feat: Add dtype to str.to_integer()

[math-hiyoko]

This adds a dtype option to str.to_integer(), limited to PolarsIntegerTypes. Each dtype corresponds to a call to the appropriate Rust from_str_radix implementation. The default type is pl.Int64.

Example

import polars as pl
df = pl.DataFrame(
    {
        "str": [
            "-6129899454972456276923959272",
            "1A44E53BFEBA967E6682FBB0",
            "10100110111110110101110100000100110010101111000100011000000100010101010101101011111111101000",
            None,
            "7798994549724957734429272",
        ],
        "base": [10, 16, 2, 8, None],
    }
)
df.select(int=pl.col("str").str.to_integer(base="base", dtype=pl.Int128))
# shape: (5, 1)
# Series: 'bin' [i32]
# ┌───────────────────────────────┐
# │ int                           │
# │ ---                           │
# │ i128                          │
# ╞═══════════════════════════════╡
# │ -6129899454972456276923959272 │
# │ 8129899739726392769273592752  │
# │ 3229899454972495776923959272  │
# │ null                          │
# │ null                          │
# └───────────────────────────────┘

close #20567

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 97.93814% with 2 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 80.77%. Comparing base (f5ada14) to head (3b76f6d).
Report is 3 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
.../polars-ops/src/chunked_array/strings/namespace.rs	98.75%	1 Missing ⚠️
.../polars-python/src/lazyframe/visitor/expr_nodes.rs	0.00%	1 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main   #22239   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   80.77%   80.77%           
=======================================
  Files        1640     1640           
  Lines      235577   235629   +52     
  Branches     2714     2714           
=======================================
+ Hits       190282   190327   +45     
- Misses      44654    44661    +7     
  Partials      641      641           

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[math-hiyoko]

Everything is ready now

[orlp]

Also closes #11612.