From 8c1dac867e13d72a084f33d43231be4788aa4e8a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Fabien Potencier <fabien@potencier.org>
Date: Mon, 4 Nov 2024 08:23:18 +0100
Subject: [PATCH] Add the render function, deprecate the include one

---
 CHANGELOG                                     |  4 +-
 doc/deprecated.rst                            |  5 ++
 doc/functions/include.rst                     |  5 ++
 doc/functions/index.rst                       |  1 +
 doc/functions/render.rst                      | 90 +++++++++++++++++++
 src/Extension/CoreExtension.php               | 49 +++++++++-
 src/NodeVisitor/OptimizerNodeVisitor.php      |  1 +
 tests/Extension/CoreTest.php                  | 10 +--
 tests/Extension/SandboxTest.php               | 24 ++---
 tests/Fixtures/autoescape/block.test          |  4 +-
 tests/Fixtures/autoescape/name.test           |  6 +-
 ...line_function_with_undefined_variable.test |  8 +-
 .../undefined_template_in_child_template.test |  2 +-
 .../functions/include/assignment.legacy.test  | 15 ++++
 .../include/autoescaping.legacy.test          | 12 +++
 .../functions/include/basic.legacy.test       | 19 ++++
 ...expression.test => expression.legacy.test} |  2 +
 .../include/ignore_missing.legacy.test        | 15 ++++
 .../functions/include/ignore_missing.test     | 10 ---
 ...test => ignore_missing_exists.legacy.test} |  2 +
 .../include_missing_extends.legacy.test       | 15 ++++
 .../functions/include/missing.legacy.test     | 10 +++
 ...nested.test => missing_nested.legacy.test} |  0
 .../functions/include/sandbox.legacy.test     | 15 ++++
 .../include/sandbox_disabling.legacy.test     | 19 ++++
 ...dbox_disabling_ignore_missing.legacy.test} |  3 +
 .../include/template_instance.legacy.test     | 12 +++
 .../include/templates_as_array.legacy.test    | 15 ++++
 .../functions/include/templates_as_array.test | 12 ---
 ..._context.test => with_context.legacy.test} |  5 ++
 .../include/with_variables.legacy.test        | 15 ++++
 .../include_template_from_string.test         |  4 +-
 .../{include => render}/assignment.test       |  4 +-
 .../{include => render}/autoescaping.test     |  4 +-
 .../functions/{include => render}/basic.test  |  4 +-
 .../Fixtures/functions/render/expression.test | 17 ++++
 .../functions/render/ignore_missing.test      |  9 ++
 .../render/ignore_missing_exists.test         | 11 +++
 .../include_missing_extends.test              |  4 +-
 .../{include => render}/missing.test          |  4 +-
 .../functions/render/missing_nested.test      | 16 ++++
 .../{include => render}/sandbox.test          |  4 +-
 .../sandbox_disabling.test                    |  6 +-
 .../sandbox_disabling_ignore_missing.test     | 13 +++
 .../template_instance.test                    |  4 +-
 .../functions/render/templates_as_array.test  | 12 +++
 .../{include => render}/with_variables.test   |  6 +-
 .../regression/combined_debug_info.test       |  2 +-
 .../dynamic_parent_from_include.test          |  2 +-
 .../tags/inheritance/multiple_dynamic.test    |  8 +-
 tests/NodeVisitor/OptimizerTest.php           | 12 +--
 51 files changed, 461 insertions(+), 90 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 doc/functions/render.rst
 create mode 100644 tests/Fixtures/functions/include/assignment.legacy.test
 create mode 100644 tests/Fixtures/functions/include/autoescaping.legacy.test
 create mode 100644 tests/Fixtures/functions/include/basic.legacy.test
 rename tests/Fixtures/functions/include/{expression.test => expression.legacy.test} (63%)
 create mode 100644 tests/Fixtures/functions/include/ignore_missing.legacy.test
 delete mode 100644 tests/Fixtures/functions/include/ignore_missing.test
 rename tests/Fixtures/functions/include/{ignore_missing_exists.test => ignore_missing_exists.legacy.test} (70%)
 create mode 100644 tests/Fixtures/functions/include/include_missing_extends.legacy.test
 create mode 100644 tests/Fixtures/functions/include/missing.legacy.test
 rename tests/Fixtures/functions/include/{missing_nested.test => missing_nested.legacy.test} (100%)
 create mode 100644 tests/Fixtures/functions/include/sandbox.legacy.test
 create mode 100644 tests/Fixtures/functions/include/sandbox_disabling.legacy.test
 rename tests/Fixtures/functions/include/{sandbox_disabling_ignore_missing.test => sandbox_disabling_ignore_missing.legacy.test} (51%)
 create mode 100644 tests/Fixtures/functions/include/template_instance.legacy.test
 create mode 100644 tests/Fixtures/functions/include/templates_as_array.legacy.test
 delete mode 100644 tests/Fixtures/functions/include/templates_as_array.test
 rename tests/Fixtures/functions/include/{with_context.test => with_context.legacy.test} (50%)
 create mode 100644 tests/Fixtures/functions/include/with_variables.legacy.test
 rename tests/Fixtures/functions/{include => render}/assignment.test (67%)
 rename tests/Fixtures/functions/{include => render}/autoescaping.test (58%)
 rename tests/Fixtures/functions/{include => render}/basic.test (70%)
 create mode 100644 tests/Fixtures/functions/render/expression.test
 create mode 100644 tests/Fixtures/functions/render/ignore_missing.test
 create mode 100644 tests/Fixtures/functions/render/ignore_missing_exists.test
 rename tests/Fixtures/functions/{include => render}/include_missing_extends.test (75%)
 rename tests/Fixtures/functions/{include => render}/missing.test (75%)
 create mode 100644 tests/Fixtures/functions/render/missing_nested.test
 rename tests/Fixtures/functions/{include => render}/sandbox.test (74%)
 rename tests/Fixtures/functions/{include => render}/sandbox_disabling.test (60%)
 create mode 100644 tests/Fixtures/functions/render/sandbox_disabling_ignore_missing.test
 rename tests/Fixtures/functions/{include => render}/template_instance.test (61%)
 create mode 100644 tests/Fixtures/functions/render/templates_as_array.test
 rename tests/Fixtures/functions/{include => render}/with_variables.test (51%)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG b/CHANGELOG
index 7e6e5b153cb..6a5509cfa95 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG
+++ b/CHANGELOG
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 # 3.15.0 (2024-XX-XX)
- 
+
+ * Deprecate the `include` function, use `render` instead
+ * Add the `render` function to replace the `include` one
  * Add Spanish inflector support for the `plural` and `singular` filters in the String extension
  * Deprecate `TempNameExpression` in favor of `LocalVariable`
  * Deprecate `NameExpression` in favor of `ContextVariable`
diff --git a/doc/deprecated.rst b/doc/deprecated.rst
index fed5cb38017..c1b5ad7f3e6 100644
--- a/doc/deprecated.rst
+++ b/doc/deprecated.rst
@@ -28,6 +28,11 @@ Functions
 
   Note that it won't be removed in 4.0 to allow a smoother upgrade path.
 
+* The ``include`` function is deprecated as of Twig 3.15, use ``render``
+  instead. The ``render`` function does the same as ``include``, but the
+  rendered template does **not** have access to the current context (all
+  variables must be passed explicitely).
+
 Extensions
 ----------
 
diff --git a/doc/functions/include.rst b/doc/functions/include.rst
index c5dfc9a9f6d..3d8a0f3ea8d 100644
--- a/doc/functions/include.rst
+++ b/doc/functions/include.rst
@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 ``include``
 ===========
 
+.. warning::
+
+    The ``include`` function is deprecated as of Twig 3.15, use the ``render``
+    function instead.
+
 The ``include`` function returns the rendered content of a template:
 
 .. code-block:: twig
diff --git a/doc/functions/index.rst b/doc/functions/index.rst
index 557f6938a30..7bb249f5c63 100644
--- a/doc/functions/index.rst
+++ b/doc/functions/index.rst
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ Functions
     html_classes
     html_cva
     include
+    render
     max
     min
     parent
diff --git a/doc/functions/render.rst b/doc/functions/render.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e39b08ca6de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/functions/render.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+``render``
+==========
+
+.. versionadded:: 3.15
+
+    The ``render`` function was added in Twig 3.15.
+
+The ``render`` function returns the rendered content of a template:
+
+.. code-block:: twig
+
+    {{ render('template.html') }}
+
+Templates
+---------
+
+Templates are loaded via the current Twig loader.
+
+Templates can be a string or an expression evaluating to a string:
+
+.. code-block:: twig
+
+    {{ render('template.html') }}
+    {{ render(template_var) }}
+
+A template can also be an instance of ``\Twig\Template`` or a
+``\Twig\TemplateWrapper``::
+
+    $template = $twig->load('some_template.twig');
+    $twig->display('template.twig', ['template' => $template]);
+
+    // You can render it like this:
+    // {{ render(template) }}
+
+When you set the ``ignore_missing`` flag, Twig will return an empty string if
+the template does not exist:
+
+.. code-block:: twig
+
+    {{ render('sidebar.html', ignore_missing = true) }}
+
+You can also provide a list of templates that are checked for existence. The
+first template that exists will be rendered:
+
+.. code-block:: twig
+
+    {{ render(['page_detailed.html', 'page.html']) }}
+
+If ``ignore_missing`` is set, it will fall back to rendering nothing if none
+of the templates exist, otherwise it will throw an exception.
+
+Variables
+---------
+
+Rendered templates **do not** have access to the variables defined in the
+context, but you can pass variables explicitely:
+
+.. code-block:: twig
+
+    {# template.html will have access to the "name" variable #}
+
+    {{ render('template.html', { name: 'Fabien' }) }}
+
+You can pass existing variables from the current context:
+
+.. code-block:: twig
+
+    {{ render('template.html', { first_name: first_name, last_name: last_name }) }}
+
+    {# or using the following shortcut #}
+
+    {{ render('template.html', { first_name, last_name }) }}
+
+Sandboxing
+----------
+
+When rendering a template created by an end user, you should consider
+:doc:`sandboxing<../sandbox>` it:
+
+.. code-block:: twig
+
+    {{ render('page.html', sandboxed: true) }}
+
+Arguments
+---------
+
+* ``template``:       The template to render
+* ``variables``:      The variables to pass to the template
+* ``ignore_missing``: Whether to ignore missing templates or not
+* ``sandboxed``:      Whether to sandbox the template or not
diff --git a/src/Extension/CoreExtension.php b/src/Extension/CoreExtension.php
index f8f80ac2f0c..b9cc30c42c9 100644
--- a/src/Extension/CoreExtension.php
+++ b/src/Extension/CoreExtension.php
@@ -265,7 +265,8 @@ public function getFunctions(): array
             new TwigFunction('cycle', [self::class, 'cycle']),
             new TwigFunction('random', [self::class, 'random'], ['needs_charset' => true]),
             new TwigFunction('date', [$this, 'convertDate']),
-            new TwigFunction('include', [self::class, 'include'], ['needs_environment' => true, 'needs_context' => true, 'is_safe' => ['all']]),
+            new TwigFunction('include', [self::class, 'include'], ['needs_environment' => true, 'needs_context' => true, 'is_safe' => ['all'], 'deprecation_info' => new DeprecatedCallableInfo('twig/twig', '3.15', 'render')]),
+            new TwigFunction('render', [self::class, 'render'], ['needs_environment' => true, 'is_safe' => ['all']]),
             new TwigFunction('source', [self::class, 'source'], ['needs_environment' => true, 'is_safe' => ['all']]),
             new TwigFunction('enum_cases', [self::class, 'enumCases'], ['node_class' => EnumCasesFunction::class]),
             new TwigFunction('enum', [self::class, 'enum'], ['node_class' => EnumFunction::class]),
@@ -1468,6 +1469,52 @@ public static function include(Environment $env, $context, $template, $variables
         }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Renders a template.
+     *
+     * @param string|array|TemplateWrapper $template      The template to render or an array of templates to try consecutively
+     * @param array                        $variables     The variables to pass to the template
+     * @param bool                         $ignoreMissing Whether to ignore missing templates or not
+     * @param bool                         $sandboxed     Whether to sandbox the template or not
+     *
+     * @internal
+     */
+    public static function render(Environment $env, $template, $variables = [], $ignoreMissing = false, $sandboxed = false): string
+    {
+        $alreadySandboxed = false;
+        $sandbox = null;
+
+        if ($isSandboxed = $sandboxed && $env->hasExtension(SandboxExtension::class)) {
+            $sandbox = $env->getExtension(SandboxExtension::class);
+            if (!$alreadySandboxed = $sandbox->isSandboxed()) {
+                $sandbox->enableSandbox();
+            }
+        }
+
+        try {
+            $loaded = null;
+            try {
+                $loaded = $env->resolveTemplate($template);
+            } catch (LoaderError $e) {
+                if (!$ignoreMissing) {
+                    throw $e;
+                }
+
+                return '';
+            }
+
+            if ($isSandboxed) {
+                $loaded->unwrap()->checkSecurity();
+            }
+
+            return $loaded->render($variables);
+        } finally {
+            if ($isSandboxed && !$alreadySandboxed) {
+                $sandbox->disableSandbox();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     /**
      * Returns a template content without rendering it.
      *
diff --git a/src/NodeVisitor/OptimizerNodeVisitor.php b/src/NodeVisitor/OptimizerNodeVisitor.php
index a943f45c309..84084fc393d 100644
--- a/src/NodeVisitor/OptimizerNodeVisitor.php
+++ b/src/NodeVisitor/OptimizerNodeVisitor.php
@@ -158,6 +158,7 @@ private function enterOptimizeFor(Node $node): void
         }
 
         // include function without the with_context=false parameter
+        // to be removed in 4.0
         elseif ($node instanceof FunctionExpression
             && 'include' === $node->getAttribute('name')
             && (!$node->getNode('arguments')->hasNode('with_context')
diff --git a/tests/Extension/CoreTest.php b/tests/Extension/CoreTest.php
index 6bb74807f86..33a81931680 100644
--- a/tests/Extension/CoreTest.php
+++ b/tests/Extension/CoreTest.php
@@ -360,13 +360,13 @@ public static function provideCompareCases()
         ];
     }
 
-    public function testSandboxedInclude()
+    public function testSandboxedRender()
     {
         $twig = new Environment(new ArrayLoader([
-            'index' => '{{ include("included", sandboxed: true) }}',
+            'index' => '{{ render("included", sandboxed: true) }}',
             'included' => '{{ "included"|e }}',
         ]));
-        $policy = new SecurityPolicy(allowedFunctions: ['include']);
+        $policy = new SecurityPolicy(allowedFunctions: ['render']);
         $sandbox = new SandboxExtension($policy, false);
         $twig->addExtension($sandbox);
 
@@ -378,10 +378,10 @@ public function testSandboxedInclude()
     public function testSandboxedIncludeWithPreloadedTemplate()
     {
         $twig = new Environment(new ArrayLoader([
-            'index' => '{{ include("included", sandboxed: true) }}',
+            'index' => '{{ render("included", sandboxed: true) }}',
             'included' => '{{ "included"|e }}',
         ]));
-        $policy = new SecurityPolicy(allowedFunctions: ['include']);
+        $policy = new SecurityPolicy(allowedFunctions: ['render']);
         $sandbox = new SandboxExtension($policy, false);
         $twig->addExtension($sandbox);
 
diff --git a/tests/Extension/SandboxTest.php b/tests/Extension/SandboxTest.php
index e9115fa498e..35d4626a04f 100644
--- a/tests/Extension/SandboxTest.php
+++ b/tests/Extension/SandboxTest.php
@@ -50,18 +50,18 @@ protected function setUp(): void
             '1_basic3' => '{% if name %}foo{% endif %}',
             '1_basic4' => '{{ obj.bar }}',
             '1_basic5' => '{{ obj }}',
-            '1_basic7' => '{{ cycle(["foo","bar"], 1) }}',
+            '1_basic7' => '{{ cycle(["foo", "bar"], 1) }}',
             '1_basic8' => '{{ obj.getfoobar }}{{ obj.getFooBar }}',
             '1_basic9' => '{{ obj.foobar }}{{ obj.fooBar }}',
             '1_basic' => '{% if obj.foo %}{{ obj.foo|upper }}{% endif %}',
             '1_layout' => '{% block content %}{% endblock %}',
             '1_child' => "{% extends \"1_layout\" %}\n{% block content %}\n{{ \"a\"|json_encode }}\n{% endblock %}",
-            '1_include' => '{{ include("1_basic1", sandboxed=true) }}',
-            '1_basic2_include_template_from_string_sandboxed' => '{{ include(template_from_string("{{ name|upper }}"), sandboxed=true) }}',
-            '1_basic2_include_template_from_string' => '{{ include(template_from_string("{{ name|upper }}")) }}',
+            '1_render' => '{{ render("1_basic1", { obj }, sandboxed: true) }}',
+            '1_basic2_include_template_from_string_sandboxed' => '{{ render(template_from_string("{{ name|upper }}"), sandboxed=true) }}',
+            '1_basic2_include_template_from_string' => '{{ render(template_from_string("{{ name|upper }}"), { name }) }}',
             '1_range_operator' => '{{ (1..2)[0] }}',
             '1_syntax_error_wrapper_legacy' => '{% sandbox %}{% include "1_syntax_error" %}{% endsandbox %}',
-            '1_syntax_error_wrapper' => '{{ include("1_syntax_error", sandboxed: true) }}',
+            '1_syntax_error_wrapper' => '{{ render("1_syntax_error", sandboxed: true) }}',
             '1_syntax_error' => '{% syntax error }}',
             '1_childobj_parentmethod' => '{{ child_obj.ParentMethod() }}',
             '1_childobj_childmethod' => '{{ child_obj.ChildMethod() }}',
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ public function testSandboxGloballyFalseUnallowedFilterWithIncludeTemplateFromSt
 
     public function testSandboxGloballyTrueUnallowedFilterWithIncludeTemplateFromStringSandboxed()
     {
-        $twig = $this->getEnvironment(true, [], self::$templates, [], [], [], [], ['include', 'template_from_string']);
+        $twig = $this->getEnvironment(true, [], self::$templates, [], [], [], [], ['render', 'template_from_string']);
         $twig->addExtension(new StringLoaderExtension());
         try {
             $twig->load('1_basic2_include_template_from_string_sandboxed')->render(self::$params);
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ public function testSandboxGloballyFalseUnallowedFilterWithIncludeTemplateFromSt
 
     public function testSandboxGloballyTrueUnallowedFilterWithIncludeTemplateFromStringNotSandboxed()
     {
-        $twig = $this->getEnvironment(true, [], self::$templates, [], [], [], [], ['include', 'template_from_string']);
+        $twig = $this->getEnvironment(true, [], self::$templates, [], [], [], [], ['render', 'template_from_string']);
         $twig->addExtension(new StringLoaderExtension());
         try {
             $twig->load('1_basic2_include_template_from_string')->render(self::$params);
@@ -414,11 +414,11 @@ public function testSandboxLocallySetForAnInclude()
         $this->assertEquals('fooFOOfoo', $twig->load('2_basic')->render(self::$params), 'Sandbox does nothing if disabled globally and sandboxed not used for the include');
 
         self::$templates = [
-            '3_basic' => '{{ include("3_included", sandboxed: true) }}',
+            '3_basic' => '{{ render("3_included", sandboxed: true) }}',
             '3_included' => '{% if true %}{{ "foo"|upper }}{% endif %}',
         ];
 
-        $twig = $this->getEnvironment(true, [], self::$templates, functions: ['include']);
+        $twig = $this->getEnvironment(true, [], self::$templates, functions: ['render']);
         try {
             $twig->load('3_basic')->render(self::$params);
             $this->fail('Sandbox throws a SecurityError exception when the included file is sandboxed');
@@ -441,20 +441,20 @@ public function testMacrosInASandbox()
         $this->assertEquals('<p>username</p>', $twig->load('index')->render([]));
     }
 
-    public function testSandboxDisabledAfterIncludeFunctionError()
+    public function testSandboxDisabledAfterRenderFunctionError()
     {
         $twig = $this->getEnvironment(false, [], self::$templates);
 
         $e = null;
         try {
-            $twig->load('1_include')->render(self::$params);
+            $twig->load('1_render')->render(self::$params);
         } catch (\Throwable $e) {
         }
         if (null === $e) {
             $this->fail('An exception should be thrown for this test to be valid.');
         }
 
-        $this->assertFalse($twig->getExtension(SandboxExtension::class)->isSandboxed(), 'Sandboxed include() function call should not leave Sandbox enabled when an error occurs.');
+        $this->assertFalse($twig->getExtension(SandboxExtension::class)->isSandboxed(), 'Sandboxed render() function call should not leave Sandbox enabled when an error occurs.');
     }
 
     public function testSandboxWithNoClosureFilter()
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/autoescape/block.test b/tests/Fixtures/autoescape/block.test
index a80b80c376e..f67545595a7 100644
--- a/tests/Fixtures/autoescape/block.test
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/autoescape/block.test
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 --TEST--
 blocks and autoescape
 --TEMPLATE--
-{{ include('unrelated.txt.twig') -}}
-{{ include('template.html.twig') -}}
+{{ render('unrelated.txt.twig') -}}
+{{ render('template.html.twig', { br }) -}}
 --TEMPLATE(unrelated.txt.twig)--
 {% block content %}{% endblock %}
 --TEMPLATE(template.html.twig)--
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/autoescape/name.test b/tests/Fixtures/autoescape/name.test
index 5ad573cf0aa..4129041ac40 100644
--- a/tests/Fixtures/autoescape/name.test
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/autoescape/name.test
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 "name" autoescape strategy
 --TEMPLATE--
 {{ br -}}
-{{ include('index.js.twig') -}}
-{{ include('index.html.twig') -}}
-{{ include('index.txt.twig') -}}
+{{ render('index.js.twig', { br }) -}}
+{{ render('index.html.twig', { br }) -}}
+{{ render('index.txt.twig', { br }) -}}
 --TEMPLATE(index.js.twig)--
 {{ br -}}
 --TEMPLATE(index.html.twig)--
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/exceptions/multiline_function_with_undefined_variable.test b/tests/Fixtures/exceptions/multiline_function_with_undefined_variable.test
index 8bc524ef181..ccf56f52651 100644
--- a/tests/Fixtures/exceptions/multiline_function_with_undefined_variable.test
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/exceptions/multiline_function_with_undefined_variable.test
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 --TEST--
-Exception for multile function with undefined variable
+Exception for multi-line function with undefined variable
 --TEMPLATE--
-{{ include('foo',
-   with_context=with_context
+{{ render('foo',
+   sandboxed=with_sandbox
 ) }}
 --TEMPLATE(foo)--
 Foo
 --DATA--
 return []
 --EXCEPTION--
-Twig\Error\RuntimeError: Variable "with_context" does not exist in "index.twig" at line 3.
+Twig\Error\RuntimeError: Variable "with_sandbox" does not exist in "index.twig" at line 3.
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/exceptions/undefined_template_in_child_template.test b/tests/Fixtures/exceptions/undefined_template_in_child_template.test
index 904faa50ad4..95e094df971 100644
--- a/tests/Fixtures/exceptions/undefined_template_in_child_template.test
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/exceptions/undefined_template_in_child_template.test
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Exception for an undefined template in a child template
 {% extends 'base.twig' %}
 
 {% block sidebar %}
-    {{ include('include.twig') }}
+    {{ render('include.twig') }}
 {% endblock %}
 --TEMPLATE(base.twig)--
 {% block sidebar %}
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/assignment.legacy.test b/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/assignment.legacy.test
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2af3cb4413b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/assignment.legacy.test
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+--TEST--
+"include" function
+--DEPRECATION--
+Since twig/twig 3.15: Twig Function "include" is deprecated; use "render" instead in index.twig at line 2.
+--TEMPLATE--
+{% set tmp = include("foo.twig") %}
+
+FOO{{ tmp }}BAR
+--TEMPLATE(foo.twig)--
+FOOBAR
+--DATA--
+return []
+--EXPECT--
+FOO
+FOOBARBAR
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/autoescaping.legacy.test b/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/autoescaping.legacy.test
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d48af5b26fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/autoescaping.legacy.test
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+--TEST--
+"include" function is safe for auto-escaping
+--DEPRECATION--
+Since twig/twig 3.15: Twig Function "include" is deprecated; use "render" instead in index.twig at line 2.
+--TEMPLATE--
+{{ include("foo.twig") }}
+--TEMPLATE(foo.twig)--
+<p>Test</p>
+--DATA--
+return []
+--EXPECT--
+<p>Test</p>
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/basic.legacy.test b/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/basic.legacy.test
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b8741e45ad0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/basic.legacy.test
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+--TEST--
+"include" function
+--DEPRECATION--
+Since twig/twig 3.15: Twig Function "include" is deprecated; use "render" instead in index.twig at line 3.
+--TEMPLATE--
+FOO
+{{ include("foo.twig") }}
+
+BAR
+--TEMPLATE(foo.twig)--
+FOOBAR
+--DATA--
+return []
+--EXPECT--
+FOO
+
+FOOBAR
+
+BAR
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/expression.test b/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/expression.legacy.test
similarity index 63%
rename from tests/Fixtures/functions/include/expression.test
rename to tests/Fixtures/functions/include/expression.legacy.test
index c6d3d1c5331..860865f5377 100644
--- a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/expression.test
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/expression.legacy.test
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 --TEST--
 "include" function allows expressions for the template to include
+--DEPRECATION--
+Since twig/twig 3.15: Twig Function "include" is deprecated; use "render" instead in index.twig at line 3.
 --TEMPLATE--
 FOO
 {{ include(foo) }}
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/ignore_missing.legacy.test b/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/ignore_missing.legacy.test
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..69b8a50a525
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/ignore_missing.legacy.test
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+--TEST--
+"include" function
+--DEPRECATION--
+Since twig/twig 3.15: Twig Function "include" is deprecated; use "render" instead in index.twig at line 2.
+Since twig/twig 3.15: Twig Function "include" is deprecated; use "render" instead in index.twig at line 3.
+Since twig/twig 3.15: Twig Function "include" is deprecated; use "render" instead in index.twig at line 4.
+Since twig/twig 3.15: Twig Function "include" is deprecated; use "render" instead in index.twig at line 5.
+--TEMPLATE--
+{{ include(["foo.twig", "bar.twig"], ignore_missing = true) }}
+{{ include("foo.twig", ignore_missing = true) }}
+{{ include("foo.twig", ignore_missing = true, variables = {}) }}
+{{ include("foo.twig", ignore_missing = true, variables = {}, with_context = true) }}
+--DATA--
+return []
+--EXPECT--
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/ignore_missing.test b/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/ignore_missing.test
deleted file mode 100644
index c05b43e1403..00000000000
--- a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/ignore_missing.test
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
---TEST--
-"include" function
---TEMPLATE--
-{{ include(["foo.twig", "bar.twig"], ignore_missing = true) }}
-{{ include("foo.twig", ignore_missing = true) }}
-{{ include("foo.twig", ignore_missing = true, variables = {}) }}
-{{ include("foo.twig", ignore_missing = true, variables = {}, with_context = true) }}
---DATA--
-return []
---EXPECT--
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/ignore_missing_exists.test b/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/ignore_missing_exists.legacy.test
similarity index 70%
rename from tests/Fixtures/functions/include/ignore_missing_exists.test
rename to tests/Fixtures/functions/include/ignore_missing_exists.legacy.test
index fc2d211ad86..b2cdb891331 100644
--- a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/ignore_missing_exists.test
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/ignore_missing_exists.legacy.test
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 --TEST--
 "include" function
+--DEPRECATION--
+Since twig/twig 3.15: Twig Function "include" is deprecated; use "render" instead in index.twig at line 2.
 --TEMPLATE--
 {{ include("included.twig", ignore_missing = true) }}
 NOT DISPLAYED
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/include_missing_extends.legacy.test b/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/include_missing_extends.legacy.test
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..90b82369230
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/include_missing_extends.legacy.test
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+--TEST--
+"include" function
+--DEPRECATION--
+Since twig/twig 3.15: Twig Function "include" is deprecated; use "render" instead in index.twig at line 2.
+--TEMPLATE--
+{{ include(['bad.twig', 'good.twig'], ignore_missing = true) }}
+NOT DISPLAYED
+--TEMPLATE(bad.twig)--
+{% extends 'DOES NOT EXIST' %}
+--TEMPLATE(good.twig)--
+NOT DISPLAYED
+--DATA--
+return []
+--EXCEPTION--
+Twig\Error\LoaderError: Template "DOES NOT EXIST" is not defined in "bad.twig" at line 2.
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/missing.legacy.test b/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/missing.legacy.test
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..af4101c4f17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/missing.legacy.test
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+--TEST--
+"include" function
+--DEPRECATION--
+Since twig/twig 3.15: Twig Function "include" is deprecated; use "render" instead in index.twig at line 2.
+--TEMPLATE--
+{{ include("foo.twig") }}
+--DATA--
+return []
+--EXCEPTION--
+Twig\Error\LoaderError: Template "foo.twig" is not defined in "index.twig" at line 2.
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/missing_nested.test b/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/missing_nested.legacy.test
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/Fixtures/functions/include/missing_nested.test
rename to tests/Fixtures/functions/include/missing_nested.legacy.test
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/sandbox.legacy.test b/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/sandbox.legacy.test
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..aef0b3bc2d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/sandbox.legacy.test
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+--TEST--
+"include" tag sandboxed
+--DEPRECATION--
+Since twig/twig 3.15: Twig Function "include" is deprecated; use "render" instead in index.twig at line 2.
+--TEMPLATE--
+{{ include("foo.twig", sandboxed = true) }}
+--TEMPLATE(foo.twig)--
+
+
+{{ 'foo'|e }}
+{{ 'foo'|e }}
+--DATA--
+return []
+--EXCEPTION--
+Twig\Sandbox\SecurityNotAllowedFilterError: Filter "e" is not allowed in "foo.twig" at line 4.
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/sandbox_disabling.legacy.test b/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/sandbox_disabling.legacy.test
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..79cbf227c35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/sandbox_disabling.legacy.test
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+--TEST--
+"include" tag sandboxed
+--DEPRECATION--
+Since twig/twig 3.15: Twig Function "include" is deprecated; use "render" instead in index.twig at line 2.
+Since twig/twig 3.15: Twig Function "include" is deprecated; use "render" instead in index.twig at line 3.
+--TEMPLATE--
+{{ include("foo.twig", sandboxed = true) }}
+{{ include("bar.twig") }}
+--TEMPLATE(foo.twig)--
+foo
+--TEMPLATE(bar.twig)--
+{{ foo|e }}
+--DATA--
+return ['foo' => 'bar<br />']
+--EXPECT--
+foo
+
+
+bar&lt;br /&gt;
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/sandbox_disabling_ignore_missing.test b/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/sandbox_disabling_ignore_missing.legacy.test
similarity index 51%
rename from tests/Fixtures/functions/include/sandbox_disabling_ignore_missing.test
rename to tests/Fixtures/functions/include/sandbox_disabling_ignore_missing.legacy.test
index c5be0088af6..d1d480f4fee 100644
--- a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/sandbox_disabling_ignore_missing.test
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/sandbox_disabling_ignore_missing.legacy.test
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 --TEST--
 "include" tag sandboxed
+--DEPRECATION--
+Since twig/twig 3.15: Twig Function "include" is deprecated; use "render" instead in index.twig at line 2.
+Since twig/twig 3.15: Twig Function "include" is deprecated; use "render" instead in index.twig at line 3.
 --TEMPLATE--
 {{ include("unknown.twig", sandboxed = true, ignore_missing = true) }}
 {{ include("bar.twig") }}
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/template_instance.legacy.test b/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/template_instance.legacy.test
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1f26159ccea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/template_instance.legacy.test
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+--TEST--
+"include" function accepts Twig\Template instance
+--DEPRECATION--
+Since twig/twig 3.15: Twig Function "include" is deprecated; use "render" instead in index.twig at line 2.
+--TEMPLATE--
+{{ include(foo) }} FOO
+--TEMPLATE(foo.twig)--
+BAR
+--DATA--
+return ['foo' => $twig->load('foo.twig')]
+--EXPECT--
+BAR FOO
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/templates_as_array.legacy.test b/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/templates_as_array.legacy.test
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..abbd8edd33b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/templates_as_array.legacy.test
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+--TEST--
+"include" function
+--DEPRECATION--
+Since twig/twig 3.15: Twig Function "include" is deprecated; use "render" instead in index.twig at line 2.
+Since twig/twig 3.15: Twig Function "include" is deprecated; use "render" instead in index.twig at line 3.
+--TEMPLATE--
+{{ include(["foo.twig", "bar.twig"]) }}
+{{- include(["bar.twig", "foo.twig"]) }}
+--TEMPLATE(foo.twig)--
+foo
+--DATA--
+return []
+--EXPECT--
+foo
+foo
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/templates_as_array.test b/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/templates_as_array.test
deleted file mode 100644
index 21e5bb2efd2..00000000000
--- a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/templates_as_array.test
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
---TEST--
-"include" function
---TEMPLATE--
-{{ include(["foo.twig", "bar.twig"]) }}
-{{- include(["bar.twig", "foo.twig"]) }}
---TEMPLATE(foo.twig)--
-foo
---DATA--
-return []
---EXPECT--
-foo
-foo
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/with_context.test b/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/with_context.legacy.test
similarity index 50%
rename from tests/Fixtures/functions/include/with_context.test
rename to tests/Fixtures/functions/include/with_context.legacy.test
index 46ac8c79bdc..d41d629a72f 100644
--- a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/with_context.test
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/with_context.legacy.test
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 --TEST--
 "include" function accept variables and with_context
+--DEPRECATION--
+Since twig/twig 3.15: Twig Function "include" is deprecated; use "render" instead in index.twig at line 2.
+Since twig/twig 3.15: Twig Function "include" is deprecated; use "render" instead in index.twig at line 3.
+Since twig/twig 3.15: Twig Function "include" is deprecated; use "render" instead in index.twig at line 4.
+Since twig/twig 3.15: Twig Function "include" is deprecated; use "render" instead in index.twig at line 5.
 --TEMPLATE--
 {{ include("foo.twig") }}
 {{- include("foo.twig", with_context = false) }}
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/with_variables.legacy.test b/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/with_variables.legacy.test
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0c3b7cb9c79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/with_variables.legacy.test
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+--TEST--
+"include" function accept variables
+--DEPRECATION--
+Since twig/twig 3.15: Twig Function "include" is deprecated; use "render" instead in index.twig at line 2.
+Since twig/twig 3.15: Twig Function "include" is deprecated; use "render" instead in index.twig at line 3.
+--TEMPLATE--
+{{ include("foo.twig", {'foo': 'bar'}) }}
+{{- include("foo.twig", vars) }}
+--TEMPLATE(foo.twig)--
+{{ foo }}
+--DATA--
+return ['vars' => ['foo' => 'bar']]
+--EXPECT--
+bar
+bar
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include_template_from_string.test b/tests/Fixtures/functions/include_template_from_string.test
index 8d9ba60ce66..eb97f45296e 100644
--- a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include_template_from_string.test
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/functions/include_template_from_string.test
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 --TEST--
-"template_from_string" function works in an "include"
+"template_from_string" function works in a "render" function
 --TEMPLATE--
 {% set embed = '{% embed "embed.twig" %}{% endembed %}' %}
-{{ include(template_from_string(embed)) }}
+{{ render(template_from_string(embed)) }}
 --TEMPLATE(embed.twig)--
 Cool
 --DATA--
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/assignment.test b/tests/Fixtures/functions/render/assignment.test
similarity index 67%
rename from tests/Fixtures/functions/include/assignment.test
rename to tests/Fixtures/functions/render/assignment.test
index c9ce8123fea..94ed5e34959 100644
--- a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/assignment.test
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/functions/render/assignment.test
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 --TEST--
-"include" function
+"render" function
 --TEMPLATE--
-{% set tmp = include("foo.twig") %}
+{% set tmp = render("foo.twig") %}
 
 FOO{{ tmp }}BAR
 --TEMPLATE(foo.twig)--
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/autoescaping.test b/tests/Fixtures/functions/render/autoescaping.test
similarity index 58%
rename from tests/Fixtures/functions/include/autoescaping.test
rename to tests/Fixtures/functions/render/autoescaping.test
index a3666261f39..55d93abd2c5 100644
--- a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/autoescaping.test
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/functions/render/autoescaping.test
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 --TEST--
-"include" function is safe for auto-escaping
+"render" function is safe for auto-escaping
 --TEMPLATE--
-{{ include("foo.twig") }}
+{{ render("foo.twig") }}
 --TEMPLATE(foo.twig)--
 <p>Test</p>
 --DATA--
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/basic.test b/tests/Fixtures/functions/render/basic.test
similarity index 70%
rename from tests/Fixtures/functions/include/basic.test
rename to tests/Fixtures/functions/render/basic.test
index f90983c02f3..3b390bec1ab 100644
--- a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/basic.test
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/functions/render/basic.test
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 --TEST--
-"include" function
+"render" function
 --TEMPLATE--
 FOO
-{{ include("foo.twig") }}
+{{ render("foo.twig") }}
 
 BAR
 --TEMPLATE(foo.twig)--
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/functions/render/expression.test b/tests/Fixtures/functions/render/expression.test
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6de6b099cf6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/functions/render/expression.test
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+--TEST--
+"render" function allows expressions for the template to render
+--TEMPLATE--
+FOO
+{{ render(foo) }}
+
+BAR
+--TEMPLATE(foo.twig)--
+FOOBAR
+--DATA--
+return ['foo' => 'foo.twig']
+--EXPECT--
+FOO
+
+FOOBAR
+
+BAR
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/functions/render/ignore_missing.test b/tests/Fixtures/functions/render/ignore_missing.test
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2a73bc5e0f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/functions/render/ignore_missing.test
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+--TEST--
+"include" function
+--TEMPLATE--
+{{ render(["foo.twig", "bar.twig"], ignore_missing = true) }}
+{{ render("foo.twig", ignore_missing = true) }}
+{{ render("foo.twig", ignore_missing = true, variables = {}) }}
+--DATA--
+return []
+--EXPECT--
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/functions/render/ignore_missing_exists.test b/tests/Fixtures/functions/render/ignore_missing_exists.test
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..22fa45b99e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/functions/render/ignore_missing_exists.test
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+--TEST--
+"render" function
+--TEMPLATE--
+{{ render("included.twig", ignore_missing = true) }}
+NOT DISPLAYED
+--TEMPLATE(included.twig)--
+{{ render("DOES NOT EXIST") }}
+--DATA--
+return []
+--EXCEPTION--
+Twig\Error\LoaderError: Template "DOES NOT EXIST" is not defined in "included.twig" at line 2.
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/include_missing_extends.test b/tests/Fixtures/functions/render/include_missing_extends.test
similarity index 75%
rename from tests/Fixtures/functions/include/include_missing_extends.test
rename to tests/Fixtures/functions/render/include_missing_extends.test
index 810ae824800..6a37b5836b5 100644
--- a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/include_missing_extends.test
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/functions/render/include_missing_extends.test
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 --TEST--
-"include" function
+"render" function
 --TEMPLATE--
-{{ include(['bad.twig', 'good.twig'], ignore_missing = true) }}
+{{ render(['bad.twig', 'good.twig'], ignore_missing = true) }}
 NOT DISPLAYED
 --TEMPLATE(bad.twig)--
 {% extends 'DOES NOT EXIST' %}
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/missing.test b/tests/Fixtures/functions/render/missing.test
similarity index 75%
rename from tests/Fixtures/functions/include/missing.test
rename to tests/Fixtures/functions/render/missing.test
index 1d50f7ac2fe..39f632f9f0f 100644
--- a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/missing.test
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/functions/render/missing.test
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 --TEST--
-"include" function
+"render" function
 --TEMPLATE--
-{{ include("foo.twig") }}
+{{ render("foo.twig") }}
 --DATA--
 return []
 --EXCEPTION--
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/functions/render/missing_nested.test b/tests/Fixtures/functions/render/missing_nested.test
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0e294dee12c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/functions/render/missing_nested.test
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+--TEST--
+"render" function
+--TEMPLATE--
+{% extends "base.twig" %}
+
+{% block content %}
+    {{ parent() }}
+{% endblock %}
+--TEMPLATE(base.twig)--
+{% block content %}
+    {{ render("foo.twig") }}
+{% endblock %}
+--DATA--
+return []
+--EXCEPTION--
+Twig\Error\LoaderError: Template "foo.twig" is not defined in "base.twig" at line 3.
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/sandbox.test b/tests/Fixtures/functions/render/sandbox.test
similarity index 74%
rename from tests/Fixtures/functions/include/sandbox.test
rename to tests/Fixtures/functions/render/sandbox.test
index ec7e61e9703..b56f5d51fd8 100644
--- a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/sandbox.test
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/functions/render/sandbox.test
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 --TEST--
-"include" tag sandboxed
+"render" tag sandboxed
 --TEMPLATE--
-{{ include("foo.twig", sandboxed = true) }}
+{{ render("foo.twig", sandboxed = true) }}
 --TEMPLATE(foo.twig)--
 
 
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/sandbox_disabling.test b/tests/Fixtures/functions/render/sandbox_disabling.test
similarity index 60%
rename from tests/Fixtures/functions/include/sandbox_disabling.test
rename to tests/Fixtures/functions/render/sandbox_disabling.test
index 1206b67fe31..29fd89561e5 100644
--- a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/sandbox_disabling.test
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/functions/render/sandbox_disabling.test
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 --TEST--
-"include" tag sandboxed
+"render" tag sandboxed
 --TEMPLATE--
-{{ include("foo.twig", sandboxed = true) }}
-{{ include("bar.twig") }}
+{{ render("foo.twig", sandboxed = true) }}
+{{ render("bar.twig", { foo }) }}
 --TEMPLATE(foo.twig)--
 foo
 --TEMPLATE(bar.twig)--
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/functions/render/sandbox_disabling_ignore_missing.test b/tests/Fixtures/functions/render/sandbox_disabling_ignore_missing.test
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a28662af02f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/functions/render/sandbox_disabling_ignore_missing.test
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+--TEST--
+"render" tag sandboxed
+--TEMPLATE--
+{{ render("unknown.twig", sandboxed = true, ignore_missing = true) }}
+{{ render("bar.twig", { foo }) }}
+--TEMPLATE(bar.twig)--
+{{ foo|e }}
+--DATA--
+return ['foo' => 'bar<br />']
+--EXPECT--
+
+
+bar&lt;br /&gt;
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/template_instance.test b/tests/Fixtures/functions/render/template_instance.test
similarity index 61%
rename from tests/Fixtures/functions/include/template_instance.test
rename to tests/Fixtures/functions/render/template_instance.test
index be18d244ac0..d2af8f1bb71 100644
--- a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/template_instance.test
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/functions/render/template_instance.test
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 --TEST--
-"include" function accepts Twig\Template instance
+"render" function accepts Twig\Template instance
 --TEMPLATE--
-{{ include(foo) }} FOO
+{{ render(foo) }} FOO
 --TEMPLATE(foo.twig)--
 BAR
 --DATA--
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/functions/render/templates_as_array.test b/tests/Fixtures/functions/render/templates_as_array.test
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c873e09ed31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/functions/render/templates_as_array.test
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+--TEST--
+"render" function
+--TEMPLATE--
+{{ render(["foo.twig", "bar.twig"]) }}
+{{- render(["bar.twig", "foo.twig"]) }}
+--TEMPLATE(foo.twig)--
+foo
+--DATA--
+return []
+--EXPECT--
+foo
+foo
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/with_variables.test b/tests/Fixtures/functions/render/with_variables.test
similarity index 51%
rename from tests/Fixtures/functions/include/with_variables.test
rename to tests/Fixtures/functions/render/with_variables.test
index 0ed98fed02f..9814d3bf98a 100644
--- a/tests/Fixtures/functions/include/with_variables.test
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/functions/render/with_variables.test
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 --TEST--
-"include" function accept variables
+"render" function accept variables
 --TEMPLATE--
-{{ include("foo.twig", {'foo': 'bar'}) }}
-{{- include("foo.twig", vars) }}
+{{ render("foo.twig", {'foo': 'bar'}) }}
+{{- render("foo.twig", vars) }}
 --TEMPLATE(foo.twig)--
 {{ foo }}
 --DATA--
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/regression/combined_debug_info.test b/tests/Fixtures/regression/combined_debug_info.test
index 6426d2c1d85..b83fdb659a8 100644
--- a/tests/Fixtures/regression/combined_debug_info.test
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/regression/combined_debug_info.test
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ Exception with bad line number
 --TEMPLATE--
 {% block content %}
     {{ foo }}
-    {{ include("foo") }}
+    {{ render("foo", { foo }) }}
 {% endblock %}
 index
 --TEMPLATE(foo)--
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/tags/inheritance/dynamic_parent_from_include.test b/tests/Fixtures/tags/inheritance/dynamic_parent_from_include.test
index 42a3d60e278..2eeedd65f03 100644
--- a/tests/Fixtures/tags/inheritance/dynamic_parent_from_include.test
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/tags/inheritance/dynamic_parent_from_include.test
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 --TEST--
 "extends" tag
 --TEMPLATE--
-{{ include('included.twig') }}
+{{ render('included.twig', { dynamic }) }}
 
 --TEMPLATE(included.twig)--
 
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/tags/inheritance/multiple_dynamic.test b/tests/Fixtures/tags/inheritance/multiple_dynamic.test
index fa887177bd3..e670979687a 100644
--- a/tests/Fixtures/tags/inheritance/multiple_dynamic.test
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/tags/inheritance/multiple_dynamic.test
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 --TEST--
 "extends" tag
 --TEMPLATE--
-{% set foo = 1 %}
-{{ include('parent.twig') }}
-{{ include('parent.twig') }}
-{% set foo = 2 %}
-{{ include('parent.twig') }}
+{{ render('parent.twig', { foo: 1 }) }}
+{{ render('parent.twig', { foo: 1 }) }}
+{{ render('parent.twig', { foo: 2 }) }}
 --TEMPLATE(parent.twig)--
 {% extends foo~'_parent.twig' %}{% block content %}{{ parent() }} parent{% endblock %}
 --TEMPLATE(1_parent.twig)--
diff --git a/tests/NodeVisitor/OptimizerTest.php b/tests/NodeVisitor/OptimizerTest.php
index 12bdc12d127..61089d7a119 100644
--- a/tests/NodeVisitor/OptimizerTest.php
+++ b/tests/NodeVisitor/OptimizerTest.php
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ public function testForLoopOptimizer($template, $expected)
         $stream = $env->parse($env->tokenize(new Source($template, 'index')));
 
         foreach ($expected as $target => $withLoop) {
-            $this->assertTrue($this->checkForLoopConfiguration($stream, $target, $withLoop), \sprintf('variable %s is %soptimized', $target, $withLoop ? 'not ' : ''));
+            $this->assertTrue($this->checkForLoopConfiguration($stream, $target, $withLoop), \sprintf('Loop for variable %s is %soptimized', $target, $withLoop ? 'not ' : ''));
         }
     }
 
@@ -119,15 +119,7 @@ public static function getTestsForForLoopOptimizer()
 
             ['{% for i in foo %}{% for j in foo %}{{ loop["parent"].loop.index }}{% endfor %}{% endfor %}', ['i' => true, 'j' => true]],
 
-            ['{% for i in foo %}{{ include("foo") }}{% endfor %}', ['i' => true]],
-
-            ['{% for i in foo %}{{ include("foo", with_context = false) }}{% endfor %}', ['i' => false]],
-
-            ['{% for i in foo %}{{ include("foo", with_context = true) }}{% endfor %}', ['i' => true]],
-
-            ['{% for i in foo %}{{ include("foo", { "foo": "bar" }, with_context = false) }}{% endfor %}', ['i' => false]],
-
-            ['{% for i in foo %}{{ include("foo", { "foo": loop.index }, with_context = false) }}{% endfor %}', ['i' => true]],
+            ['{% for i in foo %}{{ render("foo") }}{% endfor %}', ['i' => false]],
         ];
     }