feat(ci): update turbo, add caching

[r-near]

Pre-flight checklist

• I have read the Contributing Guidelines on pull requests.
• Commit messages follow the conventional commits spec
• If this is a code change: I have written unit tests.
• If this changes code in a published package: I have run pnpm changeset to create a changeset JSON document appropriate for this change.
• If this is a new API or substantial change: the PR has an accompanying issue (closes #0000) and the maintainers have approved on my working plan.

Motivation

Improved turbo caching and task configuration

Updated our turbo.json configuration to be more robust and enable better caching:

• Added transit pattern so test/lint tasks properly track dependency changes
• Removed overly restrictive input globs that were skipping important files (package.json, lockfile)
• Added proper caching setup in CI with actions/cache@v4

Also upgraded our toolchain:

• turbo 1.4.5 -> 2.4.2
• pnpm 9.4.0 -> 10.4.1
• node 20.15.0 -> 20.18.3
• Various GitHub Actions to their v4 versions

The main win here is proper caching - our previous input globs were too restrictive and could miss important dependency changes. As a bonus, the transit pattern makes it safer to run tasks in parallel if needed.

[changeset-bot]

⚠️ No Changeset found

Latest commit: 5bdf377

Merging this PR will not cause a version bump for any packages. If these changes should not result in a new version, you're good to go. If these changes should result in a version bump, you need to add a changeset.

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[frol]

@race-of-sloths score 3

[race-of-sloths]

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Current status: executed

Reviewer	Score
@frol	3

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[r-near]

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🥁 Score it!

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[frol]

@race-of-sloths score 3