Encryptor

A simple wrapper for the standard Ruby OpenSSL library

Upgrading from v2.0.0 to v3.0.0

A bug was discovered in Encryptor 2.0.0 wherein the IV was not being used when using an AES-*-GCM algorithm. Unfornately fixing this major security issue results in the inability to decrypt records encrypted using an AES-*-GCM algorithm from Encryptor v2.0.0. While the behavior change is minimal between v2.0.0 and v3.0.0, the change has a significant impact on users that used v2.0.0 and encrypted data using an AES-*-GCM algorithm, which is the default algorithm for v2.0.0. Consequently, we decided to increment the version with a major bump to help people avoid a confusing situation where some of their data will not decrypt. A new option is available in Encryptor 3.0.0 that allows decryption of data encrypted using an AES-*-GCM algorithm from Encryptor v2.0.0.

Installation

gem install encryptor

Usage

Basic

Encryptor uses the AES-256-GCM algorithm by default to encrypt strings securely.

The best example is:

cipher = OpenSSL::Cipher.new('aes-256-gcm')
cipher.encrypt # Required before '#random_key' or '#random_iv' can be called. http://ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.0.0/libdoc/openssl/rdoc/OpenSSL/Cipher.html#method-i-encrypt
secret_key = cipher.random_key # Insures that the key is the correct length respective to the algorithm used.
iv = cipher.random_iv # Insures that the IV is the correct length respective to the algorithm used.
salt = SecureRandom.random_bytes(16)
encrypted_value = Encryptor.encrypt(value: 'some string to encrypt', key: secret_key, iv: iv, salt: salt)
decrypted_value = Encryptor.decrypt(value: encrypted_value, key: secret_key, iv: iv, salt: salt)

A slightly easier example is:

require 'securerandom'
secret_key = SecureRandom.random_bytes(32) # The length in bytes must be equal to or greater than the algorithm bit length.
iv = SecureRandom.random_bytes(12) # Recomended length for AES-###-GCM algorithm. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5084#section-3.2
encrypted_value = Encryptor.encrypt(value: 'some string to encrypt', key: secret_key, iv: iv)
decrypted_value = Encryptor.decrypt(value: encrypted_value, key: secret_key, iv: iv)

NOTE: It is imperative that you use a unique IV per each string and encryption key combo; a nonce as the IV. See RFC 5084 for more details.

The value to encrypt or decrypt may also be passed as the first option if you'd prefer.

encrypted_value = Encryptor.encrypt('some string to encrypt', key: secret_key, iv: iv)
decrypted_value = Encryptor.decrypt(encrypted_value, key: secret_key, iv: iv)

Options

Defaults:

    { algorithm: 'aes-256-gcm',
      auth_data: '',
      insecure_mode: false,
      hmac_iterations: 2000,
      v2_gcm_iv: false }

Older versions of Encryptor allowed you to use it in a less secure way. Namely, you were allowed to run Encryptor without an IV, or with a key of insufficient length. Encryptor now requires a key and IV of the correct length respective to the algorithm that you use. However, to maintain backwards compatibility you can run Encryptor with the :insecure_mode option. Additionally, when using AES-*-GCM algorithms in Encryptor v2.0.0, the IV was set incorrectly and was not used. The :v2_gcm_iv option is available to allow Encryptor to set the IV as it was set in Encryptor v2.0.0. This is provided to assist with migrating data that unsafely encrypted using an AES-*-GCM algorithm from Encryptor v2.0.0.

You may also pass an :algorithm,:salt, and hmac_iterations option, however none of these options are required. If you pass the :salt option, a new unique key will be derived from the key that you passed in using PKCS5 with a default of 2000 iterations. You can change the number of PKCS5 iterations with the hmac_iterations option. As PKCS5 is slow, it is optional behavior, but it does provide more security to use a unique IV and key for every encryption operation.

Encryptor.default_options.merge!(algorithm: 'aes-256-cbc', key: 'some default secret key', iv: iv, salt: salt)

Strings

Older versions of Encryptor added encrypt and decrypt methods to String objects for your convenience. However, this behavior has been removed to avoid polluting Ruby's core String class. The Encryptor::String module remains within this gem to allow users of this feature to implement it themselves. These encrypt and decrypt methods accept the same arguments as the associated ones in the Encryptor module. They're nice when you set the default options in the Encryptor.default_options attribute. For example:

require 'encryptor/string'
String.include Encryptor::String
Encryptor.default_options.merge!(key: 'some default secret key', iv: iv)
credit_card = 'xxxx xxxx xxxx 1234'
encrypted_credit_card = credit_card.encrypt

There's also encrypt! and decrypt! methods that replace the contents of a string with the encrypted or decrypted version of itself.

Algorithms

To view a list of all cipher algorithms that are supported on your platform, run the following code in your favorite Ruby REPL:

require 'openssl'
puts OpenSSL::Cipher.ciphers

The supported ciphers will vary depending on the version of OpenSSL that was used to compile your version of Ruby. However, the following ciphers are typically supported:

Cipher Name	Key size in bytes	IV size in bytes
aes-128-cbc	16	16
aes-128-cbc-hmac-sha1	16	16
aes-128-cbc-hmac-sha256	16	16
aes-128-ccm	16	12
aes-128-cfb	16	16
aes-128-cfb1	16	16
aes-128-cfb8	16	16
aes-128-ctr	16	16
aes-128-ecb	16	0
aes-128-gcm	16	12
aes-128-ofb	16	16
aes-128-xts	32	16
aes-192-cbc	24	16
aes-192-ccm	24	12
aes-192-cfb	24	16
aes-192-cfb1	24	16
aes-192-cfb8	24	16
aes-192-ctr	24	16
aes-192-ecb	24	0
aes-192-gcm	24	12
aes-192-ofb	24	16
aes-256-cbc	32	16
aes-256-cbc-hmac-sha1	32	16
aes-256-cbc-hmac-sha256	32	16
aes-256-ccm	32	12
aes-256-cfb	32	16
aes-256-cfb1	32	16
aes-256-cfb8	32	16
aes-256-ctr	32	16
aes-256-ecb	32	0
aes-256-gcm	32	12
aes-256-ofb	32	16
aes-256-xts	64	16
aes128	16	16
aes192	24	16
aes256	32	16
bf	16	8
bf-cbc	16	8
bf-cfb	16	8
bf-ecb	16	0
bf-ofb	16	8
blowfish	16	8
camellia-128-cbc	16	16
camellia-128-cfb	16	16
camellia-128-cfb1	16	16
camellia-128-cfb8	16	16
camellia-128-ecb	16	0
camellia-128-ofb	16	16
camellia-192-cbc	24	16
camellia-192-cfb	24	16
camellia-192-cfb1	24	16
camellia-192-cfb8	24	16
camellia-192-ecb	24	0
camellia-192-ofb	24	16
camellia-256-cbc	32	16
camellia-256-cfb	32	16
camellia-256-cfb1	32	16
camellia-256-cfb8	32	16
camellia-256-ecb	32	0
camellia-256-ofb	32	16
camellia128	16	16
camellia192	24	16
camellia256	32	16
cast	16	8
cast-cbc	16	8
cast5-cbc	16	8
cast5-cfb	16	8
cast5-ecb	16	0
cast5-ofb	16	8
des	8	8
des-cbc	8	8
des-cfb	8	8
des-cfb1	8	8
des-cfb8	8	8
des-ecb	8	0
des-ede	16	0
des-ede-cbc	16	8
des-ede-cfb	16	8
des-ede-ofb	16	8
des-ede3	24	0
des-ede3-cbc	24	8
des-ede3-cfb	24	8
des-ede3-cfb1	24	8
des-ede3-cfb8	24	8
des-ede3-ofb	24	8
des-ofb	8	8
des3	24	8
desx	24	8
desx-cbc	24	8
idea	16	8
idea-cbc	16	8
idea-cfb	16	8
idea-ecb	16	0
idea-ofb	16	8
rc2	16	8
rc2-40-cbc	5	8
rc2-64-cbc	8	8
rc2-cbc	16	8
rc2-cfb	16	8
rc2-ecb	16	0
rc2-ofb	16	8
rc4	16	0
rc4-40	5	0
rc4-hmac-md5	16	0
seed	16	16
seed-cbc	16	16
seed-cfb	16	16
seed-ecb	16	0
seed-ofb	16	16

NOTE: Some ciphers may not be supported by Ruby. Additionally, Ruby compiled with OpenSSL >= v1.0.1 will include AEAD ciphers, ie., aes-256-gcm.

Notes on patches/pull requests

• Fork the project.
• Make your feature addition or bug fix.
• Add tests for it: this is important so I don't break it in a future version unintentionally.
• Commit, do not mess with Rakefile, version, or history: if you want to have your own version, that is fine but bump version in a commit by itself I can ignore when I pull).
• Send me a pull request: bonus points for topic branches.