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graph.go
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package copypasta
import (
"container/heap"
"fmt"
"io"
"math"
"math/bits"
"slices"
"sort"
)
/*
本页面的力扣题目已整理至【题单】图论算法(DFS/BFS/拓扑排序/最短路/最小生成树/二分图/基环树/欧拉路径)
https://leetcode.cn/circle/discuss/01LUak/
### DFS 基础
找连通块、判断是否有环等。部分题目做法不止一种。
- [547. 省份数量](https://leetcode.cn/problems/number-of-provinces/)
- [1971. 寻找图中是否存在路径](https://leetcode.cn/problems/find-if-path-exists-in-graph/)
- [797. 所有可能的路径](https://leetcode.cn/problems/all-paths-from-source-to-target/) 1383
- [841. 钥匙和房间](https://leetcode.cn/problems/keys-and-rooms/) 1412
- [2316. 统计无向图中无法互相到达点对数](https://leetcode.cn/problems/count-unreachable-pairs-of-nodes-in-an-undirected-graph/) 1604
- [1319. 连通网络的操作次数](https://leetcode.cn/problems/number-of-operations-to-make-network-connected/) 1633
- [2492. 两个城市间路径的最小分数](https://leetcode.cn/problems/minimum-score-of-a-path-between-two-cities/) 1680
- [2685. 统计完全连通分量的数量](https://leetcode.cn/problems/count-the-number-of-complete-components/) 1769
- [2192. 有向无环图中一个节点的所有祖先](https://leetcode.cn/problems/all-ancestors-of-a-node-in-a-directed-acyclic-graph/) 1788
- [924. 尽量减少恶意软件的传播](https://leetcode.cn/problems/minimize-malware-spread/) 1869
- [2101. 引爆最多的炸弹](https://leetcode.cn/problems/detonate-the-maximum-bombs/) 1880
- [802. 找到最终的安全状态](https://leetcode.cn/problems/find-eventual-safe-states/) 1962 三色标记法
- [2092. 找出知晓秘密的所有专家](https://leetcode.cn/problems/find-all-people-with-secret/) 2004
- [261. 以图判树](https://leetcode.cn/problems/graph-valid-tree/)(会员题)
- [323. 无向图中连通分量的数目](https://leetcode.cn/problems/number-of-connected-components-in-an-undirected-graph/)(会员题)
### BFS 基础
求最短路等。
- [1311. 获取你好友已观看的视频](https://leetcode.cn/problems/get-watched-videos-by-your-friends/) 1653
- [1129. 颜色交替的最短路径](https://leetcode.cn/problems/shortest-path-with-alternating-colors/) 1780
- [1298. 你能从盒子里获得的最大糖果数](https://leetcode.cn/problems/maximum-candies-you-can-get-from-boxes/) 1825
- [2039. 网络空闲的时刻](https://leetcode.cn/problems/the-time-when-the-network-becomes-idle/) 1865
- [2608. 图中的最短环](https://leetcode.cn/problems/shortest-cycle-in-a-graph/) 1904
### 拓扑排序
学习拓扑排序前,请先完成 [1557. 可以到达所有点的最少点数目](https://leetcode.cn/problems/minimum-number-of-vertices-to-reach-all-nodes/)
- [207. 课程表](https://leetcode.cn/problems/course-schedule/)
- [210. 课程表 II](https://leetcode.cn/problems/course-schedule-ii/)
- [1462. 课程表 IV](https://leetcode.cn/problems/course-schedule-iv/) 1693
- [2115. 从给定原材料中找到所有可以做出的菜](https://leetcode.cn/problems/find-all-possible-recipes-from-given-supplies/) 1679
- [310. 最小高度树](https://leetcode.cn/problems/minimum-height-trees/)
- [802. 找到最终的安全状态](https://leetcode.cn/problems/find-eventual-safe-states/) 1962
- [1203. 项目管理](https://leetcode.cn/problems/sort-items-by-groups-respecting-dependencies/) 2419
- [2603. 收集树中金币](https://leetcode.cn/problems/collect-coins-in-a-tree/) 2712
- [269. 火星词典](https://leetcode.cn/problems/alien-dictionary/)(会员题)
- [444. 序列重建](https://leetcode.cn/problems/sequence-reconstruction/)(会员题)
- [1059. 从始点到终点的所有路径](https://leetcode.cn/problems/all-paths-from-source-lead-to-destination/)(会员题)
- [1136. 并行课程](https://leetcode.cn/problems/parallel-courses/)(会员题)
### 在拓扑序上 DP
- [2050. 并行课程 III](https://leetcode.cn/problems/parallel-courses-iii/) 2084
- [1857. 有向图中最大颜色值](https://leetcode.cn/problems/largest-color-value-in-a-directed-graph/) 2313
### 基环树
[基环树介绍](https://leetcode.cn/problems/maximum-employees-to-be-invited-to-a-meeting/solution/nei-xiang-ji-huan-shu-tuo-bu-pai-xu-fen-c1i1b/)
- [684. 冗余连接](https://leetcode.cn/problems/redundant-connection/) 做法不止一种
- [2359. 找到离给定两个节点最近的节点](https://leetcode.cn/problems/find-closest-node-to-given-two-nodes/) 1715
- [2360. 图中的最长环](https://leetcode.cn/problems/longest-cycle-in-a-graph/) 1897
- [2876. 有向图访问计数](https://leetcode.cn/problems/count-visited-nodes-in-a-directed-graph/) 2210
- [2127. 参加会议的最多员工数](https://leetcode.cn/problems/maximum-employees-to-be-invited-to-a-meeting/) 2449
- [2836. 在传球游戏中最大化函数值](https://leetcode.cn/problems/maximize-value-of-function-in-a-ball-passing-game) 2769
- [2204. 无向图中到环的距离](https://leetcode.cn/problems/distance-to-a-cycle-in-undirected-graph/)(会员题)
- [LCP 21. 追逐游戏](https://leetcode.cn/problems/Za25hA/)
### 单源最短路:Dijkstra
[Dijkstra 算法介绍](https://leetcode.cn/problems/network-delay-time/solution/liang-chong-dijkstra-xie-fa-fu-ti-dan-py-ooe8/)
- [743. 网络延迟时间](https://leetcode.cn/problems/network-delay-time/)
- [2642. 设计可以求最短路径的图类](https://leetcode.cn/problems/design-graph-with-shortest-path-calculator/) 1811
- [1514. 概率最大的路径](https://leetcode.cn/problems/path-with-maximum-probability/) 1846
- [1631. 最小体力消耗路径](https://leetcode.cn/problems/path-with-minimum-effort/) 1948 做法不止一种
- [1368. 使网格图至少有一条有效路径的最小代价](https://leetcode.cn/problems/minimum-cost-to-make-at-least-one-valid-path-in-a-grid/) 2069 也可以 0-1 BFS
- [1786. 从第一个节点出发到最后一个节点的受限路径数](https://leetcode.cn/problems/number-of-restricted-paths-from-first-to-last-node/) 2079
- [1976. 到达目的地的方案数](https://leetcode.cn/problems/number-of-ways-to-arrive-at-destination/) 2095
- [2662. 前往目标的最小代价](https://leetcode.cn/problems/minimum-cost-of-a-path-with-special-roads/) 2154
- [2045. 到达目的地的第二短时间](https://leetcode.cn/problems/second-minimum-time-to-reach-destination/) 2202 也可以 BFS
- [882. 细分图中的可到达节点](https://leetcode.cn/problems/reachable-nodes-in-subdivided-graph/) 2328
- [2203. 得到要求路径的最小带权子图](https://leetcode.cn/problems/minimum-weighted-subgraph-with-the-required-paths/) 2364
- [2577. 在网格图中访问一个格子的最少时间](https://leetcode.cn/problems/minimum-time-to-visit-a-cell-in-a-grid/) 2382
- [2699. 修改图中的边权](https://leetcode.cn/problems/modify-graph-edge-weights/) 2874
- [2093. 前往目标城市的最小费用](https://leetcode.cn/problems/minimum-cost-to-reach-city-with-discounts/)(会员题)
- [2473. 购买苹果的最低成本](https://leetcode.cn/problems/minimum-cost-to-buy-apples/)(会员题)
- [2714. 找到最短路径的 K 次跨越](https://leetcode.cn/problems/find-shortest-path-with-k-hops/)(会员题)
- [2737. 找到最近的标记节点](https://leetcode.cn/problems/find-the-closest-marked-node/)(会员题)
- [LCP 35. 电动车游城市](https://leetcode.cn/problems/DFPeFJ/)
- [LCP 56. 信物传送](https://leetcode.cn/problems/6UEx57/) 也可以 0-1 BFS
### 全源最短路:Floyd
[带你发明 Floyd 算法:从记忆化搜索到递推](https://leetcode.cn/problems/find-the-city-with-the-smallest-number-of-neighbors-at-a-threshold-distance/solution/dai-ni-fa-ming-floyd-suan-fa-cong-ji-yi-m8s51/)
- [2642. 设计可以求最短路径的图类](https://leetcode.cn/problems/design-graph-with-shortest-path-calculator/) 1811
- [1334. 阈值距离内邻居最少的城市](https://leetcode.cn/problems/find-the-city-with-the-smallest-number-of-neighbors-at-a-threshold-distance/) 1855
- [2976. 转换字符串的最小成本 I](https://leetcode.cn/problems/minimum-cost-to-convert-string-i/) 1882
- [2959. 关闭分部的可行集合数目](https://leetcode.cn/problems/number-of-possible-sets-of-closing-branches/) 2077
- [2977. 转换字符串的最小成本 II](https://leetcode.cn/problems/minimum-cost-to-convert-string-ii/) 2696
### 最小生成树:Kruskal/Prim
- [1584. 连接所有点的最小费用](https://leetcode.cn/problems/min-cost-to-connect-all-points/) 1858
- [1489. 找到最小生成树里的关键边和伪关键边](https://leetcode.cn/problems/find-critical-and-pseudo-critical-edges-in-minimum-spanning-tree/) 2572
- [1135. 最低成本连通所有城市](https://leetcode.cn/problems/connecting-cities-with-minimum-cost/)(会员题)
- [1168. 水资源分配优化](https://leetcode.cn/problems/optimize-water-distribution-in-a-village/)(会员题)
### 欧拉路径/欧拉回路:Hierholzer
- [332. 重新安排行程](https://leetcode.cn/problems/reconstruct-itinerary/)
- [753. 破解保险箱](https://leetcode.cn/problems/cracking-the-safe/) 2274
- [2097. 合法重新排列数对](https://leetcode.cn/problems/valid-arrangement-of-pairs/) 2651
### 强连通分量/双连通分量:Tarjan
- [928. 尽量减少恶意软件的传播 II](https://leetcode.cn/problems/minimize-malware-spread-ii/) 1985
- [1192. 查找集群内的关键连接](https://leetcode.cn/problems/critical-connections-in-a-network/) 2085
- [1568. 使陆地分离的最少天数](https://leetcode.cn/problems/minimum-number-of-days-to-disconnect-island/) 2209
- [LCP 54. 夺回据点](https://leetcode.cn/problems/s5kipK/)
### 二分图(染色判定、最大匹配)
部分题目做法不止一种。难度仅供参考。
- [785. 判断二分图](https://leetcode.cn/problems/is-graph-bipartite/) 1625
- [886. 可能的二分法](https://leetcode.cn/problems/possible-bipartition/) 1795
- [1947. 最大兼容性评分和](https://leetcode.cn/problems/maximum-compatibility-score-sum/)
- [1879. 两个数组最小的异或值之和](https://leetcode.cn/problems/minimum-xor-sum-of-two-arrays/) 2145
- [1349. 参加考试的最大学生数](https://leetcode.cn/problems/maximum-students-taking-exam/) 2386
- [2172. 数组的最大与和](https://leetcode.cn/problems/maximum-and-sum-of-array/) 2392
- [1595. 连通两组点的最小成本](https://leetcode.cn/problems/minimum-cost-to-connect-two-groups-of-points/) 2538
- [1066. 校园自行车分配 II](https://leetcode.cn/problems/campus-bikes-ii/)(会员题)
- [1820. 最多邀请的个数](https://leetcode.cn/problems/maximum-number-of-accepted-invitations/)(会员题)
- [2123. 使矩阵中的 1 互不相邻的最小操作数](https://leetcode.cn/problems/minimum-operations-to-remove-adjacent-ones-in-matrix/)(会员题)
- [2403. 杀死所有怪物的最短时间](https://leetcode.cn/problems/minimum-time-to-kill-all-monsters/)(会员题)
- [LCP 04. 覆盖](https://leetcode.cn/problems/broken-board-dominoes/)
### 网络流
做法不止一种。难度仅供参考。
- [2850. 将石头分散到网格图的最少移动次数](https://leetcode.cn/problems/minimum-moves-to-spread-stones-over-grid/) 2001
- [1349. 参加考试的最大学生数](https://leetcode.cn/problems/maximum-students-taking-exam/) 2386
- [2172. 数组的最大与和](https://leetcode.cn/problems/maximum-and-sum-of-array/) 2392
- [LCP 38. 守卫城堡](https://leetcode.cn/problems/7rLGCR/)
### 其它
- [1042. 不邻接植花](https://leetcode.cn/problems/flower-planting-with-no-adjacent/) 1712
- [787. K 站中转内最便宜的航班](https://leetcode.cn/problems/cheapest-flights-within-k-stops/) 1786
- [1761. 一个图中连通三元组的最小度数](https://leetcode.cn/problems/minimum-degree-of-a-connected-trio-in-a-graph/) 2005
- [2508. 添加边使所有节点度数都为偶数](https://leetcode.cn/problems/add-edges-to-make-degrees-of-all-nodes-even/) 2060
- [1579. 保证图可完全遍历](https://leetcode.cn/problems/remove-max-number-of-edges-to-keep-graph-fully-traversable/) 2132
- [2065. 最大化一张图中的路径价值](https://leetcode.cn/problems/maximum-path-quality-of-a-graph/) 2178
- [1697. 检查边长度限制的路径是否存在](https://leetcode.cn/problems/checking-existence-of-edge-length-limited-paths/) 2300
- [2242. 节点序列的最大得分](https://leetcode.cn/problems/maximum-score-of-a-node-sequence/) 2304
- [1928. 规定时间内到达终点的最小花费](https://leetcode.cn/problems/minimum-cost-to-reach-destination-in-time/) 2413
- [2493. 将节点分成尽可能多的组](https://leetcode.cn/problems/divide-nodes-into-the-maximum-number-of-groups/) 2415 **推荐**
- [1782. 统计点对的数目](https://leetcode.cn/problems/count-pairs-of-nodes/) 2457
- [277. 搜寻名人](https://leetcode.cn/problems/find-the-celebrity/)(会员题)
- [1724. 检查边长度限制的路径是否存在 II](https://leetcode.cn/problems/checking-existence-of-edge-length-limited-paths-ii/)(会员题)
- [2077. 殊途同归](https://leetcode.cn/problems/paths-in-maze-that-lead-to-same-room/)(会员题)
- [LCP 16. 游乐园的游览计划](https://leetcode.cn/problems/you-le-yuan-de-you-lan-ji-hua/)
有关【网格图】的题目,见 search.go
### 建图
https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/765/D 1700
https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/1635/E 2200
题单 https://www.luogu.com.cn/training/81272#problems
Graph Theory Playlist https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLDV1Zeh2NRsDGO4--qE8yH72HFL1Km93P
图论的小技巧以及扩展 https://www.luogu.com.cn/blog/chengni5673/tu-lun-di-xiao-ji-qiao-yi-ji-kuo-zhan
边权转点权:在 v-w 之间加一个点,这个点的点权就是原来的边权(原图的点的点权视作 0)
点权转边权:将一个点拆分成两个点,用一条边连起来,新边的边权就是该点的点权(原图的边的边权视作 0)
其它情况:也可以用 min/max 等价转换 https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/915/F
#### 数学归纳法
https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/1515/F 2600
#### 平面图最小割转最短路
https://www.luogu.com.cn/problem/P4001
https://www.luogu.com.cn/problem/P7916
https://codeforces.com/contest/1749/problem/E 2400
https://codeforces.com/gym/104821/problem/E
TIPS: 使用一个 fa 数组(初始化为 -1)记录搜索树中的节点的父节点,这样对每个节点都有一条到根的路径(根的 fa 为 -1)
NOTE: 独立集相关问题,可以从染色的角度考虑
NOTE: 度数大于 √M 的点不超过 2√M 个
相关题目 & 无向图定向 https://leetcode.cn/problems/minimum-degree-of-a-connected-trio-in-a-graph/solution/gei-wu-xiang-tu-ding-xiang-by-lucifer100-c72d/
https://oeis.org/A031878 Maximal number of edges in Hamiltonian path in complete graph on n nodes
a(n) = C(n, 2) n%2==0
a(n) = C(n, 2)-n/2+1 n%2==1
https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/1364/D 环与独立集
https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/1198/C 匹配与独立集
https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/41/E 1900 构造
https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/412/D 2000 归纳
https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/788/B 2100 转换
https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/723/E 2200 加边
https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/1196/F 2200 第k小路径
https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/788/C 2300 转换
https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/632/F 2400 转换
给一无向图,从中删除恰好一条边,求可以让图变成二分图的所有边的下标 https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/19/E 2900
倒水问题 https://www.luogu.com.cn/problem/P1432
顶点有限制的生成树 https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/723/F
辅助证明 https://codeforces.com/contest/1839/problem/E
https://ac.nowcoder.com/acm/contest/68572/H
https://www.luogu.com.cn/problem/P10247
- https://www.luogu.com.cn/contest/157761
集合哈希 set hashing https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/154/C
Trémaux tree https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A9maux_tree
DFS 树与 BFS 树 https://atcoder.jp/contests/abc251/tasks/abc251_f
证明 https://atcoder.jp/contests/abc251/editorial/3987
竞赛图
竞赛图的一些性质 https://www.cnblogs.com/acha/p/9042984.html
- SCC 的拓扑序是唯一的
- 拓扑序上,不同 SCC 的点的入度,越靠前的严格越小
https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/1498/E
https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/1514/E
todo 竞赛图与三元环 https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/117/C
定义连通性
https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/1689/E
todo《挑战》例题+练习题
2.5 节 - 最短路 & 最小生成树
3255 https://www.luogu.com.cn/problem/P2865 次短路
3723 http://poj.org/problem?id=3723 建模+MST
3169 https://www.luogu.com.cn/problem/P4878 差分约束
2139 http://poj.org/problem?id=2139 Floyd
3259 https://www.luogu.com.cn/problem/P2850 多源 SPFA(建议读原文,洛谷翻译不完整)
3268 https://www.luogu.com.cn/problem/P1821 反图 Dij
https://onlinejudge.u-aizu.ac.jp/problems/2249 Dij 的过程中更新花费,注意距离相等时取花费最小值
https://onlinejudge.u-aizu.ac.jp/problems/2200 todo
1258 https://www.luogu.com.cn/problem/P1546 Prim
2377 http://poj.org/problem?id=2377 最大生成树
https://onlinejudge.u-aizu.ac.jp/problems/2224 为了让原图无环,需要去除不在最大生成树上的边
2395 https://www.luogu.com.cn/problem/P1547 最小生成树的最长边:Kruskal 中最后一条加入 MST 中的边的长度
3.5 节 - 二分图
3041
3057
1274
2112
1486
1466
3692
2724
2226
AOJ 2251
3.5节 - 网络流
最大流
3281
3469
3713
2987
2914
3155
最小费用流
2135
2175
3686
3680
3068
2195
3422
AOJ 2266
AOJ 2230
4.3 节 - SCC & 2SAT
2186
3683
3180
1236
3678
2723
2749
*/
// namespace
type graph struct{}
// 建图:邻接表写法
// g[v] 表示 v 的邻居
func (*graph) readGraph(in io.Reader, n, m int) {
type neighbor struct{ to, wt int }
g := make([][]neighbor, n)
for i := 0; i < m; i++ {
var v, w, wt int
fmt.Fscan(in, &v, &w, &wt)
v--
w--
g[v] = append(g[v], neighbor{w, wt})
g[w] = append(g[w], neighbor{v, wt})
}
}
// 建图:链表写法(链式前向星)
// 节点 v 的邻居形成一条链表(用数组下标代替指针)
// 添加 v 的一个邻居 w 时,用链表的【头插法】把 w 插入到链表的头节点之前
func (*graph) readGraphList(in io.Reader, n, m int) {
type node struct{ to, next int }
head := make([]int, n) // head[i] 表示 i 的邻居链表的头节点
for i := range head {
head[i] = -1 // -1 表示 nil
}
nodes := make([]node, m) // 无向图是 m*2
for i := 0; i < m; i++ {
var v, w int
fmt.Fscan(in, &v, &w)
v--
w--
nodes[i] = node{w, head[v]} // 头插法
head[v] = i
}
// 遍历 v 的所有邻居 w
// 和遍历链表是一样的
var v int
for cur := head[v]; cur != -1; cur = nodes[cur].next {
w := nodes[cur].to
_ = w // do(w) ...
}
}
/* 图上的 DFS
https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/659/E 1600
https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/1176/E 1700
https://codeforces.com/contest/1927/problem/F 1900 找包含指定边的环
https://codeforces.com/contest/1547/problem/G 2100 对每个点 i,判断 1 到 i 有多少条路径(0/1/>=2/∞)
https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/1470/D 2200 先染色,再递归
https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/1707/C 2400 与 MST 结合
https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/1519/E 2700 无向图后向边定向
https://atcoder.jp/contests/arc111/tasks/arc111_b
*/
func (*graph) dfs(g [][]int, st int) {
// 代码来自 https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/659/E
vis := make([]bool, len(g))
var cntV, cntE int
var f func(int)
f = func(v int) {
vis[v] = true
cntV++
cntE += len(g[v])
for _, w := range g[v] {
if !vis[w] {
f(w)
}
}
}
for i, b := range vis {
if !b { // && len(g[i]) > 0
cntV, cntE = 0, 0
f(i) // 注意自环和重边
cntE /= 2 // 无向图
if cntV-1 == cntE {
// 树
} else {
// 有环
}
}
}
// 返回一个以 start 为起点和终点的简单环
// !必须保证 start 在一个环中
// 例如 cycle=[1,2,3] 表示一个 1->2->3->1 的环
// https://codeforces.com/contest/1927/problem/F 先用 tarjan 去掉所有割边
cycleAt := func(start int) []int {
vis := make([]bool, len(g))
cycle := []int{}
var dfs func(int, int) bool
dfs = func(v, fa int) bool {
vis[v] = true
cycle = append(cycle, v) // v+1
for _, w := range g[v] {
if w != fa && (w == start || !vis[w] && dfs(w, v)) {
return true
}
}
cycle = cycle[:len(cycle)-1]
return false
}
dfs(start, -1)
return cycle
}
_ = cycleAt
{
// 奇偶标记法
// https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/936/B
vis := make([][2]bool, len(g))
var f func(int, int8)
f = func(v int, step int8) {
vis[v][step] = true
// ...
for _, w := range g[v] {
if !vis[w][step^1] {
f(w, step^1)
}
}
}
f(st, 0)
}
{
// 欧拉序列
eulerPath := []int{}
vis := make([]bool, len(g))
var f func(int)
f = func(v int) {
eulerPath = append(eulerPath, v)
vis[v] = true
for _, w := range g[v] {
if !vis[w] {
f(w)
eulerPath = append(eulerPath, v)
}
}
}
f(st)
}
{
// 有向图的环/回边检测/012染色
//《算法导论》p.353 边的分类
// vis[v] == 0:该顶点未被访问
// vis[v] == 1:该顶点已经被访问,其子树未遍历完
// vis[v] == 2:该顶点已经被访问,其子树已遍历完
// LC802 https://leetcode.cn/problems/find-eventual-safe-states/
// https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/25/D
// https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/698/B
// https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/936/B
// https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/1217/D 给一个有向图着色,使得没有一个环只有一个颜色,求使用的颜色数量的最小值
// https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/1547/G 2100
// 与 AC 自动机结合 https://www.luogu.com.cn/problem/P2444
color := make([]int8, len(g))
var f func(int) bool
f = func(v int) bool {
color[v] = 1
for _, w := range g[v] {
c := color[w]
if c == 0 { // 未访问过,即 DFS 树上的树边【树枝边】
if f(w) {
return true
}
} else if c == 1 { // 后向边,说明有环
return true
} // else: 前向边或横向边,说明有多条路径可以到 w
}
color[v] = 2
return false
}
for i, c := range color {
if c == 0 {
f(i) // ...
}
}
}
{
// 无向图分类:无环/自环/一般环
// https://codeforces.com/contest/1770/problem/D
c := 0 // 默认:无环
var f func(int, int)
f = func(v, fa int) {
vis[v] = true
for _, w := range g[v] {
if w == fa {
continue
}
if w == v {
// 自环
c = 1
} else if vis[w] { // 返祖边 v-anc 或者 anc-v(反向返祖边),例如 1-2-3-1,其中 3-1 和 1-3 都是 vis 状态
// 一般环
c = 2
} else { // 树枝边
f(w, v)
}
}
}
_ = c
f(0, -1)
}
{
// 无向图找长度 >= k 的环
// 注:如果只有一个环(基环树),见 pseudotree
// 模板题 https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/263/D
// https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/1325/F
var k, end, begin int
fa := make([]int, len(g))
dep := make([]int, len(g))
var f func(int, int, int) bool
f = func(v, p, d int) bool {
fa[v] = p
dep[v] = d
for _, w := range g[v] {
if dep[w] == 0 {
if f(w, v, d+1) {
return true
}
} else if d-dep[w] >= k {
end, begin = v, w
return true
}
}
return false
}
f(0, -1, 1)
cycle := []any{begin + 1} // for print
for v := end; v != begin; v = fa[v] {
cycle = append(cycle, v+1)
}
}
// 基环树找环见下面的基环树
// 其它找环题目
// https://codeforces.com/contest/1817/problem/B
}
// DFS 应用:求连通分量以及每个点所属的连通分量 (Connected Component, CC)
// ccIDs 的值从 1 开始
func (*graph) calcCC(n int, g [][]int) (comps [][]int, ccIDs []int) {
ccIDs = make([]int, n)
idCnt := 0 // 也可以去掉,用 len(comps)+1 代替
var comp []int
var f func(int)
f = func(v int) {
ccIDs[v] = idCnt
comp = append(comp, v)
for _, w := range g[v] {
if ccIDs[w] == 0 {
f(w)
}
}
}
for i, id := range ccIDs {
if id == 0 {
idCnt++
comp = []int{}
f(i)
comps = append(comps, comp)
}
}
return
}
/* 图上的 BFS
https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/601/A 1600 脑筋急转弯
https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/1721/D 1800 带撤销的 BFS
https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/1851/F 1800 带撤销的 BFS
https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/1272/E 1900 建模
https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/1790/G 2300 锻炼分类讨论能力
https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/1874/B 2400
*/
func (*graph) bfs(n, st int, g [][]int) {
vis := make([]bool, n)
vis[st] = true
q := []int{st}
for len(q) > 0 {
v := q[0]
q = q[1:]
// do v...
for _, w := range g[v] {
if !vis[w] {
vis[w] = true
q = append(q, w)
}
}
}
{
// 构建深度数组/最短路
dep := make([]int, n)
for i := range dep {
dep[i] = -1
}
dep[st] = 0
q := []int{st}
for len(q) > 0 {
v := q[0]
q = q[1:]
// do(v, dep[v]) ...
for _, w := range g[v] {
if dep[w] == -1 {
dep[w] = dep[v] + 1
q = append(q, w)
}
}
}
}
{
// 全源最短路
dist := make([][]int, n)
for i := range dist {
dist[i] = make([]int, n)
for j := range dist[i] {
dist[i][j] = -1
}
dist[i][i] = 0
q := []int{i}
for len(q) > 0 {
v := q[0]
q = q[1:]
for _, w := range g[v] {
if dist[i][w] == -1 {
dist[i][w] = dist[i][v] + 1
q = append(q, w)
}
}
}
}
}
{
// BFS with rollback
vis := make([]bool, n)
vis[st] = true
vs := []int{st}
type pair struct{ v, fa int }
q := []pair{{st, -1}}
outer:
for len(q) > 0 {
p := q[0]
q = q[1:]
v, fa := p.v, p.fa
for _, w := range g[v] {
if !vis[w] {
vis[w] = true
q = append(q, pair{w, v})
vs = append(vs, w)
} else if w != fa {
// ... (兼容自环和重边)
break outer // 提前退出的情况
}
}
}
for _, v := range vs {
vis[v] = false
}
}
{
// BFS 012 染色
// 0 不在队列,未访问
// 1 在队列,未访问
// 2 不在队列,已访问
// 相关题目 https://codeforces.com/contest/1385/problem/E
vis := make([]int8, n)
vis[st] = 1
q := []int{st}
for len(q) > 0 {
v := q[0]
q = q[1:]
// do v...
for _, w := range g[v] {
if vis[w] == 0 {
vis[w] = 1
q = append(q, w)
}
}
vis[v] = 2
}
}
}
// 字典序最小最短路 · 其一
// 边权为 1,要求路径上的边权颜色字典序最小
// 只需要计算最短路的边权颜色的异或值
// https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/1209/F 2600
func (*graph) lexicographicallySmallestShortestPath(g [][]struct{ to, color int }, st, end int) []int {
dis := make([]int, len(g))
from := make([]int, len(g)) // 可选(输出具体路径用)
vis := make([]bool, len(g))
vis[st] = true
q := [][]int{{st}}
for len(q) > 0 {
vs := q[0]
q = q[1:]
type edge struct{ from, to int }
nxt := map[int][]edge{}
for _, v := range vs {
for _, e := range g[v] {
nxt[e.color] = append(nxt[e.color], edge{v, e.to})
}
}
_keys := make([]int, 0, len(nxt))
for k := range nxt {
_keys = append(_keys, k)
}
slices.Sort(_keys)
// 优先走 color 小的边
for _, color := range _keys {
ws := []int{}
for _, e := range nxt[color] {
w := e.to
if !vis[w] {
vis[w] = true
from[w] = e.from // 记录每个节点的前驱
dis[w] = dis[e.from] ^ color
ws = append(ws, w)
}
}
if len(ws) > 0 {
q = append(q, ws)
}
}
}
{
// EXTRA:输出从起点到终点的字典序最小最短路
path := []int{}
for v := end; v != st; v = from[v] {
path = append(path, v)
}
path = append(path, st)
slices.Reverse(path)
}
return dis
}
// 字典序最小最短路 · 其二
// 上面(其一)的做法需要排序,如何避免排序呢?
// 入门经典第二版 p.173:理想路径(NEERC10)https://codeforces.com/gym/101309 I 题
// - 从终点倒着 BFS 求最短路,然后从起点开始一层一层向终点走,每一步都选颜色最小的,并记录最小颜色对应的所有节点,供下一层遍历
// EXTRA: 如果要求路径节点编号的字典序最小,每一步需选择符合 dis[w] == dis[v]-1 的编号最小的顶点
// LC499 https://leetcode.cn/problems/the-maze-iii/
func (*graph) lexicographicallySmallestShortestPath2(g [][]struct{ to, color int }, st, end int) []int {
const inf int = 1e9
dis := make([]int, len(g))
for i := range dis {
dis[i] = inf
}
dis[end] = 0
q := []int{end}
for len(q) > 0 {
v := q[0]
q = q[1:]
for _, e := range g[v] {
if w := e.to; dis[v]+1 < dis[w] {
dis[w] = dis[v] + 1
q = append(q, w)
}
}
}
if dis[st] == inf {
return nil
}
colorPath := []int{}
check := []int{st}
inC := make([]bool, len(g))
inC[st] = true
for loop := dis[st]; loop > 0; loop-- {
minC := inf
tmp := check
check = nil
for _, v := range tmp {
for _, e := range g[v] {
if w, c := e.to, e.color; dis[w] == dis[v]-1 {
if c < minC {
for _, w := range check {
inC[w] = false
}
minC, check, inC[w] = c, []int{w}, true
} else if c == minC && !inC[w] {
check = append(check, w)
inC[w] = true
}
}
}
}
colorPath = append(colorPath, minC)
}
return colorPath
}
// BFS 应用:求无向无权图最小环长度
// 好题 https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/1325/E
// LC2608 https://leetcode.cn/problems/shortest-cycle-in-a-graph/
/* 注意不能提前推出(哪怕是遍历完一个找到环的点的所有邻居)
0 3
0 5
3 4
4 5
1 9
1 11
9 10
11 10
2 6
2 8
6 7
8 7
0 1
0 2
1 2
*/
func (*graph) shortestCycleBFS(n int, g [][]int) int {
const inf int = 1e9
ans := inf
dis := make([]int, n)
for st := range g {
for i := range dis {
dis[i] = -1
}
dis[st] = 0
type pair struct{ v, fa int }
q := []pair{{st, -1}}
for len(q) > 0 {
p := q[0]
q = q[1:]
v, fa := p.v, p.fa
for _, w := range g[v] {
if dis[w] == -1 {
dis[w] = dis[v] + 1
q = append(q, pair{w, v})
} else if w != fa {
ans = min(ans, dis[w]+dis[v]+1)
}
}
}
}
return ans
}
// 欧拉图(欧拉回路) 半欧拉图(欧拉路径)
// 通过图中每条边恰好一次
// 半欧拉图:具有欧拉路径而无欧拉回路的图
// 判定方法:
// 无向图欧拉回路:连通且没有奇度数点(全为偶度数点)
// 无向图欧拉路径:连通且恰有 0 或 2 个奇度数点(若有 2 个,则选择其中一奇度数点为起点)
// 有向图欧拉回路:SCC 只有一个且每个点的入度和出度相同
// 有向图欧拉路径:1. 对应的无向图是连通的;2. 若每个点的入度和出度相同则起点任意;否则起点的出度比入度多一,终点的入度比出度多一,且其余点的入度和出度相同
//
// 逐步插入回路法(Hierholzer 算法)https://oi-wiki.org/graph/euler/
// todo 混合图欧拉回路
// https://algs4.cs.princeton.edu/code/edu/princeton/cs/algs4/EulerianCycle.java.html
// https://algs4.cs.princeton.edu/code/edu/princeton/cs/algs4/EulerianPath.java.html
// https://algs4.cs.princeton.edu/code/edu/princeton/cs/algs4/DirectedEulerianCycle.java.html
// https://algs4.cs.princeton.edu/code/edu/princeton/cs/algs4/DirectedEulerianPath.java.html
// https://algs4.cs.princeton.edu/42digraph/DirectedEulerianCycle.java.html
// NOTE: 递归前对边排序可保证输出的是字典序最小的路径
// 模板题(输出顶点)
// - 无向图 https://www.luogu.com.cn/problem/P2731 https://www.luogu.com.cn/problem/P1341
// - 有向图 https://www.luogu.com.cn/problem/P7771
// LC332 双向边 https://leetcode.cn/problems/reconstruct-itinerary/
// 模板题(输出边)
// - 有向图 LC2097 https://leetcode.cn/problems/valid-arrangement-of-pairs/ 2651
// LC753 https://leetcode.cn/problems/cracking-the-safe/ 2274
// https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/1511/D 1600 构造
// https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/723/E 2200 虚点
// https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/209/C 2400 添加边使得图存在欧拉回路
// https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/1186/F 2400
// https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/1361/C 2500 转换
// https://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/527/E 2600
// https://ac.nowcoder.com/acm/contest/4010/H 构造
//
// BEST 定理
// https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BEST_theorem
// https://cmwqf.github.io/2020/09/12/%E6%B5%85%E8%B0%88BEST%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86/
// https://luckyglass.github.io/2020/20Nov24thArt1/
// https://www.luogu.com.cn/problem/P5807
// https://atcoder.jp/contests/abc336/tasks/abc336_g
// 无向图欧拉回路/欧拉路径(有向图见下面)
func (*graph) eulerianPathOnUndirectedGraph(m int, g [][]struct{ to, eid int }) []int {
// 排序,保证字典序最小
for _, es := range g {
sort.Slice(es, func(i, j int) bool { return es[i].to < es[j].to })
}
var st int
oddDegCnt := 0
for i := len(g) - 1; i >= 0; i-- { // 倒着遍历保证起点的字典序最小
if deg := len(g[i]); deg > 0 {
if deg&1 == 1 {
st = i
oddDegCnt++
} else if oddDegCnt == 0 {
st = i
}
}
}
if oddDegCnt > 2 {
return nil
}
// NOTE: 若没有奇度数,则返回的是欧拉回路
// 注意:如果 m~1e6,建议把 dfs 写在外面,防止 MLE
path := make([]int, 0, len(g)) // m
vis := make([]bool, m)
var dfs func(int)
dfs = func(v int) {
for len(g[v]) > 0 {
e := g[v][0]
g[v] = g[v][1:]
i := e.eid
if vis[i] {
continue
}
vis[i] = true
w := e.to
dfs(w)
// 输出边的写法,注意是倒序
// path = append(path, i) [2]int{v, w}
}
// 输出点的写法(最后需要反转 path)
path = append(path, v)
}
dfs(st) // for i := range g { dfs(i) }
slices.Reverse(path) // 如果输出的是点
return path
}
// 无向【完全图】欧拉回路/欧拉路径
// 如果 n 是偶数,会去掉一些边
// https://codeforces.com/contest/1981/problem/D 2400
func (*graph) eulerianPathOnUndirectedCompleteGraph(n int) []int {
g := make([]int, n)
vis := make([][]bool, n)
for i := range vis {
vis[i] = make([]bool, n)
}
if n%2 == 0 {
// 去掉 n/2-1 条边,保证至多两个奇度数点
// 如果要求欧拉回路的话,i 改成从 1 开始(去掉 n/2 条边,保证所有点度数都是偶数)
for i := 2; i < n; i += 2 {
vis[i-1][i] = true
vis[i][i-1] = true
}
}
// 不允许自环的话,加上这个 for 循环(注意自环不影响度数的奇偶性)
for i, r := range vis {
r[i] = true
}
// 注意:如果 n~1e3,会导致递归深度 ~1e6,建议把 dfs 写在外面,防止 MLE
path := []int{}
var dfs func(int)
dfs = func(v int) {
for ; g[v] < n; g[v]++ {
w := g[v]
if vis[v][w] {
continue
}
vis[v][w] = true
vis[w][v] = true
dfs(w)
}
path = append(path, v) // 记录节点
}
dfs(0)
slices.Reverse(path)
return path
}
// 有向图欧拉回路/欧拉路径
func (*graph) eulerianPathOnDirectedGraph(m int, g [][]struct{ to, eid int }) []int {
// 读图的时候,统计入度 ...
inDeg := make([]int, len(g))
// 排序,保证字典序最小
for _, es := range g {
sort.Slice(es, func(i, j int) bool { return es[i].to < es[j].to })
}
st := -1
end := -1
for i, es := range g {