gh-139888: Add PyTupleWriter C API (stack flavor)

[vstinner]

• Add _PyTuple_NewNoTrack() and _PyTuple_ResizeNoTrack() helper functions.
• Modify PySequence_Tuple() to use PyTupleWriter API.
• Soft deprecate _PyTuple_Resize().

• Issue: [C API] Add PyTupleWriter API #139888

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📚 Documentation preview 📚: https://cpython-previews--140129.org.readthedocs.build/

[vstinner]

Benchmark based on my previous benchmark.

Compare PyTuple_SET_ITEM() to PyTupleWriter_AddSteal() where heap is PR gh-139891 and stack is this PR (gh-140129).

Benchmark	tuple	heap	stack
tuple-1	31.3 ns	42.3 ns: 1.35x slower	39.1 ns: 1.25x slower
tuple-5	51.0 ns	70.4 ns: 1.38x slower	65.2 ns: 1.28x slower
tuple-10	74.6 ns	106 ns: 1.41x slower	96.7 ns: 1.30x slower
tuple-100	567 ns	803 ns: 1.42x slower	754 ns: 1.33x slower
tuple-1000	5.52 us	7.73 us: 1.40x slower	7.33 us: 1.33x slower
Geometric mean	(ref)	1.39x slower	1.30x slower

diff --git a/Modules/_testcapimodule.c b/Modules/_testcapimodule.c
index 4e73be20e1b..2a1d0b85a23 100644
--- a/Modules/_testcapimodule.c
+++ b/Modules/_testcapimodule.c
@@ -2562,6 +2562,74 @@ toggle_reftrace_printer(PyObject *ob, PyObject *arg)
     Py_RETURN_NONE;
 }
 
+static PyObject *
+bench_tuple(PyObject *ob, PyObject *args)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t size, loops;
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "nn", &size, &loops)) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    PyTime_t t1, t2;
+    PyTime_PerfCounterRaw(&t1);
+    for (Py_ssize_t i=0; i < loops; i++) {
+        PyObject *tuple = PyTuple_New(size);
+        if (tuple == NULL) {
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+        for (int i=0; i < size; i++) {
+            PyObject *item = PyLong_FromLong(i);
+            if (item == NULL) {
+                Py_DECREF(tuple);
+                return NULL;
+            }
+            PyTuple_SET_ITEM(tuple, i, item);
+        }
+
+        Py_DECREF(tuple);
+    }
+    PyTime_PerfCounterRaw(&t2);
+    return PyFloat_FromDouble(PyTime_AsSecondsDouble(t2 - t1));
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+bench_writer(PyObject *ob, PyObject *args)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t size, loops;
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "nn", &size, &loops)) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    PyTime_t t1, t2;
+    PyTime_PerfCounterRaw(&t1);
+    for (Py_ssize_t i=0; i < loops; i++) {
+        PyTupleWriter writer;
+        if (PyTupleWriter_Init(&writer, size) < 0) {
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+        for (int i=0; i < size; i++) {
+            PyObject *item = PyLong_FromLong(i);
+            if (item == NULL) {
+                return NULL;
+            }
+            if (PyTupleWriter_AddSteal(&writer, item) < 0) {
+                PyTupleWriter_Discard(&writer);
+                return NULL;
+            }
+        }
+
+        PyObject *tuple = PyTupleWriter_Finish(&writer);
+        if (tuple == NULL) {
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        Py_DECREF(tuple);
+    }
+    PyTime_PerfCounterRaw(&t2);
+    return PyFloat_FromDouble(PyTime_AsSecondsDouble(t2 - t1));
+}
+
 static PyMethodDef TestMethods[] = {
     {"set_errno",               set_errno,                       METH_VARARGS},
     {"test_config",             test_config,                     METH_NOARGS},
@@ -2656,6 +2724,8 @@ static PyMethodDef TestMethods[] = {
     {"test_atexit", test_atexit, METH_NOARGS},
     {"code_offset_to_line", _PyCFunction_CAST(code_offset_to_line), METH_FASTCALL},
     {"toggle_reftrace_printer", toggle_reftrace_printer, METH_O},
+    {"bench_tuple", bench_tuple, METH_VARARGS},
+    {"bench_writer", bench_writer, METH_VARARGS},
     {NULL, NULL} /* sentinel */
 };