C/C++: run sanitizers in CI

[jtbandes]

Changelog

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Description

Resolves FG-10685

Runs tests under ASan+UBSan, TSan, and MSan. (ASan, TSan, and MSan are mutually exclusive)

• Turns out the Memory Sanitizer is known to have issues/false positives unless you compile everything with it enabled, including the c++ standard library, so I excluded it.
• Turns out the Thread Sanitizer raises some false (or at least annoying, non-actionable) warnings in tokio code, and I can't figure out how to selectively disable those, so I excluded it as well.

Sanitizers can be run manually with e.g. make SANITIZE=thread test

[linear]

FG-10685 C/C++: run sanitizers in CI