This describes simple performance measurements of several open source UPFs by using the traffic generator TRex as the performance measurement tool and Simple PFCP Client as the PFCP simulator. This was measured on the VMs on Proxmox VE. For other measurement results, please see Performance Measurement.
Note. Performance measurement results are highly dependent on the measurement conditions. These results are only examples of results under certain measurement conditions. And this is a very simple measurement, and according to this comment, it doesn't seem to make much sense to measure between VMs. I hope it will serve as a reference for a simple configuration when measuring on real devices.
- Simple Overview of UPF Performance Measurements
- Changes in configuration files of Simple PFCP Client, TRex and UPFs
- Network settings of TRex and UPFs
- Build Simple PFCP Client, TRex and UPFs
- Run Simple PFCP Client, TRex and UPFs
- Measure UPF Performance
- Results
- Changelog (summary)
I will easily measure the performance of several open source UPFs by using TRex as the traffic generator and Simple PFCP Client as the PFCP simulator. Note that this configuration is implemented with Proxmox VE VMs.
The following minimum configuration was set as a condition.
- One PFCP client, TRex and DUT (UPF)
The built simulation environment is as follows.
Simple PFCP Client, TRex used are as follows.
- Simple PFCP Client (2025.01.16) - https://github.com/s5uishida/simple_pfcp_client
- TRex v3.06 (2024.09.17) - https://github.com/cisco-system-traffic-generator/trex-core
- Scapy v2.6.1 (2024.11.05) - https://github.com/secdev/scapy
The UPFs used are as follows.
- Open5GS v2.7.5 (2025.06.01) - https://github.com/open5gs/open5gs
- free5GC UPF (go-upf) v1.2.6 (2025.03.03) - https://github.com/free5gc/go-upf
gtp5g v0.9.14 (2025.04.21) - https://github.com/free5gc/gtp5g - UPG-VPP v1.13.0 (2024.03.25) - https://github.com/travelping/upg-vpp
- eUPF v0.7.1 (2025.06.04) - https://github.com/edgecomllc/eupf
Each VMs are as follows.
| VM | SW & Role | IP address | OS | CPU | Mem | HDD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VM1 | Simple PFCP Client | 192.168.0.111/24 | Ubuntu 24.04 | 1 | 1GB | 10GB |
| VM-TG | TRex Traffic Generator |
192.168.0.131/24 | Ubuntu 22.04 | 3 | 8GB | 20GB |
| VM-DUT | each UPF DUT (Device Under Test) |
192.168.0.151/24 | Ubuntu 24.04 or 22.04 |
2 | 8GB | 20GB |
Each VM-DUT(UPFs) are as follows.
| # | SW / packet processing | Date | Commit | OS |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | Open5GS UPF v2.7.5 user space |
2025.06.01 | 9f5d133657850e6167231527514ee1364d37a884 |
Ubuntu 24.04 |
| b | free5GC UPF (go-upf) v1.2.6 kernel module |
2025.03.03 | 07801dcf3cfd0516610aae3fa08809cfd0b2497f |
Ubuntu 24.04 |
| c | UPG-VPP v1.13.0 VPP/DPDK |
2024.03.25 | dfdf64000566d35955d7c180720ff66086bd3572 |
Ubuntu 22.04 |
| d | eUPF v0.7.1 eBPF/XDP |
2025.06.04 | 5653b09a97db9b38e7a03d118649d38f4e95d7a2 |
Ubuntu 24.04 |
The network interfaces of each VM except VM-DUT are as follows.
| VM | Device | Model | Linux Bridge | IP address | Interface |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VM1 | ens18 | VirtIO | vmbr1 | 10.0.0.111/24 | (NAPT NW) |
| ens19 | VirtIO | mgbr0 | 192.168.0.111/24 | (Mgmt NW) | |
| ens20 | VirtIO | vmbr4 | 192.168.14.111/24 | N4 | |
| VM-TG | ens18 | VirtIO | vmbr1 | 10.0.0.131/24 | (NAPT NW) |
| ens19 | VirtIO | mgbr0 | 192.168.0.131/24 | (Mgmt NW) | |
| ens20 | VirtIO | vmbr3 | 192.168.13.131/24 | N3 (Under DPDK by uio_pci_generic) | |
| ens21 | VirtIO | vmbr6 | 192.168.16.152/24 | N6 (Under DPDK by uio_pci_generic) |
The network interfaces of each VM-DUT(UPFs) are as follows.
| # | SW | Device | Model | Linux Bridge | IP address | Interface |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | Open5GS UPF | |||||
| ens19 | VirtIO | mgbr0 | 192.168.0.151/24 | (Mgmt NW) | ||
| ens20 | VirtIO | vmbr3 | 192.168.13.151/24 | N3 | ||
| ens21 | VirtIO | vmbr4 | 192.168.14.151/24 | N4 | ||
| ens22 | VirtIO | vmbr6 | 192.168.16.151/24 | N6 | ||
| b | free5GC UPF (go-upf) |
|||||
| ens19 | VirtIO | mgbr0 | 192.168.0.151/24 | (Mgmt NW) | ||
| ens20 | VirtIO | vmbr3 | 192.168.13.151/24 | N3 | ||
| ens21 | VirtIO | vmbr4 | 192.168.14.151/24 | N4 | ||
| ens22 | VirtIO | vmbr6 | 192.168.16.151/24 | N6 | ||
| c | UPG-VPP | |||||
| ens19 | VirtIO | mgbr0 | 192.168.0.151/24 | (Mgmt NW) | ||
| ens20 | VirtIO | vmbr3 | 192.168.13.151/24 | N3 (Under DPDK by vfio-pci) | ||
| ens21 | VirtIO | vmbr4 | 192.168.14.151/24 | N4 (Under DPDK by vfio-pci) | ||
| ens22 | VirtIO | vmbr6 | 192.168.16.151/24 | N6 (Under DPDK by vfio-pci) | ||
| d | eUPF | |||||
| ens19 | VirtIO | mgbr0 | 192.168.0.151/24 | (Mgmt NW) | ||
| ens20 | VirtIO | vmbr3 | 192.168.13.151/24 | N3 (XDP) | ||
| ens21 | VirtIO | vmbr4 | 192.168.14.151/24 | N4 | ||
| ens22 | VirtIO | vmbr6 | 192.168.16.151/24 | N6 (XDP) |
Linux Bridges of Proxmox VE are as follows.
| Linux Bridge | Network CIDR | Interface |
|---|---|---|
| vmbr1 | 10.0.0.0/24 | NAPT NW |
| mgbr0 | 192.168.0.0/24 | Mgmt NW |
| vmbr3 | 192.168.13.0/24 | N3 |
| vmbr4 | 192.168.14.0/24 | N4 |
| vmbr6 | 192.168.16.0/24 | N6 |
UE IP address and TEID are as follows.
| UE IP address | UpLink TEID | DownLink TEID |
|---|---|---|
| 10.45.0.2/24 | 0x00000001 | 0x00000002 |
Please refer to the following for building Simple PFCP Client, TRex and UPFs respectively.
- Simple PFCP Client (2025.01.16) - https://github.com/s5uishida/simple_pfcp_client
- TRex v3.06 (2024.09.17) - https://github.com/s5uishida/install_trex
- Open5GS v2.7.5 (2025.06.01) - https://open5gs.org/open5gs/docs/guide/02-building-open5gs-from-sources/
- free5GC UPF (go-upf) v1.2.6 (2025.03.03) - https://free5gc.org/guide/
- UPG-VPP v1.13.0 (2024.03.25) - https://github.com/s5uishida/install_vpp_upf_dpdk
- eUPF v0.7.1 (2025.06.04) - https://github.com/s5uishida/install_eupf
See here for the original file.
/root/pfcp_request.py
There is no change.
See here for the original file.
/etc/trex_cfg.yaml
There is no change.
See here for the original load profiles.
-
/opt/trex/stl/gtp_1pkt_simple.pyfor UpLink
There is no change. -
/opt/trex/stl/udp_1pkt_simple.pyfor DownLink
There is no change.
See here for the original latency profiles.
-
/opt/trex/stl/gtp_latency_1pkt_simple.pyfor UpLink
There is no change. -
/opt/trex/stl/udp_latency_1pkt_simple.pyfor DownLink
There is no change.
open5gs/install/etc/open5gs/upf.yaml
--- upf.yaml.orig 2024-05-02 19:52:00.000000000 +0900
+++ upf.yaml 2024-05-19 12:38:00.000000000 +0900
@@ -11,18 +11,18 @@
upf:
pfcp:
server:
- - address: 127.0.0.7
+ - address: 192.168.14.151
client:
# smf: # UPF PFCP Client try to associate SMF PFCP Server
# - address: 127.0.0.4
gtpu:
server:
- - address: 127.0.0.7
+ - address: 192.168.13.151
session:
- subnet: 10.45.0.0/16
gateway: 10.45.0.1
- - subnet: 2001:db8:cafe::/48
- gateway: 2001:db8:cafe::1
+ dnn: internet
+ dev: ogstun
metrics:
server:
- address: 127.0.0.7open5gs/install/etc/open5gs/upf.yaml
--- upf.yaml.orig 2024-05-02 19:52:00.000000000 +0900
+++ upf.yaml 2024-09-23 14:00:20.724467385 +0900
@@ -11,18 +11,18 @@
upf:
pfcp:
server:
- - address: 127.0.0.7
+ - address: 192.168.14.151
client:
# smf: # UPF PFCP Client try to associate SMF PFCP Server
# - address: 127.0.0.4
gtpu:
server:
- - address: 127.0.0.7
+ - address: 192.168.13.151
session:
- subnet: 10.45.0.0/16
gateway: 10.45.0.1
- - subnet: 2001:db8:cafe::/48
- gateway: 2001:db8:cafe::1
+ dnn: internet
+ dev: ogstap
metrics:
server:
- address: 127.0.0.7go-upf/upfcfg.yaml
--- upfcfg.yaml.orig 2024-10-14 04:53:12.341028732 +0900
+++ upfcfg.yaml 2024-10-14 06:11:36.636303534 +0900
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
# PFCP Configuration
# The listen IP and nodeID of the N4 interface on this UPF (Can't set to 0.0.0.0)
pfcp:
- addr: 127.0.0.8 # IP addr for listening
- nodeID: 127.0.0.8 # External IP or FQDN can be reached
+ addr: 192.168.14.151 # IP addr for listening
+ nodeID: 192.168.14.151 # External IP or FQDN can be reached
retransTimeout: 1s # retransmission timeout
maxRetrans: 3 # the max number of retransmission
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
# If you bind to a specific IP, ensure SMF uses the same IP in its N3 configuration.
# If you bind to all (0.0.0.0), SMF can use any of the available UPF IPs, but do not use 0.0.0.0 in SMF.
ifList:
- - addr: 127.0.0.8
+ - addr: 192.168.13.151
type: N3
# name: upf.5gc.nctu.me
# ifname: gtpif
@@ -28,9 +28,7 @@
# List of Data Network Names (DNN) supported by this UPF.
dnnList:
- dnn: internet # Data Network Name
- cidr: 10.60.0.0/16 # Classless Inter-Domain Routing for assigned IPv4 pool of UE
- - dnn: internet # Data Network Name
- cidr: 10.61.0.0/16 # Classless Inter-Domain Routing for assigned IPv4 pool of UE
+ cidr: 10.45.0.0/16 # Classless Inter-Domain Routing for assigned IPv4 pool of UE
# natifname: eth0
# Logging ConfigurationSee here for the original files.
-
upg-vpp/startup.conf
There is no change. -
upg-vpp/init.conf
There is no change.
See here for the original file.
eupf/config.yml
There is no change.
Set the OS kernel parameter according to this.
First, uncomment the next line in the /etc/sysctl.conf file and reflect it in the OS.
net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
# sysctl -p
Next, down the interface ens18 of the VM-DUT to delete default GW.
# ip link set dev ens18 down
Then, configure the TUNnel interface.
# ip tuntap add name ogstun mode tun
# ip addr add 10.45.0.1/16 dev ogstun
# ip link set ogstun up
First, uncomment the next line in the /etc/sysctl.conf file and reflect it in the OS.
net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
# sysctl -p
Next, down the interface ens18 of the VM-DUT to delete default GW.
# ip link set dev ens18 down
Then, configure the TAP interface.
# ip tuntap add name ogstap mode tap
# ip addr add 10.45.0.1/16 dev ogstap
# ip link set ogstap up
First, uncomment the next line in the /etc/sysctl.conf file and reflect it in the OS.
net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
# sysctl -p
Next, down the interface ens18 of the VM-DUT to delete default GW.
# ip link set dev ens18 down
See this.
First, uncomment the next line in the /etc/sysctl.conf file and reflect it in the OS.
net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
# sysctl -p
Next, down the interface ens18 of the VM-DUT to delete default GW.
# ip link set dev ens18 down
Please refer to the following for building Simple PFCP Client, TRex and UPFs respectively.
- Simple PFCP Client (2025.01.16) - https://github.com/s5uishida/simple_pfcp_client
- TRex v3.06 (2024.09.17) - https://github.com/s5uishida/install_trex
- Open5GS v2.7.5 (2025.06.01) - https://open5gs.org/open5gs/docs/guide/02-building-open5gs-from-sources/
- free5GC UPF (go-upf) v1.2.6 (2025.03.03) - https://github.com/s5uishida/install_goupf
- UPG-VPP v1.13.0 (2024.03.25) - https://github.com/s5uishida/install_vpp_upf_dpdk
- eUPF v0.7.1 (2025.06.04) - https://github.com/s5uishida/install_eupf
First run each UPF, then Simple PFCP Client and TRex last. Each UPF uses the same IP address, so start only the UPF you want to measure.
Please use the configuration files changed for TUN interface.
# cd open5gs
# ./install/bin/open5gs-upfd
Please use the configuration files changed for TAP interface.
# cd open5gs
# ./install/bin/open5gs-upfd
# cd go-upf
# ./upf -c upfcfg.yaml
See this.
See this.
See this.
Please refer to this to run TRex.
Please see below for methods for measuring UpLink and DownLink performances.
In this measurement, the UDP payload size is set to 1400 bytes.
| # | UPF / Date | UpLink Gbps |
Kpps |
CPU%[1] |
DownLink Gbps |
Kpps |
CPU%[1] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a-1 | Open5GS UPF v2.7.5 (TUN) 2025.06.01 |
Tx:1.79 Rx:1.25 |
Tx:150.04 Rx:107.98 |
1.8 | Tx:1.73 Rx:1.19 |
Tx:149.44 Rx:100.23 |
2.19 |
| a-2 | Open5GS UPF v2.7.5 (TAP) 2025.06.01 |
Tx:1.79 Rx:1.2 |
Tx:150.33 Rx:104.09 |
1.71 | Tx:1.74 Rx:1.21 |
Tx:150.01 Rx:102.41 |
2.18 |
| b | free5GC UPF v1.2.6 2025.03.03 |
Tx:5.95 Rx:4.88 |
Tx:499.54 Rx:421.81 |
6.77 | Tx:5.77 Rx:3.74 |
Tx:499.11 Rx:314.66 |
5.09 |
| c | UPG-VPP v1.13.0 2024.03.25 |
Tx:10.45 Rx:7.41 |
Tx:876.64 Rx:640.52 |
11.66 | Tx:10.25 Rx:7.51 |
Tx:886.43 Rx:632.63 |
11.29 |
| d | eUPF v0.7.1 (native mode) 2025.06.04 |
Tx:11.62 Rx:9.57 |
Tx:975.05 Rx:827.04 |
35.88 | Tx:11.24 Rx:9.58 |
Tx:972.01 Rx:803.92 |
52.83 |
- CPU load - per core of TRex VM (VM-TG). In this case only one core is used.
a-1. logs for Open5GS UPF v2.7.5 (TUN)
UpLink measurement
start -f stl/gtp_1pkt_simple.py -p 0 -m 150kpps -d 60
Global Statistics
connection : localhost, Port 4501 total_tx_L2 : 1.79 Gbps
version : STL @ v3.06 total_tx_L1 : 1.81 Gbps
cpu_util. : 1.8% @ 1 cores (1 per dual port) total_rx : 1.25 Gbps
rx_cpu_util. : 0.29% / 107.98 Kpps total_pps : 150.04 Kpps
async_util. : 0% / 4.9 bps drop_rate : 539.43 Mbps
total_cps. : 0 cps queue_full : 7,023 pkts
Port Statistics
port | 0 | 1 | total
-----------+-------------------+-------------------+------------------
owner | root | root |
link | UP | UP |
state | TRANSMITTING | IDLE |
speed | 200 Gb/s | 200 Gb/s |
CPU util. | 1.8% | 0.0% |
-- | | |
Tx bps L2 | 1.79 Gbps | 0.01 bps | 1.79 Gbps
Tx bps L1 | 1.81 Gbps | 0.02 bps | 1.81 Gbps
Tx pps | 150.04 Kpps | 0 pps | 150.04 Kpps
Line Util. | 0.91 % | 0 % |
--- | | |
Rx bps | 0 bps | 1.25 Gbps | 1.25 Gbps
Rx pps | 0 pps | 107.98 Kpps | 107.98 Kpps
---- | | |
opackets | 3018697 | 1 | 3018698
ipackets | 0 | 1993533 | 1993533
obytes | 4497858530 | 46 | 4497858576
ibytes | 0 | 2882647318 | 2882647318
tx-pkts | 3.02 Mpkts | 1 pkts | 3.02 Mpkts
rx-pkts | 0 pkts | 1.99 Mpkts | 1.99 Mpkts
tx-bytes | 4.5 GB | 46 B | 4.5 GB
rx-bytes | 0 B | 2.88 GB | 2.88 GB
----- | | |
oerrors | 0 | 0 | 0
ierrors | 0 | 0 | 0
status: |
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status:
tui>
DownLink measurement
start -f stl/udp_1pkt_simple.py -p 1 -m 150kpps -d 60
Global Statistics
connection : localhost, Port 4501 total_tx_L2 : 1.73 Gbps
version : STL @ v3.06 total_tx_L1 : 1.75 Gbps
cpu_util. : 2.19% @ 1 cores (1 per dual port) total_rx : 1.19 Gbps
rx_cpu_util. : 0.18% / 100.23 Kpps total_pps : 149.44 Kpps
async_util. : 0% / 6.49 bps drop_rate : 540.45 Mbps
total_cps. : 0 cps queue_full : 24,399 pkts
Port Statistics
port | 0 | 1 | total
-----------+-------------------+-------------------+------------------
owner | root | root |
link | UP | UP |
state | IDLE | TRANSMITTING |
speed | 200 Gb/s | 200 Gb/s |
CPU util. | 0.0% | 2.19% |
-- | | |
Tx bps L2 | 0 bps | 1.73 Gbps | 1.73 Gbps
Tx bps L1 | 0 bps | 1.75 Gbps | 1.75 Gbps
Tx pps | 0 pps | 149.44 Kpps | 149.44 Kpps
Line Util. | 0 % | 0.88 % |
--- | | |
Rx bps | 1.19 Gbps | 0 bps | 1.19 Gbps
Rx pps | 100.23 Kpps | 0 pps | 100.23 Kpps
---- | | |
opackets | 1 | 3405847 | 3405848
ipackets | 2025810 | 0 | 2025810
obytes | 46 | 4924854762 | 4924854808
ibytes | 3002248984 | 0 | 3002248984
tx-pkts | 1 pkts | 3.41 Mpkts | 3.41 Mpkts
rx-pkts | 2.03 Mpkts | 0 pkts | 2.03 Mpkts
tx-bytes | 46 B | 4.92 GB | 4.92 GB
rx-bytes | 3 GB | 0 B | 3 GB
----- | | |
oerrors | 0 | 0 | 0
ierrors | 0 | 0 | 0
status: -
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status:
tui>
a-2. logs for Open5GS UPF v2.7.5 (TAP)
UpLink measurement
start -f stl/gtp_1pkt_simple.py -p 0 -m 150kpps -d 60
Global Statistics
connection : localhost, Port 4501 total_tx_L2 : 1.79 Gbps
version : STL @ v3.06 total_tx_L1 : 1.82 Gbps
cpu_util. : 1.71% @ 1 cores (1 per dual port) total_rx : 1.2 Gbps
rx_cpu_util. : 0.2% / 104.09 Kpps total_pps : 150.33 Kpps
async_util. : 0% / 15.43 bps drop_rate : 587.89 Mbps
total_cps. : 0 cps queue_full : 29,979 pkts
Port Statistics
port | 0 | 1 | total
-----------+-------------------+-------------------+------------------
owner | root | root |
link | UP | UP |
state | TRANSMITTING | IDLE |
speed | 200 Gb/s | 200 Gb/s |
CPU util. | 1.71% | 0.0% |
-- | | |
Tx bps L2 | 1.79 Gbps | 0 bps | 1.79 Gbps
Tx bps L1 | 1.82 Gbps | 0 bps | 1.82 Gbps
Tx pps | 150.33 Kpps | 0 pps | 150.33 Kpps
Line Util. | 0.91 % | 0 % |
--- | | |
Rx bps | 0 bps | 1.2 Gbps | 1.2 Gbps
Rx pps | 0 pps | 104.09 Kpps | 104.09 Kpps
---- | | |
opackets | 11842867 | 2 | 11842869
ipackets | 0 | 7961277 | 7961277
obytes | 17645871830 | 92 | 17645871922
ibytes | 0 | 11512003742 | 11512003742
tx-pkts | 11.84 Mpkts | 2 pkts | 11.84 Mpkts
rx-pkts | 0 pkts | 7.96 Mpkts | 7.96 Mpkts
tx-bytes | 17.65 GB | 92 B | 17.65 GB
rx-bytes | 0 B | 11.51 GB | 11.51 GB
----- | | |
oerrors | 0 | 0 | 0
ierrors | 0 | 0 | 0
status: /
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status:
tui>
DownLink measurement
start -f stl/udp_1pkt_simple.py -p 1 -m 150kpps -d 60
Global Statistics
connection : localhost, Port 4501 total_tx_L2 : 1.74 Gbps
version : STL @ v3.06 total_tx_L1 : 1.76 Gbps
cpu_util. : 2.18% @ 1 cores (1 per dual port) total_rx : 1.21 Gbps
rx_cpu_util. : 0.13% / 102.41 Kpps total_pps : 150.01 Kpps
async_util. : 0% / 19.34 bps drop_rate : 521.19 Mbps
total_cps. : 0 cps queue_full : 82,314 pkts
Port Statistics
port | 0 | 1 | total
-----------+-------------------+-------------------+------------------
owner | root | root |
link | UP | UP |
state | IDLE | TRANSMITTING |
speed | 200 Gb/s | 200 Gb/s |
CPU util. | 0.0% | 2.18% |
-- | | |
Tx bps L2 | 0.7 bps | 1.74 Gbps | 1.74 Gbps
Tx bps L1 | 1.01 bps | 1.76 Gbps | 1.76 Gbps
Tx pps | 0 pps | 150.01 Kpps | 150.01 Kpps
Line Util. | 0 % | 0.88 % |
--- | | |
Rx bps | 1.21 Gbps | 0 bps | 1.21 Gbps
Rx pps | 102.41 Kpps | 0 pps | 102.41 Kpps
---- | | |
opackets | 13500005 | 6636805 | 20136810
ipackets | 4225150 | 9045184 | 13270334
obytes | 20115004562 | 9596815830 | 29711820392
ibytes | 6261669428 | 13079331864 | 19341001292
tx-pkts | 13.5 Mpkts | 6.64 Mpkts | 20.14 Mpkts
rx-pkts | 4.23 Mpkts | 9.05 Mpkts | 13.27 Mpkts
tx-bytes | 20.12 GB | 9.6 GB | 29.71 GB
rx-bytes | 6.26 GB | 13.08 GB | 19.34 GB
----- | | |
oerrors | 0 | 0 | 0
ierrors | 0 | 0 | 0
status: |
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status:
tui>
b. logs for free5GC UPF v1.2.6
UpLink measurement
start -f stl/gtp_1pkt_simple.py -p 0 -m 500kpps -d 60
Global Statistics
connection : localhost, Port 4501 total_tx_L2 : 5.95 Gbps
version : STL @ v3.06 total_tx_L1 : 6.03 Gbps
cpu_util. : 6.77% @ 1 cores (1 per dual port) total_rx : 4.88 Gbps
rx_cpu_util. : 0.93% / 421.81 Kpps total_pps : 499.54 Kpps
async_util. : 0% / 20.99 bps drop_rate : 1.07 Gbps
total_cps. : 0 cps queue_full : 126,289 pkts
Port Statistics
port | 0 | 1 | total
-----------+-------------------+-------------------+------------------
owner | root | root |
link | UP | UP |
state | TRANSMITTING | IDLE |
speed | 200 Gb/s | 200 Gb/s |
CPU util. | 6.77% | 0.0% |
-- | | |
Tx bps L2 | 5.95 Gbps | 0.01 bps | 5.95 Gbps
Tx bps L1 | 6.03 Gbps | 0.02 bps | 6.03 Gbps
Tx pps | 499.54 Kpps | 0 pps | 499.54 Kpps
Line Util. | 3.02 % | 0 % |
--- | | |
Rx bps | 0 bps | 4.88 Gbps | 4.88 Gbps
Rx pps | 0 pps | 421.81 Kpps | 421.81 Kpps
---- | | |
opackets | 18379790 | 3 | 18379793
ipackets | 0 | 16332275 | 16332275
obytes | 27385887100 | 138 | 27385887238
ibytes | 0 | 23616465450 | 23616465450
tx-pkts | 18.38 Mpkts | 3 pkts | 18.38 Mpkts
rx-pkts | 0 pkts | 16.33 Mpkts | 16.33 Mpkts
tx-bytes | 27.39 GB | 138 B | 27.39 GB
rx-bytes | 0 B | 23.62 GB | 23.62 GB
----- | | |
oerrors | 0 | 0 | 0
ierrors | 0 | 0 | 0
status: \
Press 'ESC' for navigation panel...
status:
tui>
DownLink measurement
start -f stl/udp_1pkt_simple.py -p 1 -m 500kpps -d 60
Global Statistics
connection : localhost, Port 4501 total_tx_L2 : 5.77 Gbps
version : STL @ v3.06 total_tx_L1 : 5.85 Gbps
cpu_util. : 5.09% @ 1 cores (1 per dual port) total_rx : 3.74 Gbps
rx_cpu_util. : 1.23% / 314.66 Kpps total_pps : 499.11 Kpps
async_util. : 0% / 16.1 bps drop_rate : 2.03 Gbps
total_cps. : 0 cps queue_full : 299,007 pkts
Port Statistics
port | 0 | 1 | total
-----------+-------------------+-------------------+------------------
owner | root | root |
link | UP | UP |
state | IDLE | TRANSMITTING |
speed | 200 Gb/s | 200 Gb/s |
CPU util. | 0.0% | 5.09% |
-- | | |
Tx bps L2 | 0 bps | 5.77 Gbps | 5.77 Gbps
Tx bps L1 | 0 bps | 5.85 Gbps | 5.85 Gbps
Tx pps | 0 pps | 499.11 Kpps | 499.11 Kpps
Line Util. | 0 % | 2.93 % |
--- | | |
Rx bps | 3.74 Gbps | 0 bps | 3.74 Gbps
Rx pps | 314.66 Kpps | 0 pps | 314.66 Kpps
---- | | |
opackets | 19500003 | 11757420 | 31257423
ipackets | 6899777 | 17280748 | 24180525
obytes | 29055003026 | 17001225120 | 46056228146
ibytes | 10253067182 | 24987957408 | 35241024590
tx-pkts | 19.5 Mpkts | 11.76 Mpkts | 31.26 Mpkts
rx-pkts | 6.9 Mpkts | 17.28 Mpkts | 24.18 Mpkts
tx-bytes | 29.06 GB | 17 GB | 46.06 GB
rx-bytes | 10.25 GB | 24.99 GB | 35.24 GB
----- | | |
oerrors | 0 | 0 | 0
ierrors | 0 | 0 | 0
status: /
Press 'ESC' for navigation panel...
status:
tui>
c. logs for UPG-VPP v1.13.0
UpLink measurement
start -f stl/gtp_1pkt_simple.py -p 0 -m 900kpps -d 60
Global Statistics
connection : localhost, Port 4501 total_tx_L2 : 10.45 Gbps
version : STL @ v3.06 total_tx_L1 : 10.59 Gbps
cpu_util. : 11.66% @ 1 cores (1 per dual port) total_rx : 7.41 Gbps
rx_cpu_util. : 0.36% / 640.52 Kpps total_pps : 876.64 Kpps
async_util. : 0% / 27.51 bps drop_rate : 3.04 Gbps
total_cps. : 0 cps queue_full : 21,982,649 pkts
Port Statistics
port | 0 | 1 | total
-----------+-------------------+-------------------+------------------
owner | root | root |
link | UP | UP |
state | TRANSMITTING | IDLE |
speed | 200 Gb/s | 200 Gb/s |
CPU util. | 11.66% | 0.0% |
-- | | |
Tx bps L2 | 10.45 Gbps | 0 bps | 10.45 Gbps
Tx bps L1 | 10.59 Gbps | 0 bps | 10.59 Gbps
Tx pps | 876.64 Kpps | 0 pps | 876.64 Kpps
Line Util. | 5.29 % | 0 % |
--- | | |
Rx bps | 0 bps | 7.41 Gbps | 7.41 Gbps
Rx pps | 0 pps | 640.52 Kpps | 640.52 Kpps
---- | | |
opackets | 164148325 | 0 | 164148325
ipackets | 23949744 | 102349348 | 126299092
obytes | 243525004250 | 0 | 243525004250
ibytes | 35513852360 | 147997157208 | 183511009568
tx-pkts | 164.15 Mpkts | 0 pkts | 164.15 Mpkts
rx-pkts | 23.95 Mpkts | 102.35 Mpkts | 126.3 Mpkts
tx-bytes | 243.53 GB | 0 B | 243.53 GB
rx-bytes | 35.51 GB | 148 GB | 183.51 GB
----- | | |
oerrors | 0 | 0 | 0
ierrors | 0 | 0 | 0
status: |
Press 'ESC' for navigation panel...
status:
tui>
DownLink measurement
start -f stl/udp_1pkt_simple.py -p 1 -m 900kpps -d 60
Global Statistics
connection : localhost, Port 4501 total_tx_L2 : 10.25 Gbps
version : STL @ v3.06 total_tx_L1 : 10.4 Gbps
cpu_util. : 11.29% @ 1 cores (1 per dual port) total_rx : 7.51 Gbps
rx_cpu_util. : 0.67% / 632.63 Kpps total_pps : 886.43 Kpps
async_util. : 0% / 9.2 bps drop_rate : 2.75 Gbps
total_cps. : 0 cps queue_full : 693,652 pkts
Port Statistics
port | 0 | 1 | total
-----------+-------------------+-------------------+------------------
owner | root | root |
link | UP | UP |
state | IDLE | TRANSMITTING |
speed | 200 Gb/s | 200 Gb/s |
CPU util. | 0.0% | 11.29% |
-- | | |
Tx bps L2 | 0 bps | 10.25 Gbps | 10.25 Gbps
Tx bps L1 | 0 bps | 10.4 Gbps | 10.4 Gbps
Tx pps | 0 pps | 886.43 Kpps | 886.43 Kpps
Line Util. | 0 % | 5.2 % |
--- | | |
Rx bps | 7.51 Gbps | 0 bps | 7.51 Gbps
Rx pps | 632.63 Kpps | 0 pps | 632.63 Kpps
---- | | |
opackets | 0 | 16142301 | 16142301
ipackets | 10934637 | 0 | 10934637
obytes | 0 | 23341767246 | 23341767246
ibytes | 16218510338 | 0 | 16218510338
tx-pkts | 0 pkts | 16.14 Mpkts | 16.14 Mpkts
rx-pkts | 10.93 Mpkts | 0 pkts | 10.93 Mpkts
tx-bytes | 0 B | 23.34 GB | 23.34 GB
rx-bytes | 16.22 GB | 0 B | 16.22 GB
----- | | |
oerrors | 0 | 0 | 0
ierrors | 0 | 0 | 0
status: -
Press 'ESC' for navigation panel...
status:
tui>
d. logs for eUPF v0.7.1
UpLink measurement
start -f stl/gtp_1pkt_simple.py -p 0 -m 1000kpps -d 60
Global Statistics
connection : localhost, Port 4501 total_tx_L2 : 11.62 Gbps
version : STL @ v3.06 total_tx_L1 : 11.78 Gbps
cpu_util. : 35.88% @ 1 cores (1 per dual port) total_rx : 9.57 Gbps
rx_cpu_util. : 2.55% / 827.05 Kpps total_pps : 975.05 Kpps
async_util. : 0% / 11.56 bps drop_rate : 2.06 Gbps
total_cps. : 0 cps queue_full : 13,133,514 pkts
Port Statistics
port | 0 | 1 | total
-----------+-------------------+-------------------+------------------
owner | root | root |
link | UP | UP |
state | TRANSMITTING | IDLE |
speed | 200 Gb/s | 200 Gb/s |
CPU util. | 35.88% | 0.0% |
-- | | |
Tx bps L2 | 11.62 Gbps | 0 bps | 11.62 Gbps
Tx bps L1 | 11.78 Gbps | 0 bps | 11.78 Gbps
Tx pps | 975.05 Kpps | 0 pps | 975.05 Kpps
Line Util. | 5.89 % | 0 % |
--- | | |
Rx bps | 0 bps | 9.57 Gbps | 9.57 Gbps
Rx pps | 0 pps | 827.04 Kpps | 827.04 Kpps
---- | | |
opackets | 39076194 | 0 | 39076194
ipackets | 1 | 32784683 | 32784684
obytes | 58223529060 | 0 | 58223529060
ibytes | 74 | 47406650246 | 47406650320
tx-pkts | 39.08 Mpkts | 0 pkts | 39.08 Mpkts
rx-pkts | 1 pkts | 32.78 Mpkts | 32.78 Mpkts
tx-bytes | 58.22 GB | 0 B | 58.22 GB
rx-bytes | 74 B | 47.41 GB | 47.41 GB
----- | | |
oerrors | 0 | 0 | 0
ierrors | 0 | 0 | 0
status: -
Press 'ESC' for navigation panel...
status:
tui>
DownLink measurement
start -f stl/udp_1pkt_simple.py -p 1 -m 1000kpps -d 60
Global Statistics
connection : localhost, Port 4501 total_tx_L2 : 11.24 Gbps
version : STL @ v3.06 total_tx_L1 : 11.4 Gbps
cpu_util. : 52.83% @ 1 cores (1 per dual port) total_rx : 9.58 Gbps
rx_cpu_util. : 3.59% / 803.92 Kpps total_pps : 972.01 Kpps
async_util. : 0% / 7.41 bps drop_rate : 1.66 Gbps
total_cps. : 0 cps queue_full : 6,433,563 pkts
Port Statistics
port | 0 | 1 | total
-----------+-------------------+-------------------+------------------
owner | root | root |
link | UP | UP |
state | IDLE | TRANSMITTING |
speed | 200 Gb/s | 200 Gb/s |
CPU util. | 0.0% | 52.83% |
-- | | |
Tx bps L2 | 0 bps | 11.24 Gbps | 11.24 Gbps
Tx bps L1 | 0 bps | 11.4 Gbps | 11.4 Gbps
Tx pps | 0 pps | 972.01 Kpps | 972.01 Kpps
Line Util. | 0 % | 5.7 % |
--- | | |
Rx bps | 9.58 Gbps | 0 bps | 9.58 Gbps
Rx pps | 803.92 Kpps | 0 pps | 803.92 Kpps
---- | | |
opackets | 0 | 14851033 | 14851033
ipackets | 12238992 | 0 | 12238992
obytes | 0 | 21474593718 | 21474593718
ibytes | 18236098080 | 0 | 18236098080
tx-pkts | 0 pkts | 14.85 Mpkts | 14.85 Mpkts
rx-pkts | 12.24 Mpkts | 0 pkts | 12.24 Mpkts
tx-bytes | 0 B | 21.47 GB | 21.47 GB
rx-bytes | 18.24 GB | 0 B | 18.24 GB
----- | | |
oerrors | 0 | 0 | 0
ierrors | 0 | 0 | 0
status: |
Press 'ESC' for navigation panel...
status:
tui>
| # | UPF / Date | UpLink Avg (msec) |
Max (msec) |
Min (msec) |
DownLink Avg (msec) |
Max (msec) |
Min (msec) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a-1 | Open5GS UPF v2.7.5 (TUN) 2025.06.01 |
0.274 | 0.310 | 0.247 | 0.278 | 0.303 | 0.236 |
| a-2 | Open5GS UPF v2.7.5 (TAP) 2025.06.01 |
0.286 | 0.339 | 0.263 | 0.289 | 0.306 | 0.243 |
| b | free5GC UPF v1.2.6 2025.03.03 |
0.213 | 0.230 | 0.179 | 0.207 | 0.233 | 0.160 |
| c | UPG-VPP v1.13.0 2024.03.25 |
0.157 | 0.167 | 0.111 | 0.157 | 0.168 | 0.102 |
| d | eUPF v0.7.1 (native mode) 2025.06.04 |
0.207 | 0.234 | 0.151 | 0.202 | 0.215 | 0.194 |
a-1. logs for Open5GS UPF v2.7.5 (TUN)
UpLink measurement
start -f stl/gtp_latency_1pkt_simple.py -p 0 -d 10
Latency Statistics
PG ID | 0
-------------+---------------
TX pkts | 11
RX pkts | 11
Max latency | 310
Min latency | 247
Avg latency | 274
-- Window -- |
Last max | 258
Last-1 |
Last-2 |
Last-3 |
Last-4 |
Last-5 |
Last-6 |
Last-7 |
Last-8 |
Last-9 |
Last-10 |
Last-11 |
Last-12 |
Last-13 |
--- |
Jitter | 23
---- |
Errors | 0
trex>
DownLink measurement
start -f stl/udp_latency_1pkt_simple.py -p 1 -d 10
Latency Statistics
PG ID | 1
-------------+---------------
TX pkts | 11
RX pkts | 11
Max latency | 303
Min latency | 236
Avg latency | 278
-- Window -- |
Last max | 303
Last-1 |
Last-2 |
Last-3 |
Last-4 |
Last-5 |
Last-6 |
Last-7 |
Last-8 |
Last-9 |
Last-10 |
Last-11 |
Last-12 |
Last-13 |
--- |
Jitter | 27
---- |
Errors | 0
trex>
a-2. logs for Open5GS UPF v2.7.5 (TAP)
UpLink measurement
start -f stl/gtp_latency_1pkt_simple.py -p 0 -d 10
Latency Statistics
PG ID | 0
-------------+---------------
TX pkts | 10
RX pkts | 10
Max latency | 339
Min latency | 263
Avg latency | 286
-- Window -- |
Last max | 287
Last-1 |
Last-2 |
Last-3 |
Last-4 |
Last-5 |
Last-6 |
Last-7 |
Last-8 |
Last-9 |
Last-10 |
Last-11 |
Last-12 |
Last-13 |
--- |
Jitter | 24
---- |
Errors | 0
trex>
DownLink measurement
start -f stl/udp_latency_1pkt_simple.py -p 1 -d 10
Latency Statistics
PG ID | 1
-------------+---------------
TX pkts | 11
RX pkts | 11
Max latency | 306
Min latency | 243
Avg latency | 289
-- Window -- |
Last max | 297
Last-1 |
Last-2 |
Last-3 |
Last-4 |
Last-5 |
Last-6 |
Last-7 |
Last-8 |
Last-9 |
Last-10 |
Last-11 |
Last-12 |
Last-13 |
--- |
Jitter | 30
---- |
Errors | 0
trex>
b. logs for free5GC UPF v1.2.6
UpLink measurement
start -f stl/gtp_latency_1pkt_simple.py -p 0 -d 10
Latency Statistics
PG ID | 0
-------------+---------------
TX pkts | 11
RX pkts | 11
Max latency | 230
Min latency | 179
Avg latency | 213
-- Window -- |
Last max | 203
Last-1 |
Last-2 |
Last-3 |
Last-4 |
Last-5 |
Last-6 |
Last-7 |
Last-8 |
Last-9 |
Last-10 |
Last-11 |
Last-12 |
Last-13 |
--- |
Jitter | 14
---- |
Errors | 0
trex>
DownLink measurement
start -f stl/udp_latency_1pkt_simple.py -p 1 -d 10
Latency Statistics
PG ID | 1
-------------+---------------
TX pkts | 11
RX pkts | 11
Max latency | 233
Min latency | 160
Avg latency | 207
-- Window -- |
Last max | 204
Last-1 |
Last-2 |
Last-3 |
Last-4 |
Last-5 |
Last-6 |
Last-7 |
Last-8 |
Last-9 |
Last-10 |
Last-11 |
Last-12 |
Last-13 |
--- |
Jitter | 17
---- |
Errors | 0
trex>
c. logs for UPG-VPP v1.13.0
UpLink measurement
start -f stl/gtp_latency_1pkt_simple.py -p 0 -d 10
Latency Statistics
PG ID | 0
-------------+---------------
TX pkts | 11
RX pkts | 11
Max latency | 167
Min latency | 111
Avg latency | 157
-- Window -- |
Last max | 167
Last-1 |
Last-2 |
Last-3 |
Last-4 |
Last-5 |
Last-6 |
Last-7 |
Last-8 |
Last-9 |
Last-10 |
Last-11 |
Last-12 |
Last-13 |
--- |
Jitter | 15
---- |
Errors | 0
trex>
DownLink measurement
start -f stl/udp_latency_1pkt_simple.py -p 1 -d 10
Latency Statistics
PG ID | 1
-------------+---------------
TX pkts | 11
RX pkts | 11
Max latency | 168
Min latency | 102
Avg latency | 157
-- Window -- |
Last max | 153
Last-1 |
Last-2 |
Last-3 |
Last-4 |
Last-5 |
Last-6 |
Last-7 |
Last-8 |
Last-9 |
Last-10 |
Last-11 |
Last-12 |
Last-13 |
--- |
Jitter | 12
---- |
Errors | 0
trex>
d. logs for eUPF v0.7.1
UpLink measurement
start -f stl/gtp_latency_1pkt_simple.py -p 0 -d 10
Latency Statistics
PG ID | 0
-------------+---------------
TX pkts | 11
RX pkts | 11
Max latency | 234
Min latency | 151
Avg latency | 207
-- Window -- |
Last max | 234
Last-1 |
Last-2 |
Last-3 |
Last-4 |
Last-5 |
Last-6 |
Last-7 |
Last-8 |
Last-9 |
Last-10 |
Last-11 |
Last-12 |
Last-13 |
--- |
Jitter | 28
---- |
Errors | 0
trex>
DownLink measurement
start -f stl/udp_latency_1pkt_simple.py -p 1 -d 10
Latency Statistics
PG ID | 1
-------------+---------------
TX pkts | 11
RX pkts | 11
Max latency | 215
Min latency | 194
Avg latency | 202
-- Window -- |
Last max | 194
Last-1 |
Last-2 |
Last-3 |
Last-4 |
Last-5 |
Last-6 |
Last-7 |
Last-8 |
Last-9 |
Last-10 |
Last-11 |
Last-12 |
Last-13 |
--- |
Jitter | 10
---- |
Errors | 0
trex>
These measurement results show that eUPF has relatively outstanding performance even on Proxmox VE VM. In general, the measurement environment, conditions and tools have a significant impact on the measurement results.
If measuring using virtual machines, it would be better to measure on VMs on a hypervisor such as Proxmox VE. Also, it is good to select VirtIO as the network interface to ensure that the network does not become a bottleneck in the measurement.
It is very simple mesurement and may not be very meaningful when measuring between virtual machines, but it may be a little helpful when comparing the relative performance of UPF. I would appreciate it if you could use this as a reference as a configuration example when measuring with real devices.
I simply measured the raw communication performance between VM-TG and VM-DUT. This is a measurement of the N6 interface and therefore does not include communication over GTP-U.
| A--B | TCP[1] throughput |
UDP[2] throughput |
UDP[2] packet loss |
RTT[3] (msec) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VM-TG --(N6)-- VM-DUT | S:26.8 Gbps R:26.8 Gbps |
S:2.04 Gbps R:2.03 Gbps |
0.4 % | 0.262 |
1. iperf3 -c 192.168.16.151
# iperf3 -c 192.168.16.151
Connecting to host 192.168.16.151, port 5201
[ 5] local 192.168.16.152 port 58568 connected to 192.168.16.151 port 5201
[ ID] Interval Transfer Bitrate Retr Cwnd
[ 5] 0.00-1.00 sec 3.00 GBytes 25.7 Gbits/sec 0 1.87 MBytes
[ 5] 1.00-2.00 sec 3.08 GBytes 26.4 Gbits/sec 0 2.30 MBytes
[ 5] 2.00-3.00 sec 3.10 GBytes 26.7 Gbits/sec 0 2.30 MBytes
[ 5] 3.00-4.00 sec 3.11 GBytes 26.7 Gbits/sec 0 2.43 MBytes
[ 5] 4.00-5.00 sec 3.18 GBytes 27.3 Gbits/sec 0 2.84 MBytes
[ 5] 5.00-6.00 sec 3.21 GBytes 27.5 Gbits/sec 0 2.84 MBytes
[ 5] 6.00-7.00 sec 3.20 GBytes 27.5 Gbits/sec 0 2.84 MBytes
[ 5] 7.00-8.00 sec 3.14 GBytes 27.0 Gbits/sec 0 3.62 MBytes
[ 5] 8.00-9.00 sec 3.14 GBytes 27.0 Gbits/sec 0 3.62 MBytes
[ 5] 9.00-10.00 sec 3.07 GBytes 26.3 Gbits/sec 0 3.62 MBytes
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
[ ID] Interval Transfer Bitrate Retr
[ 5] 0.00-10.00 sec 31.2 GBytes 26.8 Gbits/sec 0 sender
[ 5] 0.00-9.99 sec 31.2 GBytes 26.8 Gbits/sec receiver
iperf Done.
2. iperf3 -c 192.168.16.151 -u -b 5G
# iperf3 -c 192.168.16.151 -u -b 5G
Connecting to host 192.168.16.151, port 5201
[ 5] local 192.168.16.152 port 52639 connected to 192.168.16.151 port 5201
[ ID] Interval Transfer Bitrate Total Datagrams
[ 5] 0.00-1.00 sec 242 MBytes 2.03 Gbits/sec 175079
[ 5] 1.00-2.00 sec 240 MBytes 2.01 Gbits/sec 173824
[ 5] 2.00-3.00 sec 230 MBytes 1.93 Gbits/sec 166912
[ 5] 3.00-4.00 sec 246 MBytes 2.07 Gbits/sec 178413
[ 5] 4.00-5.00 sec 241 MBytes 2.02 Gbits/sec 174618
[ 5] 5.00-6.00 sec 246 MBytes 2.06 Gbits/sec 177980
[ 5] 6.00-7.00 sec 247 MBytes 2.07 Gbits/sec 178878
[ 5] 7.00-8.00 sec 246 MBytes 2.07 Gbits/sec 178375
[ 5] 8.00-9.00 sec 247 MBytes 2.07 Gbits/sec 178931
[ 5] 9.00-10.00 sec 248 MBytes 2.08 Gbits/sec 179748
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
[ ID] Interval Transfer Bitrate Jitter Lost/Total Datagrams
[ 5] 0.00-10.00 sec 2.38 GBytes 2.04 Gbits/sec 0.000 ms 0/1762758 (0%) sender
[ 5] 0.00-10.00 sec 2.37 GBytes 2.03 Gbits/sec 0.005 ms 7076/1762758 (0.4%) receiver
iperf Done.
3. ping 192.168.16.151 -c 10
# ping 192.168.16.151 -c 10
PING 192.168.16.151 (192.168.16.151) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.16.151: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.285 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.16.151: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.292 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.16.151: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.282 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.16.151: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.221 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.16.151: icmp_seq=5 ttl=64 time=0.319 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.16.151: icmp_seq=6 ttl=64 time=0.219 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.16.151: icmp_seq=7 ttl=64 time=0.260 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.16.151: icmp_seq=8 ttl=64 time=0.232 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.16.151: icmp_seq=9 ttl=64 time=0.261 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.16.151: icmp_seq=10 ttl=64 time=0.258 ms
--- 192.168.16.151 ping statistics ---
10 packets transmitted, 10 received, 0% packet loss, time 9215ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.219/0.262/0.319/0.030 ms
I would like to thank all the excellent developers and contributors who developed these great systems and tools.
- [2025.06.10] Measured the UpLink latency for UPG-VPP again.
- [2025.06.09] Initial release. This measurement is an update of the measurement below, adding a latency measurement.
Simple Measurement of UPF Performance 6