Kudu Developer Documentation

Building Kudu

System Requirements

The following dependencies are necessary to build kudu:

• autoconf

• automake

• boost >= 1.41, on CentOS boost-devel and boost-static, including the following components:

• boost::thread

• boost::system (thread depends on it)

• curl

• gcc and g++ 4.4 or higher

• liboauth-dev

• libssl-dev (Ubuntu) or openssl-devel (CentOS)

• libsasl2-dev (Ubuntu) or cyrus-sasl-devel (CentOS)

• libtool

• patch

• python 2.6 or later

• ntp

• unzip

• pkg-config

Earlier versions of each of these may work, but have not recently been tested.

Using Debian based distributions you can use the following command to install all the required packages: sudo apt-get install autoconf automake curl gcc liboauth-dev libssl-dev\ libsasl2-dev libtool patch python ntp unzip libboost-all-dev pkg-config

Download and build thirdparty dependencies

Kudu depends on a number of third-party libraries and tools. In order to ensure that developers have consistent versions of these libraries, the Kudu repository includes scripts to automatically download and build these dependencies, installing them into a source-tree-local install prefix.

To download, build, and install the thirdparty dependencies, you can issue the following command:

$ thirdparty/build-if-necessary.sh

When this command completes, the dependencies will be installed in thirdparty/installed/. If you are looking to manually run the protobuf compiler protoc, the pprof tool, etc, you can find these in thirdparty/installed/bin/

Note	The build-if-necessary.sh script requires that it be run from within a git repository in order to determine if the dependencies have changed. If you are building from a source tarball, you must manually run the download and build steps yourself.

Automatic rebuilding of dependencies

The script is also invoked by cmake, so new thirdparty dependencies added by other developers will be downloaded and built automatically in subsequent builds if necessary.

To disable the automatic invocation of build-if-necessary.sh, set the NO_REBUILD_THIRDPARTY environment variable:

$ NO_REBUILD_THIRDPARTY=1 cmake .

This can be particularly useful when trying to run tools like git bisect between two commits which may have different dependencies.

Building Kudu itself

# Add <root of kudu tree>/thirdparty/installed/bin to your $PATH
# before other parts of $PATH that may contain cmake, such as /usr/bin
# For example: "export PATH=$HOME/git/kudu/thirdparty/installed/bin:$PATH"
# if using bash
$ cmake .
$ make -j8  # or whatever level of parallelism your machine can handle

The build artifacts, including the test binaries, will be stored in build/latest/, which itself is a symlink to a build-type specific directory such as build/debug or build/release.

To omit the Kudu unit tests during the build, add -DNO_TESTS=1 to the invocation of cmake. For example:

$ cmake -DNO_TESTS=1 .

Running unit/functional tests

To run the Kudu unit tests, you can use the ctest command from within the root of the Kudu repository:

$ ctest -j8

This command will report any tests that failed, and the test logs will be written to build/test-logs.

Individual tests can be run by directly invoking the test binaries in build/latest. Since Kudu uses the Google C++ Test Framework (gtest), specific test cases can be run with gtest flags:

# List all the tests within a test binary, then run a single test
$ ./build/latest/tablet-test --gtest_list_tests
$ ./build/latest/tablet-test --gtest_filter=TestTablet/9.TestFlush

gtest also allows more complex filtering patterns. See the upstream documentation for more details.

Running tests with the clang AddressSanitizer enabled

AddressSanitizer is a nice clang feature which can detect many types of memory errors. The Jenkins setup for kudu runs these tests automatically on a regular basis, but if you make large changes it can be a good idea to run it locally before pushing. To do so, you’ll need to build using clang:

$ rm -Rf CMakeCache.txt CMakeFiles/
$ CC=$(pwd)/thirdparty/clang-toolchain/bin/clang \
  CXX=$(pwd)/thirdparty/clang-toolchain/bin/clang++ \
  cmake -DKUDU_USE_ASAN=1 .
$ make -j8
$ make test

The tests will run significantly slower than without ASAN enabled, and if any memory error occurs, the test that triggered it will fail. You can then use a command like:

$ build/latest/failing-test 2>&1 | thirdparty/asan_symbolize.py | c++filt | less

to get a proper symbolized stack trace.

Note	For more information on AddressSanitizer, please see the ASAN web page.

Running tests with the clang Undefined Behavior Sanitizer (UBSAN) enabled

Similar to the above, you can use a special set of clang flags to enable the Undefined Behavior Sanitizer. This will generate errors on certain pieces of code which may not themselves crash but rely on behavior which isn’t defined by the C++ standard (and thus are likely bugs). To enable UBSAN, follow the same directions as for ASAN above, but pass the -DKUDU_USE_UBSAN=1 flag to the cmake invocation.

In order to get a stack trace from UBSan, you can use gdb on the failing test, and set a breakpoint as follows:

(gdb) b __ubsan::Diag::~Diag

Then, when the breakpoint fires, gather a backtrace as usual using the bt command.

Running tests with the tcmalloc memory leak checker enabled

You can also run the tests with a tcmalloc feature that prints an error message and aborts if it detects memory leaks in your program.

$ rm -Rf CMakeCache.txt CMakeFiles/
$ cmake .
$ make -j
$ # Note: LP_BIND_NOW=1 required below, see: https://code.google.com/p/gperftools/issues/detail?id=497
$ PPROF_PATH=thirdparty/installed/bin/pprof HEAPCHECK=normal LD_BIND_NOW=1 ctest -j8

Note	For more information on the heap checker, please see: http://google-perftools.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/doc/heap_checker.html

Note	The AddressSanitizer doesn’t play nice with tcmalloc, so sadly the HEAPCHECK environment has no effect if you have enabled ASAN. However, recent versions of ASAN will also detect leaks, so the tcmalloc leak checker is of limited utility.

Running tests with ThreadSanitizer enabled

ThreadSanitizer (TSAN) is a clang feature which can detect improperly synchronized access to data along with many other threading bugs. To enable TSAN, pass -DKUDU_USE_TSAN=1 to the cmake invocation, recompile, and run tests.

1. Enabling TSAN supressions while running tests

Note that we rely on a list of runtime suppressions in build-support/tsan-suppressions.txt. If you simply run a unit test like build/latest/foo-test, you won’t get these suppressions. Instead, use a command like:

$ ctest -R foo-test

…​and then view the logs in build/test-logs/

In order for all of the suppressions to work, you need libraries with debug symbols installed, particularly for libstdc+\+. On Ubuntu 13.10, the package libstdc++6-4.8-dbg is needed for TSAN builds to pass. It’s not a bad idea to install debug symbol packages for libboost, libc, and cyrus-sasl as well.

TSAN may truncate a few lines of the stack trace when reporting where the error is. This can be bewildering. It’s documented for TSANv1 here: http://code.google.com/p/data-race-test/wiki/ThreadSanitizerAlgorithm It is not mentioned in the documentation for TSANv2, but has been observed. In order to find out what is really happening, set a breakpoint on the TSAN report in GDB using the following incantation:

$ gdb -ex 'set disable-randomization off' -ex 'b __tsan::PrintReport' ./some-test

Generating code coverage reports

In order to generate a code coverage report, you must build with gcc (not clang) and use the following flags:

$ cmake -DKUDU_GENERATE_COVERAGE=1 .
$ make -j4
$ ctest -j4

This will generate the code coverage files with extensions .gcno and .gcda. You can then use a tool like lcov or gcovr to visualize the results. For example, using gcovr:

$ mkdir cov_html
$ ./thirdparty/gcovr-3.0/scripts/gcovr -r src/

Or using lcov (which seems to produce better HTML output):

$ lcov  --capture --directory src --output-file coverage.info
$ genhtml coverage.info --output-directory out

Running lint checks

Kudu uses cpplint.py from Google to enforce coding style guidelines. You can run the lint checks via cmake using the ilint target:

$ make ilint

This will scan any file which is dirty in your working tree, or changed since the last gerrit-integrated upstream change in your git log. If you really want to do a full scan of the source tree, you may use the lint target instead.

Building Kudu documentation

Kudu’s documentation is written in asciidoc and lives in the docs subdirectory.

To build the documentation, use the docs target:

$ make docs

This will invoke asciidoctor to process the doc sources and produce the HTML documentation, emitted to build/docs. The target expects to find asciidoctor on the system path. To install it, make sure you have Ruby installed first, then issue the following command as root:

$ gem install asciidoctor

Or, if you’d prefer to install asciidoctor without root, do:

$ gem install --user-install asciidoctor

If asciidoctor is installed in your user directory, it probably won’t be found in your PATH. You’ll need to modify PATH when building the docs, using something like this (make sure to replace 2.1.0 with your Ruby version):

$ PATH=$HOME/.gem/ruby/2.1.0/bin:$PATH make docs

Updating the documentation in the Kudu web site

To update the documentation that is integrated into the Kudu web site, you need to first check out another copy of this repository, with the 'gh-pages' branch checked out.

For example, you can check out a shallow clone which shares its objects with your main repository using a command like:

$ git clone $(git config --get remote.origin.url) --reference $(pwd) -b gh-pages --depth 1 /tmp/kudu-pages

Additionally, you’ll need to ensure that the tilt and jekyll Ruby gems are installed on your machine. Refer to the asciidoctor instructions above for instructions.

Now you can build the docs and pass the path to this checked-out repository:

$ ./docs/support/scripts/make_docs.sh  --site /tmp/kudu-pages/

You can proceed to commit the changes in the pages repository and send a code review for your changes. In the future, this step will be automated whenever changes are checked into the main Kudu repository.

Improving build times

Caching build output

The kudu build is compatible with ccache. Simply install your distro’s ccache package, prepend /usr/lib/ccache to your PATH, and watch your object files get cached. Link times won’t be affected, but you will see a noticeable improvement in compilation times. You may also want to increase the size of your cache using "ccache -M new_size".

Improving linker speed

One of the major time sinks in the Kudu build is linking. GNU ld is historically quite slow at linking large C++ applications. The alternative linker gold is much better at it. It’s part of the binutils package in modern distros (try binutils-gold in older ones). To enable it, simply repoint the /usr/bin/ld symlink from ld.bfd to ld.gold.

Note that gold doesn’t handle weak symbol overrides properly (see this bug report for details). As such, it cannot be used with shared objects (see below) because it’ll cause tcmalloc’s alternative malloc implementation to be ignored.

Building Kudu with dynamic linking

Kudu can be built into shared objects, which, when used with ccache, can result in a dramatic build time improvement in the steady state. Even after a make clean in the build tree, all object files can be served from ccache. By default, debug and fastdebug will use dynamic linking, while other build types will use static linking. To enable dynamic linking explicitly, run:

$ cmake -DKUDU_LINK=dynamic .

Subsequent builds will create shared objects instead of archives and use them when linking the kudu binaries and unit tests. The full range of options for KUDU_LINK are static, dynamic, and auto. The default is auto and only the first letter matters for the purpose of matching.

Note	Dynamic linking is incompatible with ASAN and static linking is incompatible with TSAN.

Developing Kudu in Eclipse

Eclipse can be used as an IDE for Kudu. To generate Eclipse project files, run:

$ rm -rf CMakeCache.txt CMakeFiles/
$ cmake -G "Eclipse CDT4 - Unix Makefiles" .

It’s critical that CMakeCache.txt be removed prior to running the generator, otherwise the extra Eclipse generator logic (the CMakeFindEclipseCDT4.make module) won’t run and standard system includes will be missing from the generated project.

By default, the Eclipse CDT indexer will index everything under the kudu/ source tree. It tends to choke on certain complicated source files within thirdparty/llvm. In CDT 8.7.0, the indexer will generate so many errors that it’ll exit early, causing many spurious syntax errors to be highlighted. In older versions of CDT, it’ll spin forever.

Either way, thirdparty/llvm must be excluded from indexing. To do this, right click on the project in the Project Explorer and select Properties. In the dialog box, select "C/C++ Project Paths", select the Source tab, highlight "Exclusion filter: (None)", and click "Edit…​". In the new dialog box, click "Add…​". Click "Browse…​" and select thirdparty/llvm-3.4.2.src. Click OK all the way out and rebuild the project index by right clicking the project in the Project Explorer and selecting Index -→ Rebuild.

With this exclusion, the only false positives (shown as "red squigglies") that CDT presents appear to be in atomicops functions (NoBarrier_CompareAndSwap for example) and in VLOG() function calls.

Another Eclipse annoyance stems from the "[Targets]" linked resource that Eclipse generates for each unit test. These are probably used for building within Eclipse, but one side effect is that nearly every source file appears in the indexer twice: once via a target and once via the raw source file. To fix this, simply delete the [Targets] linked resource via the Project Explorer. Doing this should have no effect on writing code, though it may affect your ability to build from within Eclipse.

Building on OS X

Support for compiling Kudu on OS X is planned, but not yet complete.