[Actions] Resolve ocassional errors from the package install step, optimize the process

[VeithMetro]

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[Copilot]

Pull Request Overview

This PR refactors the package installation process in the GitHub Actions Linux build workflow to resolve occasional errors and optimize performance. The changes replace a single retry action with more granular retry logic and improve dependency management.

• Replaced single retry block with separate steps for architecture setup, apt update, and package installation
• Added proper error handling with bash set flags and custom retry loops
• Optimized package management by avoiding unnecessary i386 architecture setup for 64-bit builds

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