Confirm support for Python 3.14 and drop 3.9

.github/workflows/nightly.yaml

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ env:
   # Oldest version that can reliably be downloaded
   gams-version: 48.6.1
   os: ubuntu-latest
-  python-version: "3.13"
+  python-version: "3.14"
 
 permissions: {contents: read}
 

.github/workflows/pytest.yaml

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ env:
   GAMS_VERSION: 48.6.1 # Oldest version of GAMS that can reliably be downloaded
   depth: 100  # Must be large enough to include the most recent release
   label: "safe to test"  # Label that must be applied to run on PRs from forks
-  python-version: "3.13"  # For non-matrixed jobs
+  python-version: "3.14"  # For non-matrixed jobs
   # Install:
   # - dask: to work around https://github.com/khaeru/genno/issues/171
   # - ixmp: from its `main` branch.
@@ -57,34 +57,23 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         os:
-        - macos-13
         - macos-latest
         - ubuntu-latest
         - windows-latest
         python-version:
-        - "3.9"   # Earliest version supported by message_ix
-        - "3.10"
+        - "3.10"  # Earliest version supported by message_ix
         - "3.11"
         - "3.12"
-        - "3.13"  # Latest version supported by message_ix
+        - "3.13"
+        - "3.14"  # Latest version supported by message_ix
 
         # Below this comment are newly released or development versions of
         # Python. For these versions, binary wheels are not available for some
         # dependencies, e.g. llvmlite, numba, numpy, and/or pandas. Compiling
         # these on the job runner requires a more elaborate build environment,
         # currently out of scope for the message_ix project.
 
-        # - "3.14.0-alpha.1"  # Development version
-
-        exclude:
-        # Specific version combinations that are invalid / not to be used
-        # No arm64 distributions of JPype for these Pythons
-        - { os: macos-latest, python-version: "3.9" }
-        # Redundant with macos-latest
-        - { os: macos-13, python-version: "3.10" }
-        - { os: macos-13, python-version: "3.11" }
-        - { os: macos-13, python-version: "3.12" }
-        - { os: macos-13, python-version: "3.13" }
+        # - "3.15.0-alpha.1"  # Development version
 
       fail-fast: false
 

RELEASE_NOTES.rst

@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ Adjust any imports like the following:
 All changes
 -----------
 
+- :mod:`message_ix` is tested and compatible with `Python 3.14 <https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-3140/>`__ (:pull:`985`).
+- Support for Python 3.9 is dropped (:pull:`985`), as it has reached end-of-life.
 - Add representation of commodity flows associated with construction and retirement of technology capacity (:pull:`451`).
 
   - New parameters
@@ -48,6 +50,7 @@ All changes
 - Document the :ref:`minimum version of Java <install-java>` required for :class:`ixmp.JDBCBackend <ixmp.backend.jdbc.JDBCBackend>` (:pull:`962`).
 - Improve type hinting (:pull:`963`).
 - Fix capitalization in auxiliary_settings.gms to enable GDX output file compression on MacOS and Linux. (:pull:`965`) 
+
 All changes
 -----------
 

doc/conf.py

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 import os
 from importlib.metadata import version as get_version
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Optional
 
 # -- Project information ---------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -193,7 +192,7 @@
 # -- Options for sphinx.ext.intersphinx ------------------------------------------------
 
 
-def local_inv(name: str, *parts: str) -> Optional[str]:
+def local_inv(name: str, *parts: str) -> str | None:
     """Construct the path to a local intersphinx inventory."""
 
     from importlib.util import find_spec

message_ix/common.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 from copy import copy
 from dataclasses import InitVar, dataclass, field
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Optional
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
 import ixmp.model.gams
 from ixmp import config
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ class Item:
     dims: tuple[str, ...] = field(default_factory=tuple)
 
     #: Text description of the item.
-    description: Optional[str] = None
+    description: str | None = None
 
     def __post_init__(self, expr):
         if expr == "":
@@ -169,12 +169,12 @@ class GAMSModel(ixmp.model.gams.GAMSModel):
     model_dir: Path
 
     #: Optional minimum version of GAMS.
-    GAMS_min_version: Optional[str] = None
+    GAMS_min_version: str | None = None
 
     #: Keyword arguments to map to GAMS `solve_args`.
     keyword_to_solve_arg: list[tuple[str, type, str]]
 
-    def __init__(self, name: Optional[str] = None, **model_options) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, name: str | None = None, **model_options) -> None:
         if gmv := self.GAMS_min_version:
             # Check the minimum GAMS version.
             version = ixmp.model.gams.gams_version() or ""

message_ix/core.py

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 from collections.abc import Iterable, Mapping, Sequence
 from functools import lru_cache
 from itertools import chain, product, zip_longest
-from typing import Optional, TypeVar, Union
+from typing import TypeVar
 from warnings import warn
 
 import ixmp
@@ -255,12 +255,15 @@ def cat(self, name, cat):
     def add_par(
         self,
         name: str,
-        key_or_data: Optional[
-            Union[int, str, Sequence[Union[int, str]], dict, pd.DataFrame]
-        ] = None,
-        value: Union[float, Iterable[float], None] = None,
-        unit: Union[str, Iterable[str], None] = None,
-        comment: Union[str, Iterable[str], None] = None,
+        key_or_data: int
+        | str
+        | Sequence[int | str]
+        | dict
+        | pd.DataFrame
+        | None = None,
+        value: float | Iterable[float] | None = None,
+        unit: str | Iterable[str] | None = None,
+        comment: str | Iterable[str] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         # ixmp.Scenario.add_par() is typed as accepting only str, but this method also
         # accepts int for "year"-like dimensions. Proxy the call to avoid type check
@@ -295,14 +298,12 @@ def add_par(
     def add_set(
         self,
         name: str,
-        key: Union[
-            int,
-            str,
-            Iterable[object],
-            dict[str, Union[Sequence[int], Sequence[str]]],
-            pd.DataFrame,
-        ],
-        comment: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = None,
+        key: int
+        | str
+        | Iterable[object]
+        | dict[str, Sequence[int] | Sequence[str]]
+        | pd.DataFrame,
+        comment: str | Sequence[str] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         # ixmp.Scenario.add_par() is typed as accepting only str, but this method also
         # accepts int for "year"-like dimensions. Proxy the call to avoid type check
@@ -373,8 +374,8 @@ def recurse(k, v, parent="World"):
     def add_horizon(
         self,
         year: Iterable[int] = [],
-        firstmodelyear: Optional[int] = None,
-        data: Optional[dict] = None,
+        firstmodelyear: int | None = None,
+        data: dict | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Set the scenario time horizon via ``year`` and related categories.
 
@@ -502,7 +503,7 @@ def add_horizon(
 
     def vintage_and_active_years(
         self,
-        ya_args: Union[tuple[str, str], tuple[str, str, Union[int, str]], None] = None,
+        ya_args: tuple[str, str] | tuple[str, str, int | str] | None = None,
         tl_only: bool = True,
         **kwargs,
     ) -> pd.DataFrame:
@@ -653,7 +654,7 @@ def _valid(elem):
     #: Alias for :meth:`vintage_and_active_years`.
     yv_ya = vintage_and_active_years
 
-    def years_active(self, node: str, tec: str, yr_vtg: Union[int, str]) -> list[int]:
+    def years_active(self, node: str, tec: str, yr_vtg: int | str) -> list[int]:
         """Return periods in which `tec` hnology of `yr_vtg` can be active in `node`.
 
         The :ref:`parameters <params-tech>` ``duration_period`` and
@@ -762,7 +763,7 @@ def solve(self, model="MESSAGE", solve_options={}, **kwargs):
 
     def add_macro(
         self,
-        data: Union[Mapping, os.PathLike],
+        data: Mapping | os.PathLike,
         scenario=None,
         check_convergence=True,
         **kwargs,

message_ix/macro/calibrate.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 from functools import partial
 from operator import itemgetter, mul
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 import numpy as np
 import pandas as pd
@@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ def validate_transform(
     return df.set_index(idx)["value"]
 
 
-def _validate_data(name: Optional[str], df: "DataFrame", s: Structures) -> list:
+def _validate_data(name: str | None, df: "DataFrame", s: Structures) -> list:
     """Validate input `df` against `s` for MACRO parameter `name` calibration .
 
     Parameters
@@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ def ym1(df: "Series", macro_periods: Collection[int]) -> int:
 
 
 def add_model_data(
-    base: "Scenario", clone: "Scenario", data: Union[Mapping, os.PathLike]
+    base: "Scenario", clone: "Scenario", data: Mapping | os.PathLike
 ) -> None:
     """Calculate and add MACRO structure and data to `clone`.
 
@@ -643,8 +643,8 @@ def calibrate(s, check_convergence: bool = True, **kwargs):
 
 def prepare_computer(
     base: "Scenario",
-    target: Optional["Scenario"] = None,
-    data: Union[Mapping, os.PathLike, None] = None,
+    target: "Scenario | None" = None,
+    data: Mapping | os.PathLike | None = None,
 ) -> "genno.Computer":
     """Prepare a :class:`.Reporter` to perform MACRO calibration calculations.
 

message_ix/report/__init__.py

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 from collections.abc import Mapping
 from functools import lru_cache, partial
 from operator import itemgetter
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Union, cast
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, cast
 
 from genno.operator import broadcast_map
 from ixmp.report import (
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ def from_scenario(cls, scenario, **kwargs) -> "Reporter":
                 f'Scenario "{scenario.model}/{scenario.scenario}" has no solution'
             )
             log.warning("Some reporting may not function as expected")
-            fail_action: Union[int, str] = logging.DEBUG
+            fail_action: int | str = logging.DEBUG
         else:
             fail_action = "raise"
 
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ def add_sankey(
         # Generate the plotly.Figure object; return the key
         return str(self.add(f"sankey figure {unique}", sankey, k[1], k[2]))
 
-    def add_tasks(self, fail_action: Union[int, str] = "raise") -> None:
+    def add_tasks(self, fail_action: int | str = "raise") -> None:
         """Add the pre-defined MESSAGEix reporting tasks to the Reporter.
 
         Parameters

message_ix/report/pyam.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional, TypedDict
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, TypedDict
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     import pandas
@@ -8,15 +8,15 @@ class CollapseMessageColsKw(TypedDict, total=False):
     """Type hint for :class:`dict` of keyword args to :func:`collapse_message_cols`."""
 
     df: "pandas.DataFrame"
-    var: Optional[str]
-    kind: Optional[str]
+    var: str | None
+    kind: str | None
     var_cols: list[str]
 
 
 def collapse_message_cols(
     df: "pandas.DataFrame",
-    var: Optional[str] = None,
-    kind: Optional[str] = None,
+    var: str | None = None,
+    kind: str | None = None,
     var_cols=[],
 ) -> "pandas.DataFrame":
     """:mod:`genno.compat.pyam` `collapse=...` callback for MESSAGEix quantities.

message_ix/testing/__init__.py

@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 import io
 import os
+import platform
 from collections.abc import Callable, Generator
 from itertools import product
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Optional, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
 import ixmp
 import numpy as np
@@ -28,12 +29,21 @@
 def pytest_configure(config: pytest.Config) -> None:
     """Force iam-units to use a distinct cache for each worker.
 
-    Work around for https://github.com/hgrecco/flexcache/issues/6 /
-    https://github.com/IAMconsortium/units/issues/54.
+    Work arounds for:
+
+    1. https://github.com/hgrecco/flexcache/issues/6 /
+       https://github.com/IAMconsortium/units/issues/54.
+    2. https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/125235,
+       https://github.com/astral-sh/uv/issues/7036, or similar.
     """
     name = f"iam-units-{os.environ.get('PYTEST_XDIST_WORKER', '')}".rstrip("-")
     os.environ["IAM_UNITS_CACHE"] = str(config.cache.mkdir(name))
 
+    if GHA and platform.system() == "Windows":
+        import matplotlib
+
+        matplotlib.use("agg")
+
 
 def pytest_report_header(config: pytest.Config, start_path: Path) -> str:
     """Add the message_ix import path to the pytest report header."""
@@ -90,7 +100,7 @@ def pytest_sessionstart() -> None:
 
 # Create and populate ixmp databases
 
-_ms: list[Union[str, float]] = [
+_ms: list[str | float] = [
     SCENARIO["dantzig"]["model"],
     SCENARIO["dantzig"]["scenario"],
 ]
@@ -165,7 +175,7 @@ def make_austria(  # noqa: C901
     solve: bool = False,
     quiet: bool = True,
     *,
-    request: Optional["pytest.FixtureRequest"] = None,
+    request: "pytest.FixtureRequest | None" = None,
 ) -> Scenario:
     """Return an :class:`message_ix.Scenario` for the Austrian energy system.
 
@@ -352,7 +362,7 @@ def make_dantzig(
     solve: bool = False,
     multi_year: bool = False,
     *,
-    request: Optional["pytest.FixtureRequest"] = None,
+    request: "pytest.FixtureRequest | None" = None,
     **solve_opts,
 ) -> Scenario:
     """Return an :class:`message_ix.Scenario` for Dantzig's canning problem.
@@ -521,7 +531,7 @@ def make_westeros(
     quiet: bool = True,
     model_horizon: list[int] = [700, 710, 720],
     *,
-    request: Optional["pytest.FixtureRequest"] = None,
+    request: "pytest.FixtureRequest | None" = None,
 ) -> Scenario:
     """Return a new :class:`message_ix.Scenario` containing the ‘Westeros’ model.
 
@@ -715,7 +725,7 @@ def make_subannual(
     var_cost={},
     operation_factor={},
     *,
-    request: Optional["pytest.FixtureRequest"] = None,
+    request: "pytest.FixtureRequest | None" = None,
 ) -> Scenario:
     """Return an :class:`message_ix.Scenario` with subannual time resolution.