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models distilgpt2
DistilGPT2 (short for Distilled-GPT2) is an English-language model pre-trained with the supervision of the 124 million parameter version of GPT-2. DistilGPT2, which has 82 million parameters, was developed using knowledge distillation and was designed to be a faster, lighter version of GPT-2.
Since DistilGPT2 is a distilled version of GPT-2, it is intended to be used for similar use cases with the increased functionality of being smaller and easier to run than the base model.
The developers of GPT-2 state in their model card that they envisioned GPT-2 would be used by researchers to better understand large-scale generative language models, with possible secondary use cases including:
- Writing assistance: Grammar assistance, autocompletion (for normal prose or code)
- Creative writing and art: exploring the generation of creative, fictional texts; aiding creation of poetry and other literary art.
- Entertainment: Creation of games, chat bots, and amusing generations.
Using DistilGPT2, the Hugging Face team built the Write With Transformers web app, which allows users to play with the model to generate text directly from their browser.
DistilGPT2 was trained using OpenWebTextCorpus, an open-source reproduction of OpenAI’s WebText dataset, which was used to train GPT-2. See the OpenWebTextCorpus Dataset Card for additional information about OpenWebTextCorpus and Radford et al. (2019) for additional information about WebText.
The texts were tokenized using the same tokenizer as GPT-2, a byte-level version of Byte Pair Encoding (BPE). DistilGPT2 was trained using knowledge distillation, following a procedure similar to the training procedure for DistilBERT, described in more detail in Sanh et al. (2019).
The creators of DistilGPT2 report that, on the WikiText-103 benchmark, GPT-2 reaches a perplexity on the test set of 16.3 compared to 21.1 for DistilGPT2 (after fine-tuning on the train set).
CONTENT WARNING: Readers should be aware this section contains content that is disturbing, offensive, and can propagate historical and current stereotypes.
As the developers of GPT-2 (OpenAI) note in their model card, “language models like GPT-2 reflect the biases inherent to the systems they were trained on.” Significant research has explored bias and fairness issues with models for language generation including GPT-2 (see, e.g., Sheng et al. (2021) and Bender et al. (2021)).
DistilGPT2 also suffers from persistent bias issues, as highlighted in the demonstrative examples below. Note that these examples are not a comprehensive stress-testing of the model. Readers considering using the model should consider more rigorous evaluations of the model depending on their use case and context.
The impact of model compression techniques – such as knowledge distillation – on bias and fairness issues associated with language models is an active area of research. For example:
- Silva, Tambwekar and Gombolay (2021) find that distilled versions of BERT and RoBERTa consistently exhibit statistically significant bias (with regard to gender and race) with effect sizes larger than the teacher models.
- Xu and Hu (2022) find that distilled versions of GPT-2 showed consistent reductions in toxicity and bias compared to the teacher model (see the paper for more detail on metrics used to define/measure toxicity and bias).
- Gupta et al. (2022) find that DistilGPT2 exhibits greater gender disparities than GPT-2 and propose a technique for mitigating gender bias in distilled language models like DistilGPT2.
| Task | Use case | Dataset | Python sample (Notebook) | CLI with YAML |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Text generation | Text generation | cnn_dailymail | evaluate-model-text-generation.ipynb | evaluate-model-text-generation.yml |
| Inference type | Python sample (Notebook) |
|---|---|
| Real time | sdk-example.ipynb |
| Real time | text-generation-online-endpoint.ipynb |
{
"input_data": [
"I believe the meaning of life is"
],
"params": {
"top_p": 0.9,
"temperature": 0.2,
"max_new_tokens": 100,
"do_sample": true,
"return_full_text": true
}
}[
"I believe the meaning of life is not to be confused with the meaning of life.”"
]Version: 15
datasets : openwebtext license : apache-2.0 model_specific_defaults : ordereddict({'apply_deepspeed': 'true', 'apply_lora': 'true', 'apply_ort': 'true'}) SharedComputeCapacityEnabled task : text-generation hiddenlayerscanned huggingface_model_id : distilgpt2 inference_compute_allow_list : ['Standard_DS3_v2', 'Standard_D4a_v4', 'Standard_D4as_v4', 'Standard_DS4_v2', 'Standard_D8a_v4', 'Standard_D8as_v4', 'Standard_DS5_v2', 'Standard_D16a_v4', 'Standard_D16as_v4', 'Standard_D32a_v4', 'Standard_D32as_v4', 'Standard_D48a_v4', 'Standard_D48as_v4', 'Standard_D64a_v4', 'Standard_D64as_v4', 'Standard_D96a_v4', 'Standard_D96as_v4', 'Standard_F4s_v2', 'Standard_FX4mds', 'Standard_F8s_v2', 'Standard_FX12mds', 'Standard_F16s_v2', 'Standard_F32s_v2', 'Standard_F48s_v2', 'Standard_F64s_v2', 'Standard_F72s_v2', 'Standard_FX24mds', 'Standard_FX36mds', 'Standard_FX48mds', 'Standard_E2s_v3', 'Standard_E4s_v3', 'Standard_E8s_v3', 'Standard_E16s_v3', 'Standard_E32s_v3', 'Standard_E48s_v3', 'Standard_E64s_v3', 'Standard_NC4as_T4_v3', 'Standard_NC6s_v3', 'Standard_NC8as_T4_v3', 'Standard_NC12s_v3', 'Standard_NC16as_T4_v3', 'Standard_NC24s_v3', 'Standard_NC64as_T4_v3', 'Standard_NC24ads_A100_v4', 'Standard_NC48ads_A100_v4', 'Standard_NC96ads_A100_v4', 'Standard_ND96asr_v4', 'Standard_ND96amsr_A100_v4', 'Standard_ND40rs_v2'] evaluation_compute_allow_list : ['Standard_DS4_v2', 'Standard_D8a_v4', 'Standard_D8as_v4', 'Standard_DS5_v2', 'Standard_DS12_v2', 'Standard_D16a_v4', 'Standard_D16as_v4', 'Standard_D32a_v4', 'Standard_D32as_v4', 'Standard_D48a_v4', 'Standard_D48as_v4', 'Standard_D64a_v4', 'Standard_D64as_v4', 'Standard_D96a_v4', 'Standard_D96as_v4', 'Standard_FX4mds', 'Standard_FX12mds', 'Standard_F16s_v2', 'Standard_F32s_v2', 'Standard_F48s_v2', 'Standard_F64s_v2', 'Standard_F72s_v2', 'Standard_FX24mds', 'Standard_FX36mds', 'Standard_FX48mds', 'Standard_E4s_v3', 'Standard_E8s_v3', 'Standard_E16s_v3', 'Standard_E32s_v3', 'Standard_E48s_v3', 'Standard_E64s_v3', 'Standard_NC4as_T4_v3', 'Standard_NC6s_v3', 'Standard_NC8as_T4_v3', 'Standard_NC12s_v3', 'Standard_NC16as_T4_v3', 'Standard_NC24s_v3', 'Standard_NC64as_T4_v3', 'Standard_NC24ads_A100_v4', 'Standard_NC48ads_A100_v4', 'Standard_NC96ads_A100_v4', 'Standard_ND96asr_v4', 'Standard_ND96amsr_A100_v4', 'Standard_ND40rs_v2'] finetune_compute_allow_list : ['Standard_NV12s_v3', 'Standard_NV24s_v3', 'Standard_NV48s_v3', 'Standard_NC6s_v3', 'Standard_NC12s_v3', 'Standard_NC24s_v3', 'Standard_NC24rs_v3', 'Standard_NC4as_T4_v3', 'Standard_NC8as_T4_v3', 'Standard_NC16as_T4_v3', 'Standard_NC64as_T4_v3', 'Standard_NC24ads_A100_v4', 'Standard_NC48ads_A100_v4', 'Standard_NC96ads_A100_v4', 'Standard_ND40rs_v2', 'Standard_ND96asr_v4', 'Standard_ND96amsr_A100_v4']
View in Studio: https://ml.azure.com/registries/azureml/models/distilgpt2/version/15
License: apache-2.0
SharedComputeCapacityEnabled: True
SHA: 38cc92ec43315abd5136313225e95acc5986876c
evaluation-min-sku-spec: 4|0|28|56
evaluation-recommended-sku: Standard_DS4_v2, Standard_D8a_v4, Standard_D8as_v4, Standard_DS5_v2, Standard_DS12_v2, Standard_D16a_v4, Standard_D16as_v4, Standard_D32a_v4, Standard_D32as_v4, Standard_D48a_v4, Standard_D48as_v4, Standard_D64a_v4, Standard_D64as_v4, Standard_D96a_v4, Standard_D96as_v4, Standard_FX4mds, Standard_FX12mds, Standard_F16s_v2, Standard_F32s_v2, Standard_F48s_v2, Standard_F64s_v2, Standard_F72s_v2, Standard_FX24mds, Standard_FX36mds, Standard_FX48mds, Standard_E4s_v3, Standard_E8s_v3, Standard_E16s_v3, Standard_E32s_v3, Standard_E48s_v3, Standard_E64s_v3, Standard_NC4as_T4_v3, Standard_NC6s_v3, Standard_NC8as_T4_v3, Standard_NC12s_v3, Standard_NC16as_T4_v3, Standard_NC24s_v3, Standard_NC64as_T4_v3, Standard_NC24ads_A100_v4, Standard_NC48ads_A100_v4, Standard_NC96ads_A100_v4, Standard_ND96asr_v4, Standard_ND96amsr_A100_v4, Standard_ND40rs_v2
finetune-min-sku-spec: 4|1|28|64
finetune-recommended-sku: Standard_NV12s_v3, Standard_NV24s_v3, Standard_NV48s_v3, Standard_NC6s_v3, Standard_NC12s_v3, Standard_NC24s_v3, Standard_NC24rs_v3, Standard_NC4as_T4_v3, Standard_NC8as_T4_v3, Standard_NC16as_T4_v3, Standard_NC64as_T4_v3, Standard_NC24ads_A100_v4, Standard_NC48ads_A100_v4, Standard_NC96ads_A100_v4, Standard_ND40rs_v2, Standard_ND96asr_v4, Standard_ND96amsr_A100_v4
finetuning-tasks: text-classification
inference-min-sku-spec: 2|0|8|28
inference-recommended-sku: Standard_DS3_v2, Standard_D4a_v4, Standard_D4as_v4, Standard_DS4_v2, Standard_D8a_v4, Standard_D8as_v4, Standard_DS5_v2, Standard_D16a_v4, Standard_D16as_v4, Standard_D32a_v4, Standard_D32as_v4, Standard_D48a_v4, Standard_D48as_v4, Standard_D64a_v4, Standard_D64as_v4, Standard_D96a_v4, Standard_D96as_v4, Standard_F4s_v2, Standard_FX4mds, Standard_F8s_v2, Standard_FX12mds, Standard_F16s_v2, Standard_F32s_v2, Standard_F48s_v2, Standard_F64s_v2, Standard_F72s_v2, Standard_FX24mds, Standard_FX36mds, Standard_FX48mds, Standard_E2s_v3, Standard_E4s_v3, Standard_E8s_v3, Standard_E16s_v3, Standard_E32s_v3, Standard_E48s_v3, Standard_E64s_v3, Standard_NC4as_T4_v3, Standard_NC6s_v3, Standard_NC8as_T4_v3, Standard_NC12s_v3, Standard_NC16as_T4_v3, Standard_NC24s_v3, Standard_NC64as_T4_v3, Standard_NC24ads_A100_v4, Standard_NC48ads_A100_v4, Standard_NC96ads_A100_v4, Standard_ND96asr_v4, Standard_ND96amsr_A100_v4, Standard_ND40rs_v2
languages: en