Polymorphic embeds for Ecto

polymorphic_embed brings support for polymorphic/dynamic embedded schemas in Ecto. Ecto's embeds_one and embeds_many macros require a specific schema module to be specified. This library removes this restriction by dynamically determining which schema to use, based on data to be stored (from a form or API) and retrieved (from the data source).

Usage

Enable polymorphism

Let's say we want a schema Reminder representing a reminder for an event, that can be sent either by email or SMS.

We create the Email and SMS embedded schemas containing the fields that are specific for each of those communication channels.

The Reminder schema can then contain a :channel field that will either hold an Email or SMS struct, by setting its type to the custom type PolymorphicEmbed that this library provides.

Find the schema code and explanations below.

defmodule MyApp.Reminder do
  use Ecto.Schema
  import Ecto.Changeset
  import PolymorphicEmbed

  schema "reminders" do
    field :date, :utc_datetime
    field :text, :string

    polymorphic_embeds_one :channel,
      types: [
        sms: MyApp.Channel.SMS,
        email: MyApp.Channel.Email
      ],
      on_type_not_found: :raise
  end

  def changeset(struct, values) do
    struct
    |> cast(values, [:date, :text])
    |> cast_polymorphic_embed(:channel, required: true)
    |> validate_required(:date)
  end
end

defmodule MyApp.Channel.Email do
  use Ecto.Schema
  import Ecto.Changeset

  @primary_key false

  embedded_schema do
    field :address, :string
    field :confirmed, :boolean
  end

  def changeset(email, params) do
    email
    |> cast(params, [:address, :confirmed])
    |> validate_required(:address)
    |> validate_length(:address, min: 4)
  end
end

defmodule MyApp.Channel.SMS do
  use Ecto.Schema
  import Ecto.Changeset

  @primary_key false

  embedded_schema do
    field :number, :string
  end

  def changeset(sms, params) do
    sms
    |> cast(params, [:number])
    |> validate_required(:number)
  end
end

In your migration file, you may use the type :map for both polymorphic_embeds_one/2 and polymorphic_embeds_many/2 fields.

add :channel, :map

It is not recommended to use {:array, :map} for a list of embeds.

cast_polymorphic_embed/3

cast_polymorphic_embed/3 must be called to cast the polymorphic embed's parameters.

Options

• :required – if the embed is a required field.

• :with – allows you to specify a custom changeset.

changeset
|> cast_polymorphic_embed(:channel,
  with: [
    sms: &SMS.custom_changeset/2,
    email: &Email.custom_changeset/2
  ]
)

• :drop_param – see sorting-and-deleting-from-many-collections.

• :sort_param – see sorting-and-deleting-from-many-collections.

• :default_type_on_sort_create – in some cases, sort creates a new entry; this option specifies which type to use by default for the entry.

PolymorphicEmbed Ecto type

The :types option for the PolymorphicEmbed custom type contains a keyword list mapping an atom representing the type (in this example :email and :sms) with the corresponding embedded schema module.

There are two strategies to detect the right embedded schema to use:

1. A type field ("__type__"):

   [sms: MyApp.Channel.SMS]

   When receiving parameters to be cast (e.g. from a form), we expect a "__type__" (or :__type__) parameter containing the type of channel ("email" or "sms").

2. Specific fields:

   [
     email: [
       module: MyApp.Channel.Email,
       identify_by_fields: [:address, :confirmed]
     ]
   ]

   Here we specify how the type can be determined based on the presence of given fields. In this example, if the data contains :address and :confirmed parameters (or their string version), the type is :email. A "__type__" parameter is then no longer required.

   Note that you may still include a __type__ parameter that will take precedence over this strategy (this could still be useful if you need to store incomplete data, which might not allow identifying the type).

List of polymorphic embeds

Lists of polymorphic embeds are also supported:

polymorphic_embeds_many :contexts,
  types: [
    location: MyApp.Context.Location,
    age: MyApp.Context.Age,
    device: MyApp.Context.Device
  ],
  on_type_not_found: :raise,
  nilify_unlisted_types_on_load: [:deprecated_type]

Options

• :types – discussed above.

• :type_field – specify a custom type field. Defaults to :__type__.

• :on_type_not_found – specify what to do if the embed's type cannot be inferred. Possible values are

  • :raise: raise an error
  • :changeset_error: add a changeset error
  • :nilify: replace the data by nil; only for single (non-list) embeds
  • :ignore: ignore the data; only for lists of embeds

  By default, a changeset error "is invalid" is added.

• :retain_unlisted_types_on_load: allow unconfigured types to be loaded without raising an error. Useful for handling deprecated structs still present in the database.

• :nilify_unlisted_types_on_load: same as :retain_unlisted_types_on_load, but nilify the struct on load.

Get the type of a polymorphic embed

Sometimes you need to serialize the polymorphic embed and, once in the front-end, need to distinguish them. PolymorphicEmbed.get_polymorphic_type/3 returns the type of the polymorphic embed:

PolymorphicEmbed.get_polymorphic_type(Reminder, :channel, SMS) == :sms

traverse_errors/2

The function Ecto.changeset.traverse_errors/2 won't include the errors of polymorphic embeds. You may instead use PolymorphicEmbed.traverse_errors/2 when working with polymorphic embeds.

Features

• Detect which types to use for the data being cast, based on fields present in the data (no need for a type field in the data)
• Run changeset validations when a changeset/2 function is present (when absent, the library will introspect the fields to cast)
• Support for nested polymorphic embeds
• Support for nested embeds_one / embeds_many embeds
• Tests to ensure code quality

Installation

Add polymorphic_embed for Elixir as a dependency in your mix.exs file:

def deps do
  [
    {:polymorphic_embed, "~> 4.0.0-kinetic.1",
     github: "KineticCafe/polymorphic_embed", tag: "v4.0.0-kinetic.1"}
  ]
end

HexDocs

HexDocs documentation can be found at https://hexdocs.pm/polymorphic_embed.