GH-46075: [Release][CI] Fix binary verification

[assignUser]

Rationale for this change

What changes are included in this PR?

Are these changes tested?

Are there any user-facing changes?

This PR includes breaking changes to public APIs. (If there are any breaking changes to public APIs, please explain which changes are breaking. If not, you can remove this.)

This PR contains a "Critical Fix". (If the changes fix either (a) a security vulnerability, (b) a bug that caused incorrect or invalid data to be produced, or (c) a bug that causes a crash (even when the API contract is upheld), please provide explanation. If not, you can remove this.)

• GitHub Issue: [Release][CI] Binary verification fails when downloading assets from Github release #46075

[github-actions]

⚠️ GitHub issue #46075 has been automatically assigned in GitHub to PR creator.

[kou]

How about creating a job that detects target information something like the following?

diff --git a/.github/workflows/verify_rc.yml b/.github/workflows/verify_rc.yml
index fe46ae6f23..cc1eb6e6bf 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/verify_rc.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/verify_rc.yml
@@ -30,7 +30,37 @@ env:
   VERBOSE: "1"
 
 jobs:
+  target:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout: 5
+    outputs:
+      package_id: ${{ steps.detect.outputs.package_id }}
+      version: ${{ steps.detect.outputs.version }}
+      rc: ${{ steps.detect.outputs.rc }}
+    steps:
+      - name: Detect
+        id: detect
+        run: |
+          case "${GITHUB_EVENT_NAME}" in
+            workflow_dispatch)
+              tag="${{ input.rc_tag }}"
+              ;;
+            pull_request)
+              tag="$(detect the latest RC tag)"
+              ;;
+            *)
+              tag="${GITHUB_REF_NAME}"
+              ;;
+          esac
+          package_id=${tag%-rc*}
+          version=${package_id#apache-arrow-}
+          rc=${tag#*-rc}
+          echo "package_id=${package_id}" >> "${GITHUB_OUTPUT}"
+          echo "version=${version}" >> "${GITHUB_OUTPUT}"
+          echo "rc=${rc}" >> "${GITHUB_OUTPUT}"
+
   apt:
+    needs: target
     name: APT
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.runs-on }}
     timeout-minutes: 30
@@ -41,15 +71,15 @@ jobs:
           - ubuntu-latest
           - ubuntu-24.04-arm
     env:
+      PACKAGE_ID: ${{ needs.target.outputs.package_id }}
+      RC: ${{ needs.target.outputs.rc }}
       TEST_APT: "1"
+      VERSION: ${{ needs.target.outputs.version }}
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
       - name: Run
         run: |
-          package_id=${GITHUB_REF_NAME%-rc*}
-          version=${package_id#apache-arrow-}
-          rc=${GITHUB_REF_NAME#*-rc}
-          dev/release/verify-release-candidate.sh ${version} ${rc}
+          dev/release/verify-release-candidate.sh ${VERSION} ${RC}
 
   binary:
     name: Binary