Support: typescript-node 24

[Marukome0743]

Summary

Add support for TypeScript-Node 24 images and make them the new default variant, updating the manifest, default Dockerfile, and documentation accordingly.

New Features:

• Introduce TypeScript-Node 24 image variants for both Debian bookworm and bullseye.

Enhancements:

• Promote 24-bookworm as the latest default variant.
• Bump default .devcontainer Dockerfile to use the 24-bookworm variant and JavaScript-Node v2 base.

Build:

• Add 24-bookworm and 24-bullseye to supported variants, architectures, and variantTags in the manifest.

Documentation:

• Update README to list 24 variants and corresponding example image tags.

Reference:

• Original PR and comment.

[Marukome0743]