update adapter version messages

[dave-connors-3]

Resolves #10230

Problem

The messages in dbt --version don't reflect the fact that the minor version of an adapter could be ahead of the minor version of dbt core

Solution

update the semver check in version.py!

I added the assertions for mypy's sake, but can be convinced to do that a different way

Checklist

• I have read the contributing guide and understand what's expected of me.
• I have run this code in development, and it appears to resolve the stated issue.
• This PR includes tests, or tests are not required or relevant for this PR.
• This PR has no interface changes (e.g., macros, CLI, logs, JSON artifacts, config files, adapter interface, etc.) or this PR has already received feedback and approval from Product or DX.
• This PR includes type annotations for new and modified functions.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 89.19%. Comparing base (316ecfc) to head (3529df4).

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #10919      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   89.17%   89.19%   +0.01%     
==========================================
  Files         183      183              
  Lines       23466    23470       +4     
==========================================
+ Hits        20926    20934       +8     
+ Misses       2540     2536       -4     

Flag	Coverage Δ
integration	86.54% <100.00%> (+0.01%)	⬆️
unit	62.07% <100.00%> (+<0.01%)	⬆️

Flags with carried forward coverage won't be shown. Click here to find out more.

Components	Coverage Δ
Unit Tests	62.07% <100.00%> (+<0.01%)	⬆️
Integration Tests	86.54% <100.00%> (+0.01%)	⬆️