JPA overview and examples

Contents

• 1. What is Hibernate?
  • 1.1. Benefits of Hibernate
  • 1.2. Object-To-Relational Mapping (ORM)
• 2. What is JPA?
  • 2.1. JPA - Vendor Implementations
  • 2.2. What are Benefits of JPA
  • 2.3. Saving a Java Object with JPA
  • 2.4. Retrieving a Java Object with JPA
  • 2.5. Querying for Java Objects
  • 2.6. Hibernate / JPA and JDBC
  • 2.7. Setting up Project with Spring Initialzr
• 3. Entity Class
  • 3.1. @Column - Optional
  • 3.2. Primary Key
  • 3.3. MySQL - Auto Increment
    • 3.3.1. JPA Identity - Primary Key
  • 3.4. ID Generation Strategies
    • 3.4.1. Custom Strategies
• 4. DAO - Data Access Object
  • 4.1. JPA Entity Manager
  • 4.2. What about JpaRepository?
    • 4.2.1. Which One EntityManager or JpaRepository?
    • 4.2.2. My Recommendation
• 5. Spring @Transactional
• 6. Spring @Repository
• 7. JPA Query Language (JPQL)
  • 7.1. Retrieving all Students
  • 7.2. JPQL - Named Parameters
• 8. Create database tables
  • 8.1. Configuration
  • 8.2. application.properties
  • 8.3. Basic Projects
  • 8.4. Use Case
  • 8.5. Recommendation
• 9. Advanced Mappings
  • 9.1. One-to-One
  • 9.2. One-to-Many
    • 9.2.1. Many-to-One
  • 9.3. Many-to-Many
• 10. Important Database Concepts
  • 10.1. Primary Key and Foreign Key
  • 10.2. Cascade
    • 10.2.1. Cascade Types
  • 10.3. Fetch Types: Eager vs Lazy Loading
  • 10.4. Fetch
  • 10.5. Default Fetch Types
  • 10.6. Overriding Default Fetch Type
    • 10.6.1. Best Practice
  • 10.7. Uni-Directional
  • 10.8. Bi-Directional
• 11. Entity Lifecycle
  • 11.1. Entity Lifecycle - session method calls
• 12. More on mappedBy
• 13. Fetch Type
• 14. Dialects
• 15. @JoinTable
  • 15.1. More on "inverse"
• 16. Common Errors

1. What is Hibernate?

• A framework for persisting / saving Java objects in a database.
• Hibernate.

1.1. Benefits of Hibernate

• Hibernate handles all of the low-level SQL.
• Minimizes the amount of JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) code you have to develop.
• Hibernate provides the Object-to-Relational Mapping (ORM).

1.2. Object-To-Relational Mapping (ORM)

• The developer defines mapping between Java class and database table.

2. What is JPA?

• Jakarta Persistence API (JPA)... previously known as Java Persistence API.
  • Standard API for Object-to-Relational-Mapping (ORM).
• Only a specification
  • Defines a set of interfaces.
  • Requires an implementation to be usable.

2.1. JPA - Vendor Implementations

2.2. What are Benefits of JPA

• By having a standard API, you are not locked to vendor's implementation.
• Maintain portable, flexible code by coding to JPA spec (interfaces).
• Can theoretically switch vendor implementations.
  • For example, if Vendor ABC stops supporting their product.
  • You could switch to Vendor XYZ without vendor lock in.

2.3. Saving a Java Object with JPA

  @Override
  @Transactional
  public void save(Book book) {
      entityManager.persist(book);
  }

2.4. Retrieving a Java Object with JPA

  @Override
  public Book findById(int id) {
      return entityManager.find(Book.class, id);
  }

  @Override
  public List<Book> findAll() {
      return entityManager.createQuery("select s FROM Book s ORDER BY s.name ASC", Book.class).getResultList();
  }

2.5. Querying for Java Objects

  @Override
  public List<Book> findAll() {
      return entityManager.createQuery("select s FROM Book s ORDER BY s.name ASC", Book.class).getResultList();
  }

2.6. Hibernate / JPA and JDBC

• How does Hibernate / JPA relate to JDBC?
  • Hibernate / JPA uses JDBC for all database communications.
• In Spring Boot, Hibernate is the default implementation of JPA.
• EntityManager is main component for creating queries etc...
• EntityManager is from Jakarta Persistence API (JPA).
• Based on configs, Spring Boot will automatically create the beans:
  • DataSource, EntityManager, ...
• You can then inject these into your app, for example your DAO.

2.7. Setting up Project with Spring Initialzr

• At Spring Initializr website, start.spring.io
• Add dependencies
  • MySQL Driver: mysql-connector-j
  • Spring Data JPA: spring-boot-starter-data-jpa
• Spring Boot will automatically configure your data source for us.
• DB connection info from application.properties

    spring.datasource.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/school
    spring.datasource.username=root
    spring.datasource.password=Master@123
  

  • No need to give JDBC driver class name Spring Boot will automatically detect it based on URL.
• Configuring a DataSource Programmatically

    @Configuration
    public class DataSourceConfig {
        @Bean
        public DataSource getDataSource() {
            DataSourceBuilder dataSourceBuilder = DataSourceBuilder.create();
            dataSourceBuilder.url("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/library");
            dataSourceBuilder.username("root");
            dataSourceBuilder.password("Master@123");
            return dataSourceBuilder.build();
        }
    }

3. Entity Class

• Java class that is mapped to a database table.
• At a minimum, the Entity class.
  • Must be annotated with @Entity
  • Must have a public or protected no-argument constructor.
    • The class can have other constructors.

  @Entity
  @Table(name = "book")
  public class Book {
    public Book() {

    }
  }

3.1. @Column - Optional

• Actually, the use of @Column is optional.
• If not specified, the column name is the same name as Java field.
• In general, I don't recommend this approach.
  • If you refactor the Java code, then it will not match existing database columns.
  • This is a breaking change and you will need to update database column.
• Same applies to @Table, database table name is same as the class.

  @Column(name = "name")
  private String name;

3.2. Primary Key

• Uniquely identifies each row in a table.
• Must be a unique value.
• Cannot contain NULL values.

3.3. MySQL - Auto Increment

  CREATE TABLE `book` (
    `id` int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
    `author` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
    `name` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
    `price` float DEFAULT NULL,
    PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
  )

3.3.1. JPA Identity - Primary Key

  @Id
  @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
  @Column(name = "id")
  private int id;

3.4. ID Generation Strategies

Name	Description
GenerationType.AUTO	Pick an appropriate strategy for the particular database.
GenerationType.IDENTITY	Assign primary keys using database identity column.
GenerationType.SEQUENCE	Assign primary keys using a database sequence.
GenerationType.TABLE	Assign primary keys using an underlying database table to ensure uniqueness.
GenerationType.UUID	Assign primary keys using a globally unique identifier (UUID) to ensure uniqueness.

3.4.1. Custom Strategies

• You can define your own CUSTOM generation strategy.
• Create implementation of org.hibernate.id.IdentifierGenerator
• Override the method: public Serializable generate(...)

4. DAO - Data Access Object

• Responsible for interfacing with the database.
• This is a common design pattern: Data Access Object (DAO).

4.1. JPA Entity Manager

• Our DAO needs a JPA Entity Manager.
  • JPA Entity Manager is the main component for saving/retrieving entities.
• Our JPA Entity Manager needs a Data Source.
• The Data Source defines database connection info.
• JPA Entity Manager and Data Source are automatically created by Spring Boot.
  • Based on the file: application.properties (JDBC URL, user id, password, etc ...)
• We can autowire/inject the JPA Entity Manager into our Student DAO

4.2. What about JpaRepository?

• Spring Data JPA has a JpaRepository interface.
• This provides JPA database access with minimal coding.
• In Simple Terms
  • If you need low-level control and flexibility, use EntityManager
  • If you want high-level of abstraction, use JpaRepository

4.2.1. Which One EntityManager or JpaRepository?

Entity Manager	JPA Repository
Need low-level control over the database operations and want to write custom queries	Provides commonly used CRUD operations out of the box, reducing the amount of code you need to write
Provides low-level access to JPA and work directly with JPA entities	Additional features such as pagination, sorting
Complex queries that required advanced features such as native SQL queries or stored procedure calls	Generate queries based on method names
When you have custom requirements that are not easily handled by higher-level abstractions	Can also create custom queries using @Query

4.2.2. My Recommendation

• Choice depends on the application requirements and developer preference.
• You can also use both in the same project.
• For learning purposes, start with EntityManager then learn JpaRepository.
  • This will help you understand the low-level coding behind the scenes.
• Knowing BOTH EntityManager and JpaRepository will help you on future projects.

5. Spring @Transactional

• Spring provides an @Transactional annotation.
• Automagically begin and end a transaction for your JPA code.
  • No need for you to explicitly do this in your code.

6. Spring @Repository

• Spring provides the @Repository annotation
• Applied to DAO implementations
• Spring will automatically register the DAO implementation
• thanks to component-scanning
• Spring also provides translation of any JDBC related exceptions

7. JPA Query Language (JPQL)

• Query language for retrieving objects.
• Similar in concept to SQL.
  • where, like, order by, join, in, etc...
• However, JPQL is based on entity name and entity fields.

7.1. Retrieving all Students

  @Override
  public List<Book> findAll() {
      return entityManager.createQuery("select s FROM Book s ORDER BY s.name ASC", Book.class).getResultList();
  }

• Note: this is NOT the name of the database table.
• All JPQL syntax is based on entity name and entity fields

7.2. JPQL - Named Parameters

  @Override
  @Transactional
  public int delete(int id) {
      Query query = entityManager.createQuery("DELETE FROM Book WHERE id = :id");

      query.setParameter("id", id);

      return query.executeUpdate();
  }

8. Create database tables

• JPA/Hibernate provides an option to automagically create database tables.
• Creates tables based on Java code with JPA/Hibernate annotations.
• Useful for development and testing.

8.1. Configuration

• In Spring Boot configuration file: application.properties.
  • spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto=create
• When you run your app, JPA/Hibernate will drop tables then create them.
• Based on the JPA/Hibernate annotations in your Java code.

8.2. application.properties

Property Value	Property Description
none	No action will be performed.
create-only	Database tables are only created.
drop	Database tables are dropped.
create	Database tables are dropped followed by database tables creation.
create-drop	Database tables are dropped followed by database tables creation. On application shutdown, drop the database tables.
validate	Validate the database tables schema.
update	Update the database tables schema.

• When database tables are dropped, all data is lost.

8.3. Basic Projects

• For basic projects, can use auto configuration.
  • spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto=create
• Database tables are dropped first and then created from scratch.
• If you want to create tables once ... and then keep data, use: update.
• However, will ALTER database schema based on latest code updates.
• Be VERY careful here... only use for basic projects.
• Don't do this on Production databases!!!
• You don't want to drop your Production data.
  • All data is deleted!!!
• Instead for Production, you should have DBAs run SQL scripts.

8.4. Use Case

• spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto=create
• Automatic table generation is useful for.
• Database integration testing with in-memory databases.
• Basic, small hobby projects.

8.5. Recommendation

• In general, I don't recommend auto generation for enterprise, real-time projects.
  • You can VERY easily drop PRODUCTION data if you are not careful.
• I recommend SQL scripts.
  • Corporate DBAs prefer SQL scripts for governance and code review.
  • The SQL scripts can be customized and fine-tuned for complex database designs.
  • The SQL scripts can be version-controlled.
  • Can also work with schema migration tools such as liquibase and flyway.

9. Advanced Mappings

• One-to-One.
• One-to-Many, Many-to-One.
• Many-to-Many.

9.1. One-to-One

• An Teacher can have an Teacher Detail entity.
• Similar to an Teacher Profile.

9.2. One-to-Many

• An Teacher can have many Subjects.
• Bi-Directional

9.2.1. Many-to-One

• Inverse / opposite of One-to-Many.

9.3. Many-to-Many

• A Subject can have many Students.
• A Student can have many Subjects.

10. Important Database Concepts

• Primary key and foreign key.
• Cascade.

10.1. Primary Key and Foreign Key

• Primary key: Identify a unique row in a table.
• Foreign key
  • Link tables together a field in one table that refers to primary key in another table.
• Main purpose is to preserve relationship between tables.
  • Referential Integrity.
• Prevents operations that would destroy relationship.
• Ensures only valid data is inserted into the foreign key column.
  • Can only contain valid reference to primary key in other table.

10.2. Cascade

• You can cascade operations.
• Apply the same operation to related entities.
• If we delete an teacher, we should also delete their teacher_detail.
• This is known as CASCADE DELETE.
• Cascade delete DEPENDS on the use case.
• Developer can configure cascading.

10.2.1. Cascade Types

Cascade Type	Description
PERSIST	If entity is persisted / saved, related entity will also be persisted.
REMOVE	If entity is removed / deleted, related entity will also be deleted.
REFRESH	If entity is refreshed, related entity will also be refreshed.
DETACH	If entity is detached (not associated w/ session), then related entity will also be detached.
MERGE	If entity is merged, then related entity will also be merged.
ALL	All of above cascade types.

10.3. Fetch Types: Eager vs Lazy Loading

• Eager: Will retrieve everything.
  • Eager loading will load all dependent entities.
    • Load teacher and all of their subjects at once.
• Lazy: Will retrieve on request.

10.4. Fetch

• When we define the mapping relationship.
  • We can specify the fetch type: EAGER or LAZY.
• Example

    @Entity
    @Table(name="teacher")
    public class Teacher {
      ...
      @OneToMany(fetch=FetchType.LAZY, mappedBy="teacher")
      private List<Subject> subjects;
      ...
    }

10.5. Default Fetch Types

Mapping	Default Fetch Type
@OneToOne	FetchType.EAGER
@OneToMany	FetchType.LAZY
@ManyToOne	FetchType.EAGER
@ManyToMany	FetchType.LAZY

10.6. Overriding Default Fetch Type

• Specifying the fetch type, overrides the defaults:

    @ManyToOne(fetch=FetchType.LAZY)
    @JoinColumn(name="teacher_id")
    private Teacer teacher;

• When you lazy load, the data is only retrieved on demand.
• However, this requires an open JPA/Hibernate session.
• Need an connection to database to retrieve data.
• If the Hibernate session is closed.
  • And you attempt to retrieve lazy data.
  • Hibernate will throw an exception.

10.6.1. Best Practice

• Only load data when absolutely needed.
• Prefer Lazy loading instead of Eager loading.

10.7. Uni-Directional

• If we load an TeacherDetail.
  • Then we'd like to get the associated Teacher.
  • Can't do this with current uni-directional relationship.
  • Bi-Directional relationship is the solution.
• We can start with TeacherDetail and make it back to the Teacher.

10.8. Bi-Directional

11. Entity Lifecycle

Operations	Description
Detach	If entity is detached, it is not associated with a Hibernate session.
Merge	If instance is detached from session, then merge will reattach to session.
Persist	Transitions new instances to managed state. Next flush / commit will save in db.
Remove	Transitions managed entity to be removed. Next flush / commit will delete from db.
Refresh	Reload / synch object with data from db. Prevents stale data.

11.1. Entity Lifecycle - session method calls

• Search about...

12. More on mappedBy

• mappedBy tells JPA/Hibernate:

  • Look at the teacherDetail property in the Teacher class.
  • Use information from the Teacher class @JoinColumn.
  • To help find associated teacher.
  • Example

      public class Teacher {
        ...
        @OneToOne(cascade=CascadeType.ALL)
        @JoinColumn(name="teacher_detail_id")
        private TeacherDetail teacherDetail;
        ...
      }

13. Fetch Type

14. Dialects

RDBMS	Dialect (spring.jpa.properties.hibernate.dialect)	Driver (spring.datasource.driver-class-name)
MySQL	org.hibernate.dialect.MySQLDialect	com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver
PostgreSQL	org.hibernate.dialect.PostgreSQLDialect	org.postgresql.Driver
Microsoft SQL Server	org.hibernate.dialect.SQLServerDialect	com.microsoft.sqlserver.jdbc.SQLServerDriver

• Others

15. @JoinTable

• @JoinTable tells Hibernate:
  • Look at the student_id column in the subject_student table.
  • For other side (inverse), look at the subject_id column in the subject_student table.
  • Use this information to find relationship between student and subject.

15.1. More on "inverse"

• In this context, we are defining the relationship in the Student class.
• The Subject class is on the other side ... so it is considered the inverse.
• "Inverse" refers to the other side of the relationship.

16. Common Errors

• Error: org.hibernate.TransientPropertyValueException: object references an unsaved transient instance - save the transient instance before flushing : com.example.real_jpa_entity_relationships.models.Teacher.teacherDetail -> com.example.real_jpa_entity_relationships.models.TeacherDetail
  • Solution: Forgot CascadeType.ALL or CascadeType.PERSIST.
• Error: Infinite recursion stackoverflow problem, this happens as it's going to convert the Java Object into a JSON Object.
  • Solution

    @OneToMany(mappedBy = "user", cascade = CascadeType.ALL)
    @JsonManagedReference
    private List<Subject> subjects;