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haoxins committed Jul 10, 2024
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4 changes: 2 additions & 2 deletions 2024/quantum-1-1.md
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Expand Up @@ -2522,13 +2522,13 @@ date: 2022-10-31
的共轭动量
$$ p_i $$
定义为:
- p_i = \frac{\partial \mathcal{L}}{\partial \dot{q}_i} $$
- $$ p_i = \frac{\partial \mathcal{L}}{\partial \dot{q}_i} $$
- $$ p_i $$
又叫做`广义动量`.
- 在粒子体系所受的力导自一个势能的情况下, 位置变量
$$ \mathbf{r}_i (x_i, y_i, z_i) $$
的共轭动量其实就是机械动量:
- $$ \mathbf{p}_i = m_i \dot{\mathbf{r}}_i
- $$ \mathbf{p}_i = m_i \dot{\mathbf{r}}_i $$
- 但是, 后面我们将会看到, 存在着磁场时, 情况并不如此.
- 今后, 我们不再用
$$ N $$
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3 changes: 2 additions & 1 deletion 2024/quantum-computation-2.md
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Expand Up @@ -217,7 +217,8 @@ date: 2023-01-17
$$ U $$
作用于目标比特上, 否则目标比特不变, 即
$$
\mid c \rangle \mid t \rangle \
\mid c \rangle \mid t \rangle
\rightarrow
\mid c \rangle U^c \mid t \rangle
$$.
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51 changes: 49 additions & 2 deletions 2024/quantum-introduction-1.md
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Expand Up @@ -791,12 +791,59 @@ in that case, the spectrum is said to be degenerate.
态的几率."
- 但是这是完全不同的论述.

> `再说一下`: 说的不错~
> 参见: 科恩, 卷一, 页 17, `波函数; 薛定谔方程`
- Similarly, the expectation value of
$$ Q $$
should be the sum over all possible outcomes of the
eigenvalue times the probability of getting that eigenvalue:
- $$ \langle Q \rangle = \sum_{n} q_n \mid c_n \mid^2 $$.
- Indeed,
- $$
\langle Q \rangle =
\langle Ψ \mid \hat{Q} Ψ \rangle =
\langle (\sum_{n'} c_{n'} f_{n'})
\mid
(\hat{Q} \sum_{n} c_n f_n) \rangle
$$,
- but
$$ \hat{Q} f_n = q_n f_n $$,
so
- $$
\langle Q \rangle =
\sum_{n'} \sum_{n} c_{n'}^{*} c_n q_n
\langle f_{n'} \mid f_n \rangle =
\sum_{n'} \sum_{n} c_{n'}^{*} c_n q_n δ_{n' n} =
\sum_{n} q_n \mid c_n \mid^2
$$.
- So far, at least, everything looks consistent.
- [位置空间与动量空间](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Position_and_momentum_spaces)
- The __momentum space wave function__,
$$ Φ(p, t) $$.
It is essentially the Fourier transform of the
(position space) wave function
$$ Ψ(x, t) $$,
which, by Plancherel's theorem,
is its _inverse_ Fourier transform:
- $$
Φ(p, t) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2 \pi \hbar}}
\int_{- \infty}^{+ \infty}
e^{-ipx / \hbar} Ψ(x, t) dx
$$;
- $$
Ψ(x, t) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2 \pi \hbar}}
\int_{- \infty}^{+ \infty}
e^{ipx / \hbar} Φ(p, t) dp
$$.
- According to the generalized statistical interpretation,
the probability that a measurement of momentum would
yield a result in the range
$$ dp $$
is
- $$ \mid Φ(p, t) \mid^2 dp $$.

### 不确定性原理

- $$ σ_A^2 σ_B^2 \ge (\frac{1}{2i} \langle [ \hat{A}, \hat{B} ] \rangle )^2 $$.
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23 changes: 23 additions & 0 deletions 2024/quantum-s-01.md
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Expand Up @@ -85,6 +85,20 @@ date: 2022-04-30

## 从何处开始?

```
但是, 如果量子力学不是通常意义上的物理学
(如果它不关于物质, 能量, 波或粒子), 那它到底关于什么呢?
在我看来, 量子力学关于信息, 概率, 可观测量, 以及它们之间的关系.
-- Scott Aaronson, 量子计算公开课
但是, 如果量子力学不是通常意义上的物理学
(如果它不关于物质, 能量, 波或粒子), 那它到底关于什么呢?
在我看来, 量子力学关于函数分解, 投影, 演化算符, 以及它们之间的关系.
-- Xin Hao, 信息视角学量子
```

```
不要在一开始就试图构建微观 (量子) 世界的几何理解~
其实永远都不要去尝试 (但这往往是科普书籍的核心).
Expand All @@ -111,6 +125,15 @@ date: 2022-04-30

波函数 vs 态矢量

分解 (正交归一)
函数分解
向量分解
算符/矩阵分解

特征值 - 特征向量/特征函数

投影

谱分解 (分解: 观测算符)
正交归一基, 投影系数模方归一化
特征值 vs 投影系数
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2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion 2025/m.md
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@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
---
title:
title: 概率论沉思录
description: 寻芳不觉醉流霞, 倚树沉眠日已斜. 客散酒醒深夜后, 更持红烛赏残花.
date:
---
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