR" -maxdepth 1 \( -type f -o -type l \) -iname "*.sh" 2>/dev/null)
unset distro_name distro_alias

if [ $# -ge 1 ]; then
	case "$1" in
		-h|--help|help|hel|he|h) shift 1; command_help;;
		backup|bak|bkp) shift 1; command_backup "$@";;
		install|i|in|ins|add) shift 1; command_install "$@";;
		list|li|ls) shift 1; command_list "$@";;
		login|sh) shift 1; command_login "$@";;
		remove|rm) shift 1; CMD_REMOVE_REQUESTED_RESET="false" command_remove "$@";;
		rename|mv) shift 1; command_rename "$@";;
		clear-cache|clear|cl) shift 1; command_clear_cache "$@";;
		copy|cp) shift 1; command_copy "$@";;

		# Not implementing aliases as they could be confusing.
		# We don't have many choices for these two commands: r, re, res, rst.
		reset) shift 1; command_reset "$@";;
		restore) shift 1; command_restore "$@";;

		*)
			msg
			msg "${BRED}Error: unknown command '${YELLOW}${1}${BRED}'.${RST}"
			msg
			msg "${CYAN}View supported commands by: ${GREEN}${PROGRAM_NAME} help${CYAN}${RST}"
			msg
			exit 1
			;;
	esac
else
	msg
	msg "${BRED}Error: no command provided.${RST}"
	command_help
fi

exit 0

sylirre
Dec 10, 2025

Edit: not possible to fake /proc/net/dev: #27568 (comment).

~~It doesn't work because you did not research what /proc/net/dev is and how entries in proot-distro get faked.~~

The main requirement is to obtain a snapshot of data that needs to be faked from a real Linux machine. This can be a rooted Android device, Android Studio emulated device, cloud server or something like. Faked data doesn't come out of nowhere.

/proc/net/dev data looks like this:

Inter-|   Receive                                                |  Transmit
 face |bytes    packets errs drop fifo frame compressed multicast|bytes    packets errs drop fifo colls carrier compressed
    lo: 1471532   16910    0    0    0     0          0         0  1471532   16910    0    0    0     0       0          0
  eno2:       0       0    0    0    0     0          0         0        0       0    0    0    0     0       0          0
  wlo1: 5576616027 4031388    0    0    0     0          0         0 105578498  750366    0   63    0     0       0          0
virbr0:       0       0    0    0    0     0          0         0        0       0    0   79    0     0       0          0
docker0:       0       0    0    0    0     0          0         0        0       0    0   79    0     0       0          0

Of course better to transform it into something mimicking real Android device, so need to leave interfaces only lo and wlo1, the wlo1 needs to be renamed into wlan0 while keeping the proper padding of entries.

~~I will try to make this in newer version of proot-distro.~~

1 reply

54145a Dec 11, 2025
Author

Thanks! It seems like my shell sliced the output when I tried to acquire sample /proc/net/dev data. I fixed the wrong data, but there's still this "Permission denied" error. In fact, I found that I can't bind anything in the /proc/net/ folder after several tests.

sylirre · 2025-12-21T23:36:34Z

sylirre
Dec 21, 2025

It is not possible to fake /proc/net/dev.

Problem is that /proc/net is a symlink to /proc/self/net. The /proc/self is unique to each process. Additionally this self directory has special treatment as whenever child process accessing /proc/self, its data must be replaced with one from /proc/<child-process-pid>.

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