CockroachDB has gained powerful spatial data capabilities since the 20.2 release. One of the great things about this is that the spatial features are compatible with the excellent PostGIS spatial data extension for PostgreSQL (with some caveats). In my opinion, PostGIS is the gold standard for spatial data management.
I'm the maintainer of Hibernate-Spatial: an optional module which extends Hibernate with spatial capabilities. I was asked by Cockroach Labs
to write a spatial dialect for CockroachDB. This dialect was introduced
in version 5.4.30.Final.
In this blog post, I'll give you a flavor of how you can use the CockroachDB spatial dialect by building two Spring Boot applications. First we'll create a CLI Dataloader application to load the GPS trajectory dataset from the Geolife project into CockroachDB. Then we'll create a REST API Trajectory service on top of this database with full CRUD functionality. Finally, we'll add a minimal web mapping application on top of that REST service so we can dynamically view the Trajectory data on a map.
The full source code for this blog post is available on GitHub.
The Geolife dataset consists of about 18 000 GPS log files, each one representing a single trajectory. The Dataloader
application will read each file, extract the GPS coordinates and timestamps, and create a Trajectory object from the
data which is then persisted in a trajectory table in the database.
Our database is (of course) CockroachDB. For this demo we will use a single instance docker configuration.
$ docker run -d --name=cockroach -p 26257:26257 -p 8080:8080 cockroachdb/cockroach:v21.1.2 start-single-node --insecure
To create our application, we use the Spring initializer for Maven and select the Spring Data
JPA dependency. This will bring in Hibernate as a dependency as well. The spatial dialects are packaged in the optional
hibernate-spatial module, so we need to add this dependency to the POM ourselves.
<dependency>
<groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>
<artifactId>hibernate-spatial</artifactId>
</dependency>To finalize the setup of our project, we create the application.properties file. We'll let Hibernate
automatically create the required table objects for us (spring.jpa.hibernatgge.ddl-auto=create).
# It's not a web app .
spring.main.web-application-type=NONE
...
spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto=create
spring.jpa.properties.hibernate.dialect=org.hibernate.spatial.dialect.cockroachdb.CockroachDB202SpatialDialect
spring.datasource.url=jdbc:postgresql://localhost:26257/defaultdb?sslmode=disable
spring.datasource.username=root
spring.datasource.password=
Note that we need to set the dialect explicitly. If we didn't do this, Spring Boot would choose a non-spatial dialect by default for the database.
A SpatialDialect extends its base Dialect class by adding support for Geometry types, such as Point, LineString or
Polygon. This means that Hibernate will handle the persistence of values of these types automatically. The spatial
dialects also register a set of spatial functions so that you can use them in JPQL (or HQL) queries. There is more
detail in Chapter 18 of
the Hibernate User Guide.
In fact, Hibernate supports not one but two Geometry libraries: the Java Topology Suite (JTS) and GeoLatte-Geom. JTS is the oldest and most popular choice. It also sets the gold standard for computational geometry algorithm (CGA) implementations in Java. GeoLatte-Geom is a more recent alternative that I created in parallel with Hibernate-Spatial. I felt the need for a new Geometry library that is more aligned with the spatial capabilities of modern databases.
In this tutorial we'll be using GeoLatte-Geom. The code on GitHub has a branch that uses JTS for those interested.
Let's continue with the Dataloader application. To represent the trajectories, we create the following Entity class.
@Entity
public class Trajectory {
@Id
@GeneratedValue
private UUID id;
private LineString<G2D> geometry;
private LocalDateTime start;
private Long durationInMinutes;
public Trajectory() {
}
public Trajectory(LineString<G2D> lineString, LocalDateTime start, LocalDateTime stop) {
this.geometry = lineString;
this.start = start;
this.durationInMinutes = Duration.between( start, stop ).toMinutes();
}
}The Trajectory class has a LineString<G2D> member variable for the trajectory geometry. This means that a trajectory
is spatially represented as a LineString (a connected series of line segments) in a two-dimensional geographic
coordinate reference system.
Next, we will create a Repository for Trajectory. Again, using Hibernate and Spring Boot makes this almost too easy.
The full implementation is shown below. Note that we will be storing Trajectories in batches.
@Transactional
@Repository
public class TrajectoryRepository {
@PersistenceContext
private EntityManager entityManager;
public TrajectoryRepository() {
}
@Transactional
public void saveAll(List<Trajectory> trajectories) {
trajectories.forEach( entityManager::persist );
entityManager.flush();
entityManager.clear();
}
}The Geolife dataset stores trajectories as PLT text files. The PltParser class reads the data and turns it into
a Trajectory instance.
public class PltParser {
...
// Returns null in case of errors
Trajectory parse() {
try {
var positions = PositionSequenceBuilders.variableSized( G2D.class );
List<LocalDateTime> times = new ArrayList<>();
Files.readString( path )
.lines()
.skip( 6 ) //skip the first six lines as per documentation
.map( this::toTimestampedCoordinate ) //here we parse the GPS log record
.filter( Objects::nonNull ) //filter out lines we couldn't parse
.forEach( tsco -> {
positions.add( tsco.lon, tsco.lat );
times.add( tsco.timestamp );
} );
return buildTrajectory( positions, times );
}
catch (IOException e) {
LOG.warn( format( "Failure to read file %s", path ), e );
return null;
}
}
private Trajectory buildTrajectory(PositionSequenceBuilder<G2D> seqBuilder, List<LocalDateTime> times) {
if ( times.size() < 2 ) {
return null;
}
var ls = new LineString<>( seqBuilder.toPositionSequence(), WGS84 );
var start = Collections.min( times );
var stop = Collections.max( times );
return new Trajectory( ls, start, stop );
}
...
}The PltParser reads the data lines and extracts the longitude, latitude and timestamp into a helper
TimeStampedCoordinate object (not shown). The coordinates of each TimestampedCoordinate are then collected in
a PositionSequenceBuilder, and the timestamps in a List. The buildTrajectory() method turns these into
a Trajectory object.
Finally, we complete the Dataloader by walking over the files in the data directory, parsing each file, and storing the
resulting Trajectory in the database. To make this a bit more interesting we'll use
Reactor to parallelize both the parse and the database store operations.
The core logic of the Dataloader is the processPaths method. It takes as argument a stream of Paths and parses the
files in parallel. The results are merged to a single stream, which is then buffered in batches of 64 trajectories.
These batches are then persisted in parallel to CockroachDB.
private Flux<?> processPaths(Flux<Path> paths){
return paths.parallel(PARALLELISM)
.runOn(Schedulers.parallel())
.map(PltParser::new)
.map(PltParser::parse)
.filter(Objects::nonNull)
.sequential() //merge result
.buffer(64)
.parallel(PARALLELISM)
.runOn(Schedulers.parallel())
.doOnNext(repository::saveAll)
.sequential();
}Let's see it in operation:
$ mvn package
$ java -jar target/dataloader-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar $GEOLIFE_DATA_DIRECTORY
. ____ _ __ _ _
/\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __ __ _ \ \ \ \
( ( )\___ | '_ | '_| | '_ \/ _` | \ \ \ \
\\/ ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| | ) ) ) )
' |____| .__|_| |_|_| |_\__, | / / / /
=========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/
:: Spring Boot :: (v2.4.5)
2021-05-24 20:07:37.163 INFO 190389 --- [ main] com.example.DataloaderApp : Starting DataloaderApp v0.0.1-SNAPSHOT using Java 11.0.10 on threadripper1 with PID 190389 (/home/maesenka/workspaces/spins/route-analyser/dataloader/target/dataloader-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar started by maesenka in /home/maesenka/workspaces/spins/route-analyser/dataloader)
2021-05-24 20:07:37.164 INFO 190389 --- [ main] com.example.DataloaderApp : No active profile set, falling back to default profiles: default
2021-05-24 20:07:37.470 INFO 190389 --- [ main] .s.d.r.c.RepositoryConfigurationDelegate : Bootstrapping Spring Data JPA repositories in DEFAULT mode.
2021-05-24 20:07:37.477 INFO 190389 --- [ main] .s.d.r.c.RepositoryConfigurationDelegate : Finished Spring Data repository scanning in 2 ms. Found 0 JPA repository interfaces.
2021-05-24 20:07:37.790 INFO 190389 --- [ main] o.hibernate.jpa.internal.util.LogHelper : HHH000204: Processing PersistenceUnitInfo [name: default]
2021-05-24 20:07:37.841 INFO 190389 --- [ main] org.hibernate.Version : HHH000412: Hibernate ORM core version 5.4.31.Final
2021-05-24 20:07:37.910 INFO 190389 --- [ main] o.h.spatial.integration.SpatialService : HHH80000001: hibernate-spatial integration enabled : true
2021-05-24 20:07:37.929 INFO 190389 --- [ main] o.hibernate.annotations.common.Version : HCANN000001: Hibernate Commons Annotations {5.1.2.Final}
2021-05-24 20:07:38.008 INFO 190389 --- [ main] com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource : HikariPool-1 - Starting...
2021-05-24 20:07:38.063 INFO 190389 --- [ main] com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource : HikariPool-1 - Start completed.
2021-05-24 20:07:38.096 INFO 190389 --- [ main] org.hibernate.dialect.Dialect : HHH000400: Using dialect: org.hibernate.spatial.dialect.cockroachdb.CockroachDB202SpatialDialect
2021-05-24 20:07:38.509 INFO 190389 --- [ main] o.h.e.t.j.p.i.JtaPlatformInitiator : HHH000490: Using JtaPlatform implementation: [org.hibernate.engine.transaction.jta.platform.internal.NoJtaPlatform]
2021-05-24 20:07:38.521 INFO 190389 --- [ main] j.LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean : Initialized JPA EntityManagerFactory for persistence unit 'default'
2021-05-24 20:07:38.605 INFO 190389 --- [ main] com.example.DataloaderApp : Started DataloaderApp in 1.741 seconds (JVM running for 2.067)
2021-05-24 20:07:38.608 INFO 190389 --- [ main] com.example.DataloaderApp : Parallelism set at: 16
2021-05-24 20:07:38.608 INFO 190389 --- [ main] com.example.DataloaderApp : Batchsize set at: 128
Parsing all files took (ms): 6453
2021-05-24 20:07:45.070 INFO 190389 --- [extShutdownHook] j.LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean : Closing JPA EntityManagerFactory for persistence unit 'default'
2021-05-24 20:07:45.073 INFO 190389 --- [extShutdownHook] com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource : HikariPool-1 - Shutdown initiated...
2021-05-24 20:07:45.077 INFO 190389 --- [extShutdownHook] com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource : HikariPool-1 - Shutdown completed.Let's inspect the result:
$ psql -U root -h localhost -p 26257 -d defaultdb
defaultdb=# select count(*) from trajectory;
count
-------
18670
(1 row)
We've read 18760 data files, parsed them and stored them in a database in less than 7 seconds making full use of the available cores (admittedly on a rather beefy machine).
Using Hibernate makes it possible to create applications that are portable across databases (within limits, of course).
For example, if you change the application.properties file as shown below, you can target a PostgreSQL database without any code changes.
spring.jpa.properties.hibernate.dialect=org.hibernate.spatial.dialect.postgis.PostgisPG95Dialect
spring.datasource.url=jdbc:postgresql://localhost/hibernate_orm_test
In fact, the code as written will work on any database for which a SpatialDialect exists.
Now that we have trajectory data in our database, let's create a REST application on top of this using Spring Data REST.
Again using Spring Initializr, we can create a Maven project as a starting point. We now select "Spring Data JPA"
and "Rest Repositories" as dependencies. Again we need to add hibernate-spatial as a dependency. We will also add the
geolatte-geojson library as a dependency for serializing Geometries to GeoJJSON.
<dependency>
<groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>
<artifactId>hibernate-spatial</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.geolatte</groupId>
<artifactId>geolatte-geojson</artifactId>
<version>1.8.0</version>
</dependency>The Trajectory entity class is the same as above, except we also add getters for the member variables.
To create a basic JSON REST service for creating, updating and retrieving trajectories, we only need to create
a Repository and make sure that Jackson can (de)serialize Trajectory entities.
The JSON serialization can be handled by a custom JSON builder:
@Configuration
public class JsonBuilderConfig {
@Bean
public Jackson2ObjectMapperBuilder jackson2ObjectMapperBuilder() {
var module = new GeolatteGeomModule( WGS84 );
return new Jackson2ObjectMapperBuilder()
.modules( module )
.serializers( new LocalDateTimeSerializer( DateTimeFormatter.ISO_LOCAL_DATE_TIME ) )
.deserializers( new LocalDateTimeDeserializer( DateTimeFormatter.ISO_LOCAL_DATE_TIME ) );
}
}This adds the GeolatteGeomModule which will take care of serializing the Trajectory geometries to GeoJSON. We also
configure Jackson to properly write the Trajectory start timestamps as ISO formatted Strings.
As for the repository, we only need to declare our Repository interface as a PagingAndSortingRepository and Spring
Data REST will generate the data access logic and the REST controllers automatically.
public interface TrajectoryRepository extends PagingAndSortingRepository<Trajectory, UUID> {
}Let's start up the application and use HTTPie to test the REST API on the command-line. As GeoJSON is (very) verbose, we'll use jq to transform the GeoJSON to something more concise.
$ mvn package
$ java -jar target/route-analyser-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar
...
$ http GET http://localhost:9000/api/trajectories page==5 \
| jq '._embedded.trajectories[] | {duration: .durationInMinutes, url: ._links.self.href}'
{
"duration": 140,
"url": "http://localhost:9000/api/trajectories/00038521-5b54-4659-8889-537d79f9b5f3"
}
{
"duration": 42,
"url": "http://localhost:9000/api/trajectories/0004c17b-e9f1-482c-aadc-32398657a5b3"
}
{
"duration": 25,
"url": "http://localhost:9000/api/trajectories/0005b24c-c709-4923-8533-1182d0916e3b"
}
{
"duration": 5,
"url": "http://localhost:9000/api/trajectories/00073325-0c68-4024-9d39-91b7fa632fcb"
}
{
"duration": 69,
"url": "http://localhost:9000/api/trajectories/000acdd6-3364-420b-a1b3-2b93076bcb4e"
}The jq expression we used above iterates over each Trajectory JSON object, and maps it to an object with only the duration, and the link to the trajectory.
Now let's inspect the shortest trajectory.
$ http GET http://localhost:9000/api/trajectories/00073325-0c68-4024-9d39-91b7fa632fcb
{
"geometry" : {
"type" : "LineString",
"crs" : {
"type" : "name",
"properties" : {
"name" : "EPSG:4326"
}
},
"coordinates" : [ [ 116.340436, 39.981813 ], [ 116.340697, 39.982132 ], ...]
},
"start" : "2008-12-02T15:17:06",
"durationInMinutes" : 5,
"_links" : {
"self" : {
"href" : "http://localhost:9000/api/trajectories/00073325-0c68-4024-9d39-91b7fa632fcb"
},
"trajectory" : {
"href" : "http://localhost:9000/api/trajectories/00073325-0c68-4024-9d39-91b7fa632fcb"
}
}
}Spring Data REST also adds support for PUT and POST to update and create Trajectory instances. To demonstrate that
this works, let's change the duration attribute to 6 minutes for the trajectory we just retrieved.
$ http GET http://localhost:9000/api/trajectories/00073325-0c68-4024-9d39-91b7fa632fcb \
| sed -e 's/"durationInMinutes" : 5/"durationInMinutes" : 6/' \
| http PUT http://localhost:9000/api/trajectories/00073325-0c68-4024-9d39-91b7fa632fcb
{
"geometry" : {
"type" : "LineString",
.....
}
$ http GET http://localhost:9000/api/trajectories/00073325-0c68-4024-9d39-91b7fa632fcb | jq .durationInMinutes
6 It would be nice to actually see the trajectories on a map. So let's create a simple web map using the OpenLayers JavaScript framework. The result will look like this:
The details of how the front-end is set up is beyond the scope of this tutorial. The source code for the web map is in
the /web/js/main.js file and is sufficiently documented to understand what's happening.
The client code in the js folder uses webpack. To build the client, we do
$ cd js
$ npm install
# npm run buildThis will build the webclient and copy it to the src/main/resources/static directory. This ensures that after building
the application JAR and running it, the web map will be served as a static resource file.
The most important part of the client code is shown below. The trajectorySource object is responsible for loading the trajectory
data in the map every time that the map extent changes (that is what strategy: bbox means). It uses the loader
function to fetch the trajectory data from the REST service. OpenLayers provides a GeoJSON class that we use to
deserialize the GeoJSON objects. The GeoJSON object also projects the data from WGS84 (the CRS for the data returned by
the REST service) to WEB_MERCATOR (identified by EPSG:3857), which is needed to display the geometry on the map.
const format = new GeoJSON( {dataProjection: 'EPSG:4326', featureProjection: 'EPSG:3857'} );
const trajectorySource = new VectorSource(
{
loader: function (extent, resolution, projection) {
if ( !isTrajectoriesActive || extent[0] === -Infinity ) {
return;
}
let url = buildFetchUrl( extent );
dataFetch( url );
},
strategy: bbox
} );
const buildFetchUrl = function (extent) {
let ll = olProj.toLonLat( [extent[0], extent[1]] );
let ur = olProj.toLonLat( [extent[2], extent[3]] );
let bbox = `${ll[0]},${ll[1]},${ur[0]},${ur[1]}`;
return `/api/trajectories/search/bbox?bbox=${bbox}`;
};
/**
* Fetch data using specified URL and load into the VectorSource
* @param url
*/
const dataFetch = function (url) {
console.log( "Fetching URL:", url )
fetch( url )
.then( response => {
if ( response.ok ) {
return response.json();
}
...
} )
.then( data => {
let trajectoryData = data['_embedded']['trajectories'];
let features = trajectoryData.map(
tr => {
let f = new Feature( {
geometry: format.readGeometry( tr['geometry'] ),
start: tr['start'],
duration: tr['durationInMinutes']
} );
f.setId( tr['_links']['self']['href'] );
return f;
}
);
trajectorySource.addFeatures( features );
}
);
};As you may have deduced from the code, the client assumes a api/trajectories/search/bbox?bbox=<extent> resource that accepts the
map extent as a parameter. How can we implement this in the backend?
First, we need to extend our TrajectoryRepository with the specialised bbox() custom search method. To this end we
create the following interface:
@Component
public interface TrajectoryCustomRepository {
/**
* Find all {@code Trajectory}s that overlap with the specified bounding box
* @param bbox the bounding box as a String (minlon, minlat, maxlon, maxlat)
* @return the {@code Trajectory}s that overlap with the specified bounding box
*/
@RestResource(path = "bbox")
List<Trajectory> bbox(String bbox);
}We must also have the TrajectoryRepository extend this interface:
public interface TrajectoryRepository extends
PagingAndSortingRepository<Trajectory, UUID>,
TrajectoryCustomRepository {
}Since we're using a Spatial Dialect, we can use JPQL to implement the bbox() method.
public class TrajectoryCustomRepositoryImpl implements TrajectoryCustomRepository {
...
@Override
public List<Trajectory> bbox(String bbox) {
TypedQuery<Trajectory> query = entityManager.createQuery(
"select t from Trajectory t where filter(t.geometry, :param) = true ",
Trajectory.class
);
Polygon<G2D> filter = fromBbox( bbox ); //String to Polygon
query.setParameter( "param", filter );
return query.getResultList();
}
...
}The filter() function in the JPQL query is provided by the CockroachDB spatial dialect. Hibernate will translate this
to approximately the following SQL query that uses the && spatial operator:
select t.*
from trajectory t
where (t.geometry && ?) = trueAnd that is all we have to do. We now have a REST service for trajectories that offers CRUD functionality, plus bounding box searches to power a dynamic map front-end.
Build and run it:
$ mvn package
$ java -jar target/route-analyser-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jarAnd point your browser to http://localhost:9000.
Now if we run this the first time, we get this error:
org.postgresql.util.PSQLException: ERROR: this box2d comparison operator is experimental
Hint: To enable box2d comparators, use `SET CLUSTER SETTING sql.spatial.experimental_box2d_comparison_operators.enabled = on`.
So we do as we are told:
$ docker exec -it cockroach bash -c "cat <<EOF | ./cockroach sql --insecure
SET CLUSTER SETTING sql.spatial.experimental_box2d_comparison_operators.enabled = on;
quit
EOF"Beware, there are serious limitations to this implementation. First there are no limits set on the result size. As it
happens, most of the trajectories were registered in and around Beijing. So if you set the map extent to Beijing, then
most of the dataset will get serialized to JSON and sent to your browser. This might crash your browser, if the REST
service process doesn't throw an OutOfMemoryError first.
There are ways around this depending on your use case. You might set an arbitrary limit on the number of features to send, for example. Another important strategy to deal with this issue is to make the REST service reactive. Features will then be streamed to the client as they become available from the database. How to do this with Hibenate and Spring Boot is the subject for another tutorial, however.