Quinine

First isolated from the bark of the cinchona tree in 1820, quinine has been used as one of the most effective treatments for malaria to date [12]. Resistance was first reported in the 1980s [13] and as of 2006, quinine is no longer used as a front-line treatment for malaria but is still on the WHO’s Model List of Essential Medicines (MLEM) [14] for the treatment of severe malaria in cases where artemisinins are not available.