feat: Add dtype to str.to_integer()

[math-hiyoko]

This adds a dtype option to str.to_integer(), limited to PolarsIntegerTypes. Each dtype corresponds to a call to the appropriate Rust from_str_radix implementation. The default type is pl.Int64.

Example

import polars as pl
df = pl.DataFrame(
    {
        "str": [
            "-6129899454972456276923959272",
            "1A44E53BFEBA967E6682FBB0",
            "10100110111110110101110100000100110010101111000100011000000100010101010101101011111111101000",
            None,
            "7798994549724957734429272",
        ],
        "base": [10, 16, 2, 8, None],
    }
)
df.select(int=pl.col("str").str.to_integer(base="base", dtype=pl.Int128))
# shape: (5, 1)
# Series: 'bin' [i32]
# ┌───────────────────────────────┐
# │ int                           │
# │ ---                           │
# │ i128                          │
# ╞═══════════════════════════════╡
# │ -6129899454972456276923959272 │
# │ 8129899739726392769273592752  │
# │ 3229899454972495776923959272  │
# │ null                          │
# │ null                          │
# └───────────────────────────────┘

close #20567

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 97.72727% with 2 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 80.71%. Comparing base (63d0b8f) to head (2712138).
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
.../polars-ops/src/chunked_array/strings/namespace.rs	98.55%	1 Missing ⚠️
.../polars-python/src/lazyframe/visitor/expr_nodes.rs	0.00%	1 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #22239      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   80.72%   80.71%   -0.02%     
==========================================
  Files        1644     1644              
  Lines      221684   221719      +35     
  Branches     2786     2786              
==========================================
- Hits       178957   178955       -2     
- Misses      42064    42101      +37     
  Partials      663      663              

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[math-hiyoko]

Everything is ready now

[orlp]

Also closes #11612.

[math-hiyoko]

All checks are green; happy to rebase or tweak if needed. Thanks!

[math-hiyoko]

Hi @orlp – gentle ping.
All checks are green and this PR has been sitting ready for review for a few weeks.
If anything blocks merging, please let me know and I’ll address it promptly.
Thanks in advance for your time!

[math-hiyoko]

Hi maintainers,

Just a gentle reminder about this PR (#22239) — it’s been open for a couple of months now, CI is all green, and I’m happy to make any further tweaks if needed. I’d really appreciate it if someone could take a look when you get a chance. Thanks a lot!

[orlp]

Sorry I missed your ping last week, I was on holiday. I will take a look today.

[orlp]

Looks good :) Thanks for your contribution.

[math-hiyoko]

Thank you all for taking the time to review and approve this PR!