Quantum-Tomography

A python library to help perform tomography on a quantum state.

Links

• Documentation
• Video Tutorial
• Pypi Package

Usage

Terminal

For those who do not want to write python code to perform tomography on their data, you can use the following command in the package directory:

Quantum-Tomography -i C:\Full\Path\To\pythoneval.txt

This will read the data in the txt file provided and print the output ot the console. Examples and syntax for a conf file is provided at the bottom of this readme. If you would like to save your data you can provide the save location like in the following example:

Quantum-Tomography -i C:\Full\Path\To\pythoneval.txt -s C:\Full\Path\To\output\Folder 

There are several other arguments that are optional like save option. Here is the full list of arguments:

• -i or --eval
  • Values : string
  • Desc : The full path to the file that contains the data and configuration for the tomography.
• -s or --save
  • Values : string
  • Desc : The full path to the folder where you want the output to be saved. If not included it will not save your data.
• -p or --pic
  • Desc : Including this will show images of real and imaginary values of the density matrix. If save is also included pictures will only be saved and not shown.
  • Default : False

Python

For those running tomography on multiple quantum states it may be easier to use the python package directly for a more hands free process.

Usage

Step 1. Initialize Tomography Object

import QuantumTomography as qKLib

t = qKLib.Tomography()

Step 2. Set up Configurations and data

This can be done in multiple ways. The first and the easiest is to pass the full path to importConf Function. Examples and syntax for a conf file is provided at the bottom of this readme.

t.import_conf('Path/To/conf.toml')
t.import_data('Path/To/data.json')

Specific Config settings can also be set directly

t['DoAccidentalCorrection'] = 1

A list values for config is provided at the bottom of this readme and also in the TomoClass.py file.

Step 3. Run Tomography on The data

This can also be done in multiple ways. The first is using the importData Function. Examples and syntax for a data file is provided at the bottom of this readme and also in the TomoClass.py file..

[rho, intens, fval] = t.run_tomography()

Step 4. Optional Methods

We provide many functions to help describe the state. Properties of the state can be calculated with methods found in the TomoFunctions files. Some examples of these are proveded

fid = qKLib.fidelity(rho,expectedState)
entangle = qKLib.entanglement(rho)
entropy = qKLib.entropy(rho)

Input File Options

You can import data and configuration files using Tomography.import_data() and Tomography.import_conf()

Conf File

This file states the configuration of the tomography. The syntax of the file is TOML. Complex numbers are written as strings in python format: 0.5 + 0.5j. These are the following values you can set in a conf file.

• get_bell_settings
  • Values: true or false
  • Desc: Give the optimal measurement settings for a CHSH bell inequality for the estimated density matrix. These settings are found through a numerical search over all possible measurement settings.
  • Default: false
• do_error_estimation
  • Values : int >= 0
  • Desc : Number of states used to calculate the errors on the properties of the state
  • Default : 0
• do_drift_correction
  • Values : true or false
  • Desc : Whether or not you want to perform drift correction on the state.
  • Default : false
• do_accidental_correction
  • Values : true or false
  • Desc : Whether of not you want to perform accidental corrections on the state.
  • Default : false
• starting_matrix
  • Values : 2d array
  • Desc : An estimate of your state to start the maximum likelihood estimation with. This may improve your tomography results.
  • Default : None (will do a linear inversion prior to MLE)
• method
  • Values : "MLE" or "HMLE"
  • Desc : Which type of estimation to use. Currently the options are maximum likelihood and hedged maximum likelihood.
  • Default: "MLE"
• beta
  • Values : 0 to 0.5, depending on purity of state and total number of measurements.
  • Desc : The hedging value. Does nothing if hedged maximum likelihood is not used.
  • Default : 0
• minimizer_kwargs
  • Values : Dict[str, Any]
  • Desc : A dictionary of arguments to pass to the minimizer. For example, ftol,xtol,gtol,maxfev.
  • Default : None

Example:

conf.toml

do_drift_correction = false
do_error_estimation = false
do_accidental_correction = false
method = "MLE"
starting_matrix = [[0, 0], [0, 1]]

Data File

This file states the data of the measurement and any metadata relating to the measurement. The format is in JSON.

• n_qubits
  • Values: int
  • Desc: Number of qubits in the tomography data
  • Default: 1
• n_detectors_per_qubit
  • Values: 1 or 2
  • Desc: How many detectors are used per qubit.
  • Default: 1
• measurement_states
  • Values: Dict[str, List]
  • Desc: Dictionary mapping names to measurement basis states. The states are in state vector format. Complex numbers are to be written as strings in quotes in python format (ex: "0.5 + 0.5j"). The input states do not need to be norm-1 as they will be normalized in the back end.
  • Default:{"H": [1,0],"V": [0,1],"D": [1,1],"A": [1,-1],"R": [1,"1j"],"L": [1,"-1j"]}
• coincidence_window
  • Values: Square 2d array of size (n_detectors_per_qubit**n_qubits, n_detectors_per_qubit**n_qubits)
  • Desc: Describes the coincidence window between each pair of detectors. Note that the values in this array will be used according to the detectors_used field in entries in data.
  • Default: None
• crosstalk
  • Values: Square 2d array of size (2**n_qubits,2**n_qubits) or list of 2d arrays with dimension (n_qubits, 2, 2)
  • Desc: Matrices describing the overall crosstalk of the measurements (2**n_qubits, 2**n_qubits) or a list of 2d arrays describing the crosstalk in each particular PBS used in the measurement of each qubit (n_qubits, 2,2).
  • Default: None (no crosstalk)
• relative_efficiency
  • Values: Square 2d array of size (n_detectors_per_qubit**n_qubits, n_detectors_per_qubit**n_qubits)
  • Desc: Describes the relative efficiencies of your detector pairs. Because of this, the matrix will be symmetric and the diagonal ignored. Note that this is only used when n_detectors_per_qubit > 1 for the purpose of coincidence inefficiency correction. Note that the values in this array will be used according to the detectors_used field in entries in data.
  • Default: None (no inefficiency)
• data
  • Values: List[Dict[str,Any]]
  • Desc: List of dictionaries that describe each individual measurement. See the description of each measurement below.
    • basis (List[str]): List of strings describing the measurements on each qubit that correspond to the keys in measurement_states
      • Example (1 qubit): "basis" : ["H"]
      • Example (2 qubits): "basis" : ["H", "V"]
    • counts (List[int]): List of counts for this measurement given in the format [singles, coincidences]. Note that the singles are optional for the 2 qubit case if you don't want to do accidental correction.
      • Example (1 qubit, 1 detector): "counts": [50]
      • Example (2 qubits, 1 detector): "counts": [100, 200, 20] where the first two entries are singles counts for each qubit, and the third is the coincidence counts between the pair of detectors.
      • Example (2 qubits, 2 detectors): "counts": [100, 200, 20] where the first two entries are singles counts for each qubit, and the third is the coincidence counts between the pair of detectors.
    • integration_time (float, optional): Integration time of the detectors used in this measurement. Note this is only used for accidental correction (do_accidental_correction = true).
    • relative_intensity (float, optional): Relative intensity of this measurement. This scales the counts relative to the other measurements. Note this is only used to correct for intensity drift (do_drift_correction = true).
    • detectors_used (List[int], optional): A list of indices describing what detectors are used for this specific measurement. This is used for accidental correction (do_accidental_correction = true), in correlation to the coincidence_window field. It is also used for calculation of relative detector pair inefficiency in correlation with relative_efficiency. Note: this is not used when there is only 1 detector per measurement.

Example:

1_qubit_example.json

{
  "n_qubits": 1,
  "n_detectors_per_qubit": 1,
  "coincidence_window": [0],
  "n_measurements_per_qubit": 6,
  "measurement_states": {
    "H": [1,0],
    "V": [0,1],
    "D": [0.5,0.5],
    "A": [0.5,-0.5],
    "R": [0.5,"0.5j"],
    "L": [0.5,"-0.5j"]
  },
  "data": [
    {
      "basis": ["H"],
      "integration_time": 1,
      "counts": [50]
    },
    {
      "basis": ["V"],
      "integration_time": 1,
      "counts": [50]
    },
    {
      "basis": ["D"],
      "integration_time": 1,
      "counts": [50]
    },
    {
      "basis": ["A"],
      "integration_time": 1,
      "counts": [50]
    },
    {
      "basis": ["R"],
      "integration_time": 1,
      "counts": [100]
    },
    {
      "basis": ["L"],
      "integration_time": 1,
      "counts": [0]
    }
  ]
}

---

OLD FILE Syntax (will not be supported in the future)

We allow for input using the old format. The function names for this are the same importData(), importConf() and importEval().

Usage

Step 1. Initialize Tomography Object

import QuantumTomography as qKLib

t = qKLib.Tomography()

Step 2. Set up Configurations

This can be done in multiple ways. The first and the easiest is to pass the full path to importConf Function. Examples and syntax for a conf file is provided at the bottom of this readme.

t.importConf('Path/To/conf.txt')

Specific Config settings can also be set directly

t['DoAccidentalCorrection'] = 1

A list values for config is provided at the bottom of this readme and also in the TomoClass.py file.

Step 3. Run Tomography on The data

This can also be done in multiple ways. The first is using the importData Function. Examples and syntax for a data file is provided at the bottom of this readme and also in the TomoClass.py file..

[rho, intens, fval] = t.importData('Path/To/data.txt')

Data settings can also be passed into the main tomography function

tomo_input = np.array([[1,0,500,1,0],[1,0,0,0,1],[1,0,250,0.7071,0.7071],[1,0,250,0.7071,-0.7071],[1,0,250,0.7071,0.7071j],[1,0,250,0.7071,-0.7071j]])
intensity = np.array([1,1,1,1,1,1])
[rho, intens, fval] = t.state_tomography(tomo_input, intensity)

Steps 2 and 3 can be done in one single step by passing in a eval file.

[rho, intensity, fval] = t.importEval('Path/To/pythoneval.txt')

For running multiple states with the same settings it is recommended to run the tomographying using the python eval method since the the configurations is being unnecessarily being reset every time. Examples and syntax for a eval file is provided at the bottom of this readme.

Conf File

This file states the configurations of the tomography. The syntax of the txt file is python. You write the conf settings just like you would set a python dictionary. These are the following values you can set in a conf file.

• 'NQubits'
  • Values : >= 1
  • Desc : The number of qubits the quantum state has. It will take exponentially more time for more qubits.
  • Default : 2
• 'NDetectors'
  • Values : 1 or 2
  • Desc : The number of detectors per qubit used during the physical tomography of the quantum state.
  • Default : 1
• 'ctalk'
  • Values : matrix that is (2^NQubits) by (2^NQubits)
  • Desc : Cross talk Matrix of the setup.
  • Default : identity matrix with appropriate size
• 'Bellstate'
  • Values : 'no' or 'yes'
  • Desc : Give the optimal measurement settings for a CHSH bell inequality for the estimated density matrix. These settings are found through a numerical search over all possible measurement settings.
  • Default : 'no'
• 'DoDriftCorrection'
  • Values : 'no' or 'yes'
  • Desc : Whether of not you want to perform drift correction on the state
  • Default : 'no'
• 'DoAccidentalCorrection'
  • Values : 'no' or 'yes'
  • Desc : Whether of not you want to perform accidental corrections on the state.
  • Default : 'no'
• 'DoErrorEstimation'
  • Values : >=0
  • Desc : Number of states used to calculate the errors on the properties of the state
  • Default : 0
• 'Window'
  • Values : 0 or array like, dimension = 1
  • Desc : Coincidence window durations (in nanoseconds) to calculate the accidental rates. The four windows should be entered in the order of the detector pairs 1-2, 1-4, 3-2, 3-4, where A-B corresponds to a coincidence measurement between detector A and detector B.
  • Default : '0'
• 'Efficiency'
  • Values : 0 or array like, dimension = 1
  • Desc : vector that lists the relative coincidence efficiencies of detector pairs when using 2 detectors per qubit. The order is detector 1-2, 1-4, 3-2, 3-4.
  • Default : 0
• 'Beta'
  • Values : 0 to 0.5, depending on purity of state and total number of measurements.
  • Desc : The hedging value. Does nothing if hedged maximum likelihood is not used.
  • Default : 0

Example:

conf['NQubits'] = 2
conf['NDetectors'] = 1
conf['Crosstalk'] = [[0.9842,0.0049,0.0049,0],[0.0079,0.9871,0,0.0050],[0.0079,0,0.9871,0.0050],[0.001,0.0079,0.0079,0.9901]]
conf['UseDerivative'] = 0
conf['Bellstate'] = 1
conf['DoErrorEstimation'] = 3
conf['DoDriftCorrection'] = 'no'
conf['Window'] = 0
conf['Efficiency'] = [0.9998,1.0146,0.9195,0.9265]

Data File

This file states the data of the measurements. Both tomo_input the intensity must be specified. The syntax of the txt file is python. You write the data settings just like you would set a python matrix. This is the following layout of the tomo_input matrix

• tomo_input

  • Values : numpy array, dimension = 2
  • Desc : Relative pump power (arb. units) during measurement; used for drift correction.

  For n detectors:

  • tomo_input[:, 0]: times
  • tomo_input[:, 1 : n_qubit + 1)]: singles
  • tomo_input[:, n_qubit + 1]: coincidences
  • tomo_input[:, n_qubit + 2 : 3 * n_qubit + 2)]: measurements

  For 2n detectors:

  • tomo_input[:, 0]: times
  • tomo_input[:, 1 : 2 * n_qubit + 1]: singles
  • tomo_input[:, 2 * n_qubit+1 : 2 ** n_qubit + 2 * n_qubit + 1]: coincidences
  • tomo_input[:, 2 ** n_qubit + 2 * n_qubit + 1 : 2 ** n_qubit + 4 * n_qubit + 1 ]: measurements

• intensity

  • Values : numpy array
  • Desc : Relative pump power (arb. units) during measurement; used for drift correction.

Example:

This example is for 2 qubits using 1 detector.

tomo_input = np.array([[1,0,0,3708,1,0,1,0],[1,0,0,77,1,0,0,1],[1,0,0,1791,1,0,0.7071,0.7071],[1,0,0,2048,1,0,0.7071,0.7071j],[1,0,0,51,0,1,1,0],[1,0,0,3642,0,1,0,1],[1,0,0,2096,0,1,0.7071,0.7071],[1,0,0,1926,0,1,0.7071,0.7071j],[1,0,0,1766,0.7071,0.7071,1,0],[1,0,0,1914,0.7071,0.7071,0,1],[1,0,0,1713,0.7071,0.7071,0.7071,0.7071],[1,0,0,3729,0.7071,0.7071,0.7071,0.7071j],[1,0,0,2017,0.7071,0.7071j,1,0],[1,0,0,1709,0.7071,0.7071j,0,1],[1,0,0,3686,0.7071,0.7071j,0.7071,0.7071],[1,0,0,2404,0.7071,0.7071j,0.7071,0.7071j]])
intensity = np.array([1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1])

Eval File

This text file contains all the information for a tomography. It is essentially a conf file and a data file combined into one file.

Example:

tomo_input = np.array([[1,0,0,3708,1,0,1,0],[1,0,0,77,1,0,0,1],[1,0,0,1791,1,0,0.7071,0.7071],[1,0,0,2048,1,0,0.7071,0.7071j],[1,0,0,51,0,1,1,0],[1,0,0,3642,0,1,0,1],[1,0,0,2096,0,1,0.7071,0.7071],[1,0,0,1926,0,1,0.7071,0.7071j],[1,0,0,1766,0.7071,0.7071,1,0],[1,0,0,1914,0.7071,0.7071,0,1],[1,0,0,1713,0.7071,0.7071,0.7071,0.7071],[1,0,0,3729,0.7071,0.7071,0.7071,0.7071j],[1,0,0,2017,0.7071,0.7071j,1,0],[1,0,0,1709,0.7071,0.7071j,0,1],[1,0,0,3686,0.7071,0.7071j,0.7071,0.7071],[1,0,0,2404,0.7071,0.7071j,0.7071,0.7071j]])
intensity = np.array([1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1])
conf['NQubits'] = 2
conf['NDetectors'] = 1
conf['Crosstalk'] = [[0.9842,0.0049,0.0049,0],[0.0079,0.9871,0,0.0050],[0.0079,0,0.9871,0.0050],[0.001,0.0079,0.0079,0.9901]]
conf['UseDerivative'] = 0
conf['Bellstate'] = 0
conf['DoErrorEstimation'] = 1
conf['DoDriftCorrection'] = 'no'
conf['Window'] = 0
conf['Efficiency'] = [0.9998,1.0146,0.9195,0.9265]