apacheGH-43359: [Go][Parquet] ReadRowGroups panics with canceled context (apache#43360)

### Rationale for this change

`ReadRowGroups` needs to support externally canceled contexts, e.g. for request-scoped contexts in servers like gRPC.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Additionnaly, `releaseColumns` needs to ignore columns with uninitialized data as it used in a `defer` statement.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes: a new test `TestArrowReaderCanceledContext` is included.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

None
* GitHub Issue: apache#43359

Authored-by: sebdotv <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Joel Lubinitsky <[email protected]>

Author: sebdotv

go/parquet/pqarrow/file_reader.go

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ package pqarrow
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"sync"
@@ -375,6 +376,10 @@ func (fr *FileReader) ReadRowGroups(ctx context.Context, indices, rowGroups []in
 		data.data.Release()
 	}
 
+	// if the context is in error, but we haven't set an error yet, then it means that the parent context
+	// was cancelled. In this case, we should exit early as some columns may not have been read yet.
+	err = errors.Join(err, ctx.Err())
+
 	if err != nil {
 		// if we encountered an error, consume any waiting data on the channel
 		// so the goroutines don't leak and so memory can get cleaned up. we already

go/parquet/pqarrow/file_reader_test.go

@@ -167,6 +167,29 @@ func TestArrowReaderAdHocReadFloat16s(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestArrowReaderCanceledContext(t *testing.T) {
+	dataDir := getDataDir()
+
+	mem := memory.NewCheckedAllocator(memory.DefaultAllocator)
+	defer mem.AssertSize(t, 0)
+
+	filename := filepath.Join(dataDir, "int32_decimal.parquet")
+	require.FileExists(t, filename)
+
+	rdr, err := file.OpenParquetFile(filename, false, file.WithReadProps(parquet.NewReaderProperties(mem)))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer rdr.Close()
+	arrowRdr, err := pqarrow.NewFileReader(rdr, pqarrow.ArrowReadProperties{}, mem)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// create a canceled context
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	cancel()
+
+	_, err = arrowRdr.ReadTable(ctx)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, context.Canceled)
+}
+
 func TestRecordReaderParallel(t *testing.T) {
 	mem := memory.NewCheckedAllocator(memory.DefaultAllocator)
 	defer mem.AssertSize(t, 0)

go/parquet/pqarrow/helpers.go

@@ -38,6 +38,8 @@ func releaseArrayData(data []arrow.ArrayData) {
 
 func releaseColumns(columns []arrow.Column) {
 	for _, col := range columns {
-		col.Release()
+		if col.Data() != nil { // data can be nil due to the way columns are constructed in ReadRowGroups
+			col.Release()
+		}
 	}
 }