docker : add CUDA 13.1 image build

[CISC]

Closes #18383

In addition to adding a new CUDA 13.1 image (with cuda13 tag) this also adds the cuda12 tag, the old cuda tag still points to CUDA 12.4 image, but can be changed in the future.

I tried to reuse the cuda.Dockerfile for both (hence the new build-args logic), but it ultimately failed due to --break-system-packages incompatibilities between Ubuntu 22.04 and 24.04 and the lack of a 24.04 image for CUDA 12.4.

Successful run for 12.4:
https://github.com/CISC/llama.cpp/actions/runs/20558563596/job/59046091086

Successful run for 13.1:
https://github.com/CISC/llama.cpp/actions/runs/20557901518/job/59044605518

[JohannesGaessler]

FYI you can circumvent --break-system-packages if you delete the EXTERNALLY_MANAGED file in a Python environment, that is what causes pip to throw a tantrum.

[CISC]

FYI you can circumvent --break-system-packages if you delete the EXTERNALLY_MANAGED file in a Python environment, that is what causes pip to throw a tantrum.

Nice to know, though at some point we will have to phase out 12.4 so until then we can live with two Dockerfiles I think.

[am17an]

Note that CUDA >=13 drops support for Pascal, so it may not be so easy to phase out

[CISC]

Note that CUDA >=13 drops support for Pascal, so it may not be so easy to phase out

Oh sure, hopefully in favor of a newer 12.x, we will keep backward compatibility for as long as possible, I just don't want to change 12.4 until we have to, just in case.