Add get_parameter_instruction_indices method to QuantumCircuit

[0nsec]

This PR adds a new public method to query parameter indices in the parameter table, addressing issue #14747.

Changes

• Added get_parameter_instruction_indices method to CircuitData (Rust)
• Added get_parameter_instruction_indices method to QuantumCircuit (Python)
• Fixed infinite loop bugs in C test file
• Added release note for the new feature

Testing

The implementation has been tested with various parameter usage patterns, including:

• Parameters used in multiple instructions
• Parameters used in global phase
• Error handling for non-existent parameters

Fixes #14747

Summary:

A new method to query parameter usage locations in quantum circuits and fixes a bug in a test case loop condition.

• The most important changes include the addition of the get_parameter_instruction_indices method in both the Rust backend and Python API, documentation updates, and a correction to a loop variable in a C test file.

New Feature: Querying Parameter Usage Locations

• crates/circuit/src/circuit_data.rs: Added the get_parameter_instruction_indices method to the CircuitData implementation in the Rust backend. This method returns a list of tuples indicating where a parameter is used in the circuit, including handling global phase usage.
• qiskit/circuit/quantumcircuit.py: Added the get_parameter_instruction_indices method to the QuantumCircuit Python class, exposing the functionality to users via the public API.
• releasenotes/notes/parameter-indices-query-method-57d121acd71833a8.yaml: Documented the new method in the release notes, including its usage and behavior for global phase parameters.

Bug Fix: Loop Variable Correction

• test/c/test_circuit.c: Fixed a bug in the loop condition of the test_get_gate_counts_bv_resets_barrier_and_measures function, ensuring the correct variable (j) is used for iteration.

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